noise is generally defined as -...
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noise is generally defined as unwanted sound
Situation/noise source SPL[dBA] pressure [µPa] Avg subj. descript.
30m from a military jet aircraft take off 140 200,000,000 Painful, intolerable
Pop concert 105 3,500,000
Night club 100 2,000,000
Pop concert at mixer desk 98 1,600,000
Passing heavy goods vehicle at 7m 90 630,000 Very noisy
Ringing alarm clock at 1m 80 200,000 Wake up sound
Domestic vacuum cleaner at 3m 70 63,000 Noisy
Business office 60 20,000
Normal conversation at 1m 55 11,000
The reading room of the British Museum 35 1,100
Bedroom in a quiet area with the windows shut 30 630 Very quiet
Country location w/o any identifiable sound 20 200
Theoretical threshold of hearing 0 20 Uncanny silence
the sound level falls with increasing distance from the source
doubling the distance from a point source produces a reduction in sound level of 6dB
if the distance from the line source doubles, then the sound pressure halves,
that is, 3dB per doubling of distance
when sound is incident on a building (or any acoustically “hard” surface) a major
portion can be reflected back off the façade rather than absorbed
if the receiver is the occupier of a building, it is the level at the façade, usually 1m in
front of it, that should be measured (calculated)
Relevant methodologies for noise measurement and evaluation
BS 4142:1997 Method for rating industrial noise affecting mixed residential and industrial areas
BS 5228:1997 Noise and vibration control on construction and open sites
BS 7445:1991 Description and measurement of environmental noise
BS 8233:1999 Sound insulation and noise reduction for buildings – Code of Practice
other documents:
CONCAWE
EEMUA Noise procedure specification and guide 140&141
Minerals Planning Guidance MPG11
Planning Policy Guidance Note PPG24
ISO 9613-2 1996 Attenuation of sound during propagation outdoors
World Health Organisation Guidelines for Community Noise
Noise Emission in the Environment by Equipment for use Outdoors Regulations
Criterion Typical Situations Design Range
Good Reasonable
Reasonableresting/sleepingconditions
Living rooms 30 40
Bedrooms 30 35
The time period T should be appropriate for the activity involved (e.g. 2300 - 0700 for bedrooms)
For a reasonable standard in bedrooms at night, individual noise events (measured with FAST time weighting) should not normally exceed 45dB LAmax
Noise change dB(A) Impact
0 None
0 to 3 Slight
3 to 5 Moderate
5 to 10 Substantial
10 and above Severe
Noise Exposure Categories (PPG24)
A Noise need not be considered as a determining factor in grantingplanning permission, although the noise level at the high end of thecategory should not be regarded as desirable.
B Noise should be taken into account when determining planningapplications, and where appropriate, conditions imposed to ensurean adequate level of protection.
C Planning permission should not normally be granted. Where it isconsidered that permission should be given, for example, becausethere are no alternative quieter sites available, conditions should beimposed to ensure a commensurate level of protection against noise.
D Planning permission should normally be refused
Noise Source Noise Exposure Category (PPG24)
Time Period A B C D
Road Traffic 0700 – 2300 <55 55 – 63 63 – 72 >72
2300 – 0700 <45 45 – 57 57 – 66 <66
Rail Traffic 0700 – 2300 <55 55 – 66 66 – 74 >74
2300 – 0700 <45 45 – 59 59 – 66 >66
Air Traffic 0700 – 2300 <57 57 – 66 66 – 72 >72
2300 – 0700 <48 48 – 57 57 – 66 >66
Mixed Sources 0700 – 2300 <55 55 – 63 63 – 72 >72
2300 – 0700 <45 45 - 57 57 - 66 >66
noise predictions can be useful in three circumstances:
at a proposed facility where noise must be quantified before construction to ensure that no noise problems will arise from the installation once it is operational, and to allow Permit noise limits to be set if necessary
at existing installations where the effectiveness of various noise control techniques needs to be reviewed and to establish a “target” Permit level that takes BAT into account
at existing installations where changes to operations or the process are proposed
main features of anenvironmental noise assessment:
baseline
prediction
assessment
mitigation
presentation
follow–up
BAT (Best Available Techniques) include:
costs and benefits
the technical characteristics of the
installation concerned
geographical location
local environmental conditions
noise levels at sensitive receptors can be minimized by: reduction at source ensuring adequate distance between the source
and receiver the use of barriers between the source and
receiver
The amount of noise radiated depends on: the sound power level of the source the nature of the building structure gaps in the fabric of the building the number of sources
The noise received depends on the degree of attenuation provided by: distance from source attenuation provided by the type of ground screening by walls, banks, other buildings the wind direction meteorological conditions, such as
temperature inversions and gradients atmospheric absorption
CUW, UK
Noise levels dB(A)
< 30.030.0 <= < 35.035.0 <= < 40.040.0 <= < 45.045.0 <= < 50.050.0 <= < 55.055.0 <= < 60.060.0 <= < 65.065.0 <= < 70.070.0 <= < 75.075.0 <= < 80.080.0 <=
CUW-UK
Signs and symbolsRoad axis
Emission line
Surf ace
Main building
Area
Area source
Point source
Length Scale 1:1000000 50 100 200 300 400
m
Porto Montenegroden noise lev el bef ore reconstruction 1
5
1,2
3
4
Noise levels dB(A)
< 30.030.0 <= < 35.035.0 <= < 40.040.0 <= < 45.045.0 <= < 50.050.0 <= < 55.055.0 <= < 60.060.0 <= < 65.065.0 <= < 70.070.0 <= < 75.075.0 <= < 80.080.0 <=
CUW-UK
Signs and symbolsRoad axis
Emission line
Surf ace
Main building
Area
Area source
Point source
Length Scale 1:1000000 50 100 200 300 400
m
Porto Montenegroden noise lev el during reconstruction 5
Noise levels dB(A)
< 30.030.0 <= < 35.035.0 <= < 40.040.0 <= < 45.045.0 <= < 50.050.0 <= < 55.055.0 <= < 60.060.0 <= < 65.065.0 <= < 70.070.0 <= < 75.075.0 <= < 80.080.0 <=
CUW-UK
Signs and symbolsRoad axis
Emission line
Surf ace
Main building
Area
Area source
Point source
Length Scale 1:1000000 50 100 200 300 400
m
Porto Montenegroden noise lev el af ter reconstruction 9
Noise levels dB(A)
< 40.040.0 <= < 42.042.0 <= < 44.044.0 <= < 46.046.0 <= < 48.048.0 <= < 50.050.0 <= < 52.052.0 <= < 54.054.0 <= < 56.056.0 <= < 58.058.0 <= < 60.060.0 <=
CUW-UK
Signs and symbolsRoad axis
Emission line
Surf ace
Main building
Area
Area source
Point source
Length Scale 1:1000000 50 100 200 300 400
m
Porto Montenegroday noise lev el af ter reconstruction 13
HRAPAVOSTVoda, z0 = 0.0001mLedina, z0 = 0.03mŠuma, z0 = 0.3mNaselja, z0 = 1m
1
2
3
4 5
6 7
89
10
11
PRIJEMNICI BUKE1. Kličevac2. Rečica3. Ram4. Zatonje5. Ostrovo6. Biskuplje7. Kisiljevo8. Kurjače9. Popovac10.Topolovnik11.Majilovac
VGT1VGT2
VGT3VGT4
VGT5
VGT6
VGT7VGT8
VGT1 VGT2 VGT3 VGT4 VGT5 VGT6 VGT7 VGT8X (m) 5619.5 5579.5 5549.5 5500.5 5372.5 5174.5 4996.5 4838.5Y (m) 9070.4 8744.4 8458.4 8131.4 7825.4 7584.4 7301.4 7094.4Z (m) 214.6 250.8 276.8 306.3 306.5 281.2 255.7 233.8
KARAKTERISTIKE IZVORA BUKE
Tip VGT: ENERCON E-82Naznacena snaga:
2000 kWPrecnik rotora:
82 mVisina centra rotora lopatica:
138 mBroj lopatica: 3Površina koju prebrišu lopatice:
5281 m2
Obimna brzina: 6 – 19.5 o/minBrzina vrha lopatice: 25 – 80 m/sBrzina vetra pri ukljucenju:
2.5 m/sNaznacena brzina vetra:
12 m/s LwA,ref (Z=138m) 99.6 dB(A)
61.5Hz
125Hz
500Hz
1kHz
2kHz
4kHz
8kHz
Zbir
dB(A) 81 86.4 95.6 94.0 88.3 82.9 71.8 99.6
Projekat vetrogeneratorske farme
"Veliko Brdo"
DirigentAcoustics
Length scale 1:5000000 0.250.5 1 1.5 2
km
Noise levels nightin dB(A)
< 1010 - 1313 - 1616 - 1919 - 2222 - 2525 - 2828 - 3131 - 3434 - 3737 - 4040 - 4343 - 4646 - 4949 - 52
>= 52
Signs and symbols
Road axis
Emission line
Surface
Main building
Auxiliary building
Wall
Terrain edge
Point receiver
Point source
Map
3
Noise map
1 - Kličevac2 - Rečica3 - Ram4 - Zatonje5 - Ostrovo6 - Biskuplje7 - Kisiljevo8 - Kurjače9 - Topolovnik10 - Majilovac
1
2
3
4 5
67
9
8
10
15001500
20002000
25002500
30003000
35003500
40004000
45004500
50005000
55005500
60006000
65006500
70007000
75007500
80008000
85008500
90009000
95009500
1000010000
1050010500
1100011000
1150011500
1200012000
1250012500
1300013000
1350013500
1400014000
2000 2000
2500 2500
3000 3000
3500 3500
4000 4000
4500 4500
5000 5000
5500 5500
6000 6000
6500 6500
7000 7000
7500 7500
8000 8000
8500 8500
9000 9000
9500 9500
10000 10000
10500 10500
11000 11000
11500 11500
12000 12000
12500 12500
13000 13000
13500 13500
14000 14000