no slide title · 1. meteorograph carried by free, unmanned balloons 2. aircraft sounding in...

Copyright of Junhong (June) Wang 1

Atmospheric Sounding: Basics, Research and Development

Radiosonde, Dropsonde and Driftsonde

Read Chapter 11 “Upper Air Instruments” (Harrison)


Radiosonde Overview

(1) To make accurate measurements of

important atmospheric parameters (usually

temperature, pressure, humidity and wind)

above the surface

(2) To send this information back in as

close to real-time as possible

From Dabberdt et al. (2002)

Receiving equipment


http://radiosondemuseum.org/

http://radiosondemuseum.org/


Radiosonde Applications: Operation and Field projects

•Input for weather prediction models;

•Local severe storm, aviation, and marine forecasts;

•Climate change research;

•Input for air pollution models;

•Ground truth for satellite data;

•Characterization of thermo-dynamical and wind profiles

CCSP (2006)


Vaisala: 51% (35% in 1993)

Global radiosonde network

(WMO report, July 2007)


Vaisala

RS80-

H (60)

VIZ B-

2 (32)

U.S.A. Radiosonde Network

Mark-II

LMS-6RS92

WMO # Name VIZ B

MicroART

Microsonde

MKII w/rod

temp. sensor

W-9000

Microsonde

MKII w/chip

temp. sensor

W-9000

Microsonde

MKIIA – GPS

RRS

Lockheed

LMS-6

GPS RRS

72518 Albany, NY 9/1/88-5/20/97 5/20/97-10/1/03 10/1/03 – 4/19/10 4/19/10-10/4/13 10/4/13-Present

Albany, NY (72518)


WMONo.

Old Location

Lat/Long(deg/min)

Release Elev(m)

Move Date New Location Lat/Long(deg/min)

Release Elev(m)

WMONo.

72518 Albany, NY 42/45N73/48W

86 5/20/97 S.U.N.Y Albany

Albany, NY

42/42N73/50W

93 72518

From Maarit Lockhoff (DWD)

Monthly mean PWMonthly mean PW diff

(others – Radiosonde)


Ozonesonde:

ozone profiles

Radioactivity sonde:

Β and γ radioactivity

http://www.eol.ucar.edu/homes/junhong/MT11B_radiosondes.pdf

In-cloud measurements:

changes in charge, aerosols

Needs:

Trace gases (o3, SO2,

CO2), Vertical velocity,

Turbulence,

cloud/aerosol, Radiations

Other special radiosondes

Harrison

and Hogan

(2006)

Electricity:

Electric field probe


History of radiosondes• 18th and 19th centuries:

1. A kite with a thermometer in 1749 in Glasgow, Scotland by Alexander Wilson

2. First untethered balloon in 1783 in Paris

3. Manned hot air and hydrogen balloons in 1800’s

4. Kite observation network in U.S. by the end of the 1800’s

• Early 1900’s:

1. Meteorograph carried by free, unmanned balloons

2. Aircraft sounding in 1925-1940s

3. Pilot balloon tracked by optical theodolite

• 1930’s-1950’s:

1. The first radio-meteorographs (“radiosondes”) in the early 1930’s

2. 1937: the U.S. NWS radiosonde network

3. Automated radio-theodolites (“rawinsonde”) by the 1950s

• 1960’s – 1980’s:

1. Computerized reduction of rawinsonde data (automation)

2. Radio-navigation aids (NAVAID): LORAN and Omega for wind

• 1990’s:

1. Improved sensors, data processing and NAVAID system

2. GPS for wind measurements

• 2000’s: sensor improvements, other sensor developments, other platforms.

• 3-5 km

• data loss

• good weather

kites & balloons



Thermocapacitors

Thermistors

SRS

thermocouple

• Ceramic material

• Resistance changes with T: R = A · exp (B/T)

• Sippican, Modem, Meisei,

• Ceramic material

• Permittivity changes with T

• Vaisala

• The junction of two dissimilar metals

• Measure the voltage diff between two

junctions (with one T sensor inside)

• SRS

Sources of measurement uncertainty (in order of importance):

Sensor orientation

Ventilation

Unknown radiation field

Lab measurements of the radiative heating

Ground check

Calibration



Humidity sensors:

1. Thin-film capacitor

2. Carbon hygristor

3. Goldbeater’s skin

4. Dew/frost-point

hygrometer

5. Tunable diode

laser (TDL)

Vaisala Humicap

Meisei

capacitive

Modem

capacitiveGraw

capacitive

Carbon

hygristor

Goldbeater’s

skin

Vaisala Humicap Sensors

RS80RS90

Errors:

• Chemical contamination (Wang et al. 2002)

• Time lag (Miloschevich et al.)

• Radiation dry bias (e.g. Wang et al. 2013)

• Others (Wang et al. 2002)Copyright of Junhong (June) Wang 20

Water vapor trends in the troposphere?

e.g.: Lindenberg 8km (0:00 UT)

Freiberg RKS-2 RKS-5 MARZ RS80 RS92

Detector

IR LED

μ Controller

Cryogen

Air flow

Lens

Mirror

Heater

Frost

layerThermistor

FPH/CFH

Research water vapor sensors

Thermocouple

Mirror

Peltier

Scattering light

detectorReflecting light

detector

Chilled-mirror dew point

Fluorescent Lyman Alpha Tunable diode laser (TDL)

Vaisala

DrycapCopyright of Junhong (June) Wang

22


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v

=iMvydih9rlM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iMvydih9rlM

Radiosonde Driftsonde:

Long duration

Balloon based

Full automated

G-5

Global Hawk:

Automated

High altitude

Large sonde capacity

Remotely controlled

C-130Aircraft:

~21 research aircrafts

~3000 dropsondes/year

Operational & research

Targeted observationsP-3

Copyright of Junhong (June) Wang24

25

T-PARC: 20081990-2012:

41 Field projects

>8000 soundings

Concordiasi (2010)

Pre-Concordiasi (2010)

Copyright of Junhong (June) Wang

Hurricane Observations:Satellites

Ships and Buoys

Land-based Observations

Aircraft Reconnaissance

Synoptic Surveillance

G-IV: 45,000 feet

Eyewall drops

WC-130/WP-3D

10,000 feet

Hurricane Katrina

August 28, 2005


1996 total: 741997 total: 426 1998 total: 1562 1999 total: 1536

2000 total: 498 2001 total: 994 2002 total: 1312 2003 total: 1433

2004 total: 2127 2005 total: 2890 2006 total: 7522007 total: 807


Wang et al. (2015, BAMS)

http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/BAMS-D-13-00203.1

28

Data courtesy

Sim Aberson, HRD

Thanks to

James Franklin,

NOAA/AOML/NHC


29

UKMET MODEL

WITHOUT SONDES

WITH SONDES

Courtesy Julian Heming, UKMOJames Franklin

Final track



DRIFTSONDE Concept

Copyright of Junhong (June) Wang 3157th Interdepartmental Hurricane

Conference

DRIFTSONDE Concept

Zero or Super Pressure

Balloon (363 m3)

(days to months) Iridium LEO Satellite

Communications

Gondola

50-70 Sonde

Capacity

Command & Control

Ground Station (web-based,

remote operation)

Flight Altitude

125mb to 50mb (~58,000’)

Dropsonde

PTH &Wind

Sondes Dropped

by Time or Command

Atlantic Ocean EuropeNorth

America

Cost-effective dropsonde observations of wind, temperature, and

humidity to fill critical gaps in coverage over oceanic and remote artic

and continental regions over days to weeks.

To combine innovative measurements and

modeling components for a better analysis

and prediction of weather over Antarctica.Copyright of Junhong (June) Wang 32

no slide title · 1. meteorograph carried by free, unmanned balloons 2. aircraft sounding in...

Documents