NO BELLWORK TODAY!!!1. Why did other countries in the Americas declare war on

Germany?2. List 5 things you are not allowed to do under the Sedition Act.3. The Sedition Act was extremely controversial because it

limited citizens’ individual freedoms. How did the government justify its usage?

4. List THREE characteristics of propaganda.5. THINKER: Patriotism was a common societal value during

WWI. Do you think people are more/less patriotic today? Would citizens in modern America be willing to ration or buy bonds in the event of another war? Explain!

Sedition Act of 1918• The U.S. government passed the Sedition Act (&

Espionage Act) to target war/government opposition.• They believed they were acting in the nation’s best

interest and protecting the safety of American citizens.• We are now going to read/discuss the Sedition Act.• As you read the actual act, list what you are NOT

allowed to do under the act.

Involvement in the Americas• Bolivia: Severed relations with Germany - April 13, 1917• Brazil: Severed relations with Germany - April 11, 1917 & Declared war on

Germany - Oct 26, 1917 • Costa Rica: Severed relations with Germany - Sept 21, 1917 & Declared war on

Germany - May 23, 1918• Cuba: Declared war on Germany - April 7, 1917• Ecuador: Severed relations with Germany - Dec 8, 1917• Guatemala: Declared war on Germany - April 23, 1918• Haiti: Declared war on Germany - July 12, 1918• Honduras: Declared war on Germany - July 19, 1918• Nicaragua: Declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary - May 8, 1918• Panama: Declared war on Germany - April 7, 1917 & Declared war on Austria-

Hungary - Dec 10, 1917• Peru: Severed relations with Germany - Oct 6, 1917• Uruguay: Severed relations with Germany - Oct 7, 1917

ALLIED POWERS

CENTRAL POWERS

NEUTRAL COUNTRIES

WWI in the Americas Case Study: Cuba• Effects of U.S. occupation:• Yellow Fever• Dependence on U.S. • The rapid and huge influx of U.S. investment into sugar enabled the larger

mills to buy surrounding land and create monopolies• Impoverished rural areas and peasants• Slave-like conditions• Mills imported cheap labor from other Caribbean islands (Jamaica & Haiti) • Unemployment in agriculture created massive growth of cities (poor living

conditions)• Sugar monopolies controlled the railroads and used them for their own

benefit• By 1913, U.S. companies invested $200 million into sugar, which

accounted for 1/5 of total U.S. investments in all of L.A.

HOA Info…..• Cuban Involvement Wkst due Thursday!

• Unit 3 Terms & Review

• This week: American involvement & start Russian Revolution

• Next week: Russian Revolution & Establishment of Communism

• NO CURRENT EVENT on May 6th (tips for success IB forum in lecture hall – pds. 5 & 6)

• May 11-13: End of WWI and Treaty of Versailles

• May 14-15: Term Card work day & review

• May 18: Term Cards due! Review Jeopardy!

• May 20: Final exam!

Brazilian Involvement in WWI

Economic Troubles• Brazil initially adopted a neutral position

in an attempt to maintain the markets for its export products, mainly coffee & latex

• These products were not considered essential by foreign consumers, customs duties and export fees (the main source of government income) so they decreased as the conflict continued.

• The problem increased with the German blockade of Allied ports, and then by a British ban on the importation of coffee in 1917.

• The British government now considered the cargo space on ships necessary for more vital goods, given the great losses of merchant ships as a result of German attacks.

From Neutrality to War• Relations between Brazil and the

German Empire worsened when Germany announced their unrestricted submarine campaign

• On April 5, 1917, the large Brazilian steamship Paraná (4,466 tons) was torpedoed and sunk

• The ship was carrying coffee and traveled in accordance with the demands made on neutral countries

• Three Brazilians were killed.

Protests• When news of the sinking broke out in

Brazil, protests erupted • The protesters attacked shops and

properties owned by Germans or their descendants– For example, the Hotel Schmidt (left),

the Germany Society, the German newspaper (Deutsche Zeitung), the German school (Gesellschaft Germania) and German restaurants, houses, clubs and factories were all raided, looted and burned.

• Protests also broke out from the anti-war side - unionists, pacifists, and anarchists

Diplomatic Consequences• April 11, 1917 Brazil broke diplomatic relations with

Germany • May 20, 1917 the ship Tijuca was torpedoed near the French

coast by a German submarine. In the following months, the Brazilian government seized 42 German merchant ships that were in Brazilian ports.

• July 27, 1917 the steamer Lapa Brazil was hit by three torpedoes from a German submarine.

• October 23, 1917 the Brazilian freighter Macau, one of the vessels seized in the course of the war, was torpedoed by the German submarine U-93 near the coast of Spain, and the captain taken prisoner.

Brazilian Involvement in WWI• October 26, 1917: the

Brazilian President Venceslau Bras declared war against Germany

• The only Latin American country to be directly involved in the war

• The major participation was the Navy's patrol of areas of the Atlantic Ocean

President Bras signing Brazil’s declaration of war (also pictured: Minister of External Affairs Nilo Pecanha and the

governor of the Brazilian state Minas Gerias Delfim Moreira)

Brazilian Navy• The Secretary of Navy

ordered the use of the naval fleet in an anti-submarine campaign

• Ministerial Notice No. 501 (30 Jan 1918) established the Naval Division for War Operations (Divisão Naval em Operações de Guerra - DNOG), composed of units drawn from the fleets that formed the Navy in Brazil.

• The dreadnoughts Minas Gerais and Sao Paulo, and two scout cruisers, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul were some of the major warships of the DNOG

ALLIED POWERS

CENTRAL POWERS

NEUTRAL COUNTRIES

Involvement in the Americas• Reasons for Involvement: • WWI disrupted markets for L.A. goods

and made it difficult to import necessary manufactured products

– Threat of submarine warfare

• As a result, economy shifted from agriculture to manufacturing in order to produce these necessary goods

• Declines in price levels of Latin America’s exports encouraged a further growth in manufacturing

– Encouraged by U.S.

• Although manufacturing increased, industrialization was almost completely limited to light consumer good industries

– High poverty remained

• Impact of Involvement:• The U.S. will emerge from WWI as the

world’s principal industrial and financial power, and replaced England as the major source of foreign investments in Latin America

• Continuing the “big stick” and “dollar diplomacy” policies of their predecessors, the U.S. used armed intervention and economic pressure to expand U.S. control over the Caribbean area.

• By the end of the period, there was deep Latin American resentment of these strong-armed tactics

• Countries push for total economic and political independence

WWI Propaganda Project• Can be from the perspective of any country involved (include

translations)• You are creating your own, NOT recreating someone else’s

propaganda• Must be neat, legible, creative, and organized• It must be hand-drawn; NO computers• I am NOT grading on artistic ability, I am grading on your ability

to understand the characteristics of propaganda and how they were used during WWI

• This is worth 40 points and due Monday 4/28!

WWI PROPAGANDA