Nixon #1Nixon #1

ReviewReview 1. Describe how US involvement in Vietnam 1. Describe how US involvement in Vietnam

changed over time?changed over time?

2. How did the war in Vietnam lead to social 2. How did the war in Vietnam lead to social tension in America? tension in America?

3. What factors led to the birth of the 3. What factors led to the birth of the counterculture?counterculture?

4. Describe the counterculture?4. Describe the counterculture?

5. What was significant about 1968?5. What was significant about 1968?

Nixon’s Victory in 1968Nixon’s Victory in 1968

Many whites blame liberal Democratic Many whites blame liberal Democratic policies for social upheaval of 1960s.policies for social upheaval of 1960s.

Nixon claims to represent the “Silent Nixon claims to represent the “Silent Majority”Majority”

““Law & Order”Law & Order”

Nixon and the Vietnam WarNixon and the Vietnam War

When he’s running for president, Nixon When he’s running for president, Nixon claims to have a secret plan to end the claims to have a secret plan to end the Vietnam war.Vietnam war.

Says he will get “peace with honor.”Says he will get “peace with honor.”

Meanwhile, Nixon calls for major bombing of Meanwhile, Nixon calls for major bombing of N.Vietnam N.Vietnam

To force them to negotiate a peace treaty To force them to negotiate a peace treaty before the U.S. withdraws completely.before the U.S. withdraws completely.

Nixon’s PlanNixon’s Plan Once elected, Nixon unveils his plan.Once elected, Nixon unveils his plan.

Calls it “Calls it “VietnamizationVietnamization.”.”

VietnamizationVietnamization = gradually pulling = gradually pulling U.S. troops out and while turning U.S. troops out and while turning over more responsibility to the South over more responsibility to the South Vietnamese.Vietnamese.

Nixon’s Bombing CampaignNixon’s Bombing Campaign Besides increased bombing of North Besides increased bombing of North

Viet., Nixon calls for bombing & Viet., Nixon calls for bombing & sending troops into Cambodia to stop sending troops into Cambodia to stop supplies going to Viet Cong.supplies going to Viet Cong.

Reaction to the Invasion of Reaction to the Invasion of CambodiaCambodia

1970--Nixon ordered the invasion of 1970--Nixon ordered the invasion of Cambodia.Cambodia.

Led to massive protests across the Led to massive protests across the country.country.

A protest took place at A protest took place at Kent State Kent State University in Ohio.University in Ohio.

Kent StateKent State

Students pelt ROTC building with rocks & firecrackers and then burn Students pelt ROTC building with rocks & firecrackers and then burn it to the ground.it to the ground.

Ohio Gov. James Rhodes calls out the National Guard.Ohio Gov. James Rhodes calls out the National Guard.

On May 3, 600 students were holding a peaceful protest.On May 3, 600 students were holding a peaceful protest.

They were ordered to disperse.They were ordered to disperse.

The students refused and then began to throw stones at the The students refused and then began to throw stones at the guardsmen.guardsmen.

Nat. Guard responded with tear gas and then some fired into the Nat. Guard responded with tear gas and then some fired into the crowd.crowd.

9 students were wounded and 4 killed.9 students were wounded and 4 killed.

Jackson StateJackson State

All-African American college in Mississippi.All-African American college in Mississippi.

Outbreak of vandalism had prompted the national Outbreak of vandalism had prompted the national guard to be called to the town.guard to be called to the town.

May 14—after vandalism downtown, police, highway May 14—after vandalism downtown, police, highway patrol, and nat. guard go to the campus.patrol, and nat. guard go to the campus.

A bottle was thrown at an officer.A bottle was thrown at an officer.

Cops opened fire—12 students wounded & 2 killed.Cops opened fire—12 students wounded & 2 killed.

Peace SettlementPeace Settlement

Nixon’s Sec. of StateNixon’s Sec. of State——Henry Kissinger -- Henry Kissinger -- finally agrees to a finally agrees to a peace treaty with the peace treaty with the North in 1973 in Paris.North in 1973 in Paris.

U.S. pledges that it U.S. pledges that it will return to protect will return to protect the South if the South if necessary.necessary.

War Powers ActWar Powers Act 19731973

Congress does not want to ever make the Congress does not want to ever make the mistake again of allowing a president to mistake again of allowing a president to send troops somewhere for as long as he send troops somewhere for as long as he likes.likes.

Passed the Passed the War Powers Act War Powers Act which limits to which limits to 60-days the time a president can send 60-days the time a president can send troops somewhere without consulting troops somewhere without consulting congress.congress.

Fall of SaigonFall of Saigon

In 1975, the North captures the In 1975, the North captures the southern capital of Saigon.southern capital of Saigon.

Communists control the whole Communists control the whole country.country.

Final Points on Vietnam.Final Points on Vietnam.

11stst war U.S. lost war U.S. lost

Greatly divided American society.Greatly divided American society.

Helped lead to people having less Helped lead to people having less faith in the leaders.faith in the leaders.

New FederalismNew Federalism Series of programs Series of programs designed to shift power designed to shift power

away from federal government in away from federal government in Washington to the state govts.Washington to the state govts.

Revenue SharingRevenue Sharing —some federal tax $ —some federal tax $ goes to states.goes to states.

Reduces federal $ for urban renewal, job Reduces federal $ for urban renewal, job training, & education.training, & education.

Abolishes Office of Economic Opportunity Abolishes Office of Economic Opportunity (1973)(1973)

Not a total conservativeNot a total conservative Creates Environmental Protection Creates Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) & Occupational Safety Agency (EPA) & Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).and Health Administration (OSHA).

Accepts Keynesian Economics.Accepts Keynesian Economics.

1969--1969--Family Assistance Plan (FAPFamily Assistance Plan (FAP)—)—would provide poor families a would provide poor families a guaranteed income (passes House guaranteed income (passes House but not Senate). but not Senate).

Dealing with Radicals and Dealing with Radicals and OppositionOpposition

Uses FBI and Internal Revenue Uses FBI and Internal Revenue ServiceService

FBI uses undercover agents to FBI uses undercover agents to infiltrate organizations like SDS and infiltrate organizations like SDS and the Black Panthers. the Black Panthers.

The Warren CourtThe Warren Court Viewed by most as liberal (Rulings upset Viewed by most as liberal (Rulings upset

conservatives).conservatives).

Engel v. Vitale Engel v. Vitale (1962)—Outlaws prayer in (1962)—Outlaws prayer in public schools.public schools.

Gideon v. Wainright Gideon v. Wainright (1963)—everyone (1963)—everyone entitled to a lawyer.entitled to a lawyer.

Miranda v. Arizona Miranda v. Arizona (1966)—criminal (1966)—criminal suspects must be informed of their rights.suspects must be informed of their rights.

The Issue of BusingThe Issue of Busing

1971 1971 (Swann v. (Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg)—Charlotte-Mecklenburg)—Supreme Court rules that Supreme Court rules that it is ok to use forced it is ok to use forced busing to achieve racial busing to achieve racial integration.integration.

Causes violent reactions Causes violent reactions (especially in Boston).(especially in Boston).

Increases “White Flight”Increases “White Flight”

The Issue of Affirmative The Issue of Affirmative ActionAction

Affirmative Action Affirmative Action = programs to make-up for past = programs to make-up for past inequalities due to racism and gender biases.inequalities due to racism and gender biases.

Set quotas for hiring minorities (and sometimes Set quotas for hiring minorities (and sometimes women).women).

Also used to try to get more minorities into college.Also used to try to get more minorities into college.

Bakke v. U. of Ca. RegentsBakke v. U. of Ca. Regents. . Supreme court rules Supreme court rules whites can’t be excluded from positions. But race whites can’t be excluded from positions. But race can be one of the factors when choosing students.can be one of the factors when choosing students.

Election of 1972—The Election of 1972—The Southern StrategySouthern Strategy

Nixon wants to appeal directly to white Nixon wants to appeal directly to white southerners who had voted for George southerners who had voted for George Wallace in 1968.Wallace in 1968.

Needs to appeal to their discontent Needs to appeal to their discontent with racial integration, the liberal with racial integration, the liberal Supreme Court (Warren Court), Eastern Supreme Court (Warren Court), Eastern liberals & federal government (vs. liberals & federal government (vs. states).states).

Opposes Civil RightsOpposes Civil Rights Delays desegregation efforts in some Delays desegregation efforts in some

Southern states.Southern states.

Urges Congress to prohibit forced busing.Urges Congress to prohibit forced busing.

Opposes extension of Voting Rights Act Opposes extension of Voting Rights Act (Still passed by Congress).(Still passed by Congress).

Tries to appoint 2 Southerners who were Tries to appoint 2 Southerners who were against Civil Rights to the Supreme Court against Civil Rights to the Supreme Court (does appoint the conservative Warren (does appoint the conservative Warren Burger to replace Earl Warren).Burger to replace Earl Warren).

StagflationStagflation By the end of 1960s, US economy starts to decline.By the end of 1960s, US economy starts to decline.

Deficit spending (social programs and Vietnam Deficit spending (social programs and Vietnam War).War).

Foreign Competition in manufacturing (Japan)Foreign Competition in manufacturing (Japan)

Dependency of foreign oil.Dependency of foreign oil.

High inflation & unemployment = “Stagflation.”High inflation & unemployment = “Stagflation.”

For most of 1970s.For most of 1970s.

Nixon’s Foreign PolicyNixon’s Foreign Policy

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs were Nixon’s top were Nixon’s top priority.priority.

Top foreign policy Top foreign policy advisor was advisor was Henry Henry Kissinger.Kissinger.

DetenteDetente

Abandoned cold war policy of Abandoned cold war policy of confrontation and initiated the policy confrontation and initiated the policy of of détentedétente towards China and Russia. towards China and Russia.

Détente = Relaxing of diplomatic Détente = Relaxing of diplomatic tension.tension.

Nixon/Kissinger PhilosophyNixon/Kissinger Philosophy

Nixon & Kissinger based their foreign policy Nixon & Kissinger based their foreign policy decisions on the belief in decisions on the belief in realpolitikrealpolitik..

Realpolitik= A nation should pursue policies Realpolitik= A nation should pursue policies and alliances based solely on its interests and alliances based solely on its interests rather than a particular view of the world.rather than a particular view of the world.

Thus OK to cooperate with communist Thus OK to cooperate with communist countries if it is going to benefit the US.countries if it is going to benefit the US.

Relations with ChinaRelations with China

Since Communists won Chinese civil Since Communists won Chinese civil war in 1949, US had only officially war in 1949, US had only officially recognized Taiwan.recognized Taiwan.

US had trade embargo and would not US had trade embargo and would not let join the UN.let join the UN.

But by 1970s, there were reasons for But by 1970s, there were reasons for opening relations.opening relations.

Reasons for Relations with Reasons for Relations with ChinaChina

A. Help to end war in Vietnam.A. Help to end war in Vietnam.

B. Would help to force Russia to B. Would help to force Russia to cooperate.cooperate.

Ping Pong DiplomacyPing Pong Diplomacy

1971 Chinese host US ping Pong team.1971 Chinese host US ping Pong team.

1-week later, US ends trade embargo.1-week later, US ends trade embargo.

Nixon then sends Kissinger on secret Nixon then sends Kissinger on secret mission to arrange a visit.mission to arrange a visit.

US allows China to join United Nations.US allows China to join United Nations.

1972 Nixon goes to China.1972 Nixon goes to China.

More Stuff About ClintonMore Stuff About Clinton ““Slick Willie”Slick Willie”

““Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.”Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell.”

Nixon & RussiaNixon & Russia

3-months after his visit to China, Nixon 3-months after his visit to China, Nixon visits Russia.visits Russia.

Agrees on trade and technology Agrees on trade and technology exchange and to sell Russia grain.exchange and to sell Russia grain.

Signs landmark arms agreement—Signs landmark arms agreement—Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT).Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT).

Yom Kippur WarYom Kippur War

1973—Arab countries try to attack Israel.1973—Arab countries try to attack Israel.

U.S. gives Israel help.U.S. gives Israel help.

Arab countries (OPEC) stop selling oil to Arab countries (OPEC) stop selling oil to the U.S. and gas prices get really high.the U.S. and gas prices get really high.

U.S. forces Israel to negotiate a peace U.S. forces Israel to negotiate a peace with Arabs.with Arabs.