nitrogen metabolism. animals plants fungi nitrogen is essential for all organisms (in amino acids...
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NITROGEN METABOLISM
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animals
plants
fungi
Nitrogen is essentialfor all organisms(in amino acids andnucleic acids).
Most of the conversionsbetween organic and inorganicnitrogen are catalyzedby bacterial and archaeal enzymes.
oxidative reductive
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Nitrogen fixation
Reduced nitrogen (amines, amides) is required for proteins, nucleic acids, et al. Environmental supplies of nitrogen are oxidized (N2,
NO3-) Issues include N fixation (prokaryotes only) N2 + 16 ATP + 10 H+ + 8 e- Nitrogenase reductase, nitrogenase
2 NH4+ + H2 + 16 ADP + 16 Pi and nitrate reduction (bacteria, plants, fungi)
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Nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase
In bacteria, the electron donor is NADPH
+5 +3
+3 -3
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Ammonium assimilation glutamate dehydrogenase
NADPH NADP+
-KG glu NH4+ H2O
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Ammonium assimilation
Glutamine synthetase GOGAT (glutamine oxo-glutarate amino transferase)
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ATP NH4+ ADP + Pi GS glu gln NAD+ NADH or Fd(ox) Fd(red) GOGAT glu -KG
Glutamate and glutamine are major –NH2 donors through transaminases e.g., Glu +OAA -KG + Asp
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Glutamate and glutamine are major –NH2 donors through transaminases e.g., Glu +OAA -KG + Asp
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Urea cycle: removal of excess N
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Pre-urea cycle: formation of carbamyl phosphate
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Urea cycle:
Lose two amino-Nand a CO2
Follow the N fromcarbamoyl-P(green arrow) andthe N from aspartate(red arrow).
How much energydoes it take to remove two amino-nitrogens?
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How many of the reactions that we have studied are represented in excretion of excess nitrogen?
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Summary
•Nitrogen enters the biosphere through plants, fungi, but mainly bacteria and archaea
•Plants, fungi, and bacteria reduce nitrate nitrogen to ammonium •Ammonium is incorporated into organic molecules by glutamate
dehydrogenase and glutamine synthase/GOGAT•Other amino acids are formed by transamination•The urea cycle removes nitrogen from ammonia and alanine
as urea