nitrogen applications with a remote sensing ground rig – the greenseeker
DESCRIPTION
Nitrogen Applications with a Remote Sensing Ground Rig – The GreenSeeker. G. V. Johnson, W. R. Raun, J.B. Solie, and M.L. Stone Oklahoma State University Stillwater, OK. Conventional N Management for Oklahoma. Conventional Strategy is Easy and Profitable. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Nitrogen Applications with a Nitrogen Applications with a Remote Sensing Ground Rig – Remote Sensing Ground Rig – The GreenSeekerThe GreenSeeker
Nitrogen Applications with a Nitrogen Applications with a Remote Sensing Ground Rig – Remote Sensing Ground Rig – The GreenSeekerThe GreenSeeker
G. V. Johnson, W. R. Raun,
J.B. Solie, and M.L. Stone
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK
G. V. Johnson, W. R. Raun,
J.B. Solie, and M.L. Stone
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, OK
Conventional N Management for Conventional N Management for OklahomaOklahomaConventional N Management for Conventional N Management for OklahomaOklahoma
Lahoma 502, 30-yr Averages
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120N Rate (lb/acre)
Whe
at Y
ield
(b
u/ac
re)
Lahoma 502, 30-yr Averages
0
10
20
30
40
50
0 20 40 60 80 100 120N Rate (lb/acre)
Whe
at Y
ield
(b
u/ac
re)
Average profit from N = $36/acre/yrAverage profit from N = $36/acre/yrAverage profit from N = $36/acre/yrAverage profit from N = $36/acre/yr
Conventional Strategy is Conventional Strategy is Easy and Profitable.Easy and Profitable.
Conventional Strategy is Conventional Strategy is Easy and Profitable.Easy and Profitable.
Crop N requirement = 2 lb N/bu yieldCrop N requirement = 2 lb N/bu yieldCrop N requirement = 2 lb N/bu yieldCrop N requirement = 2 lb N/bu yield
Poor NUEPoor NUEPoor NUEPoor NUE
30-yr average wheat response to N
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
N Fertilization (kg N/ha)
Yie
ld (
kg
/ha
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
NU
E (
%)
Yield NUE
30-yr average wheat response to N
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
N Fertilization (kg N/ha)
Yie
ld (
kg
/ha
)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
NU
E (
%)
Yield NUE
Poor NUEPoor NUEPoor NUEPoor NUE
• Result of mineral N present at concentrations in excess of plant needs.• Soil-Plant system leaks in proportion to excess
mineral N.• Excess N = f (yield potential, supply of non-
fertilizer N.
• Typically:• All fertilizer-N applied before crop needs any.• Entire field receives same rate.
• Result of mineral N present at concentrations in excess of plant needs.• Soil-Plant system leaks in proportion to excess
mineral N.• Excess N = f (yield potential, supply of non-
fertilizer N.
• Typically:• All fertilizer-N applied before crop needs any.• Entire field receives same rate.
Address Temporal and Address Temporal and Spatial VariabilitySpatial Variability
Address Temporal and Address Temporal and Spatial VariabilitySpatial Variability
Temporal variabilityTemporal variabilityTemporal variabilityTemporal variability• Uncertain yield potential• Uncertain yield potential
43.8
y = 0.42x + 37.62
0102030405060708090
100
197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003
Ave
Years
Gra
in Y
ield
(bu/
acre
)
43.8
y = 0.42x + 37.62
0102030405060708090
100
197119721973197419751976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991199219931994199519961997199819992000200120022003
Ave
Years
Gra
in Y
ield
(bu/
acre
)
• Uncertain use (availability) of non-fertilizer N
• Uncertain use (availability) of non-fertilizer N
Temporal variabilityTemporal variabilityTemporal variabilityTemporal variability
26.2
y = 0.06x + 25.14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
19
71
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
Av
e
Year
Yie
ld (
bu
/ac
re)
26.2
y = 0.06x + 25.14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
19
71
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
Av
e
Year
Yie
ld (
bu
/ac
re)
y = 1.52E-02x + 1.60E+00
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Ave
Year
Res
po
nse
Ind
ex
y = 1.52E-02x + 1.60E+00
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Ave
Year
Res
po
nse
Ind
exTemporal variability Temporal variability
(N Response; RI)(N Response; RI)Temporal variability Temporal variability
(N Response; RI)(N Response; RI)
Range = 1.0 to 4.1 Mean = 1.9 CV = 38
Range = 1.0 to 4.1 Mean = 1.9 CV = 38
Fertilizer N requirement (total yield/N rate) for maximum wheat yield (trial 502).
2.7
0.0
1.6
2.1
2.7
0.4
2.6
0.60.8
2.2
1.2 1.2
3.4
2.2 2.2
2.6
1.3
2.1
0.8 0.91.31.3
1.91.7
1.2
1.91.81.91.81.91.91.8
y = 1.33E-02x + 1.49E+00 Ave = 1.7; C.V. = 39
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Year
N R
equi
rem
ent (
lb/b
u)
Fertilizer N requirement (total yield/N rate) for maximum wheat yield (trial 502).
2.7
0.0
1.6
2.1
2.7
0.4
2.6
0.60.8
2.2
1.2 1.2
3.4
2.2 2.2
2.6
1.3
2.1
0.8 0.91.31.3
1.91.7
1.2
1.91.81.91.81.91.91.8
y = 1.33E-02x + 1.49E+00 Ave = 1.7; C.V. = 39
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Year
N R
equi
rem
ent (
lb/b
u)
Temporal variabilityTemporal variabilityTemporal variabilityTemporal variability
1. Estimate N response in-season.1. Estimate N response in-season.
45 N Preplant45 N Preplant45 N Preplant45 N Preplant
90 N Preplant90 N Preplant90 N Preplant90 N Preplant
RIRINDVINDVI = 1.46 = 1.46RIRINDVINDVI = 1.46 = 1.46
SolutionsSolutionsSolutionsSolutions
NDVI at F5 NDVI at F5 In-SeasonEstimatedYield (INSEY)
In-SeasonEstimatedYield (INSEY)
days from planting to F5, GDD>0 days from planting to F5, GDD>0
+Good predictor of final grain yield+Requires only one sensor reading+Work over different regions/biotypes
+Good predictor of final grain yield+Requires only one sensor reading+Work over different regions/biotypes
Units:
N uptake, kg ha-1
day-1 where GDD>0
Units:
N uptake, kg ha-1
day-1 where GDD>0
30 Locations, 1998-2003
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
INSEY
Gra
in y
ield
, M
g/h
a
PKNP 1998PKSN 1998TPSN 1998PKNP 1999222 1999301 1999EFAA 1999801 1999502 1999PKNP 2000222 2000301 2000EFAA 2000801 2000502 2000HNAA 2000PKNP 2001222 2001301 2001EFAA 2001801 2001PKNP 2002222 2002301 2002EFAA 2002801 2002HNAA 2002502 2003222 2003EFAA 2003
YP0 = 0.254e324.4 INSEY R2=0.54
YP0 + 1Std Dev = 0.359 e324.4 INSEY
y = 0.3957e266.6x
R2 = 0.43
y = 0.2231e342.2x
R2 = 0.60
y = 0.1194e426.76x
R2 = 0.671
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 0.01
INSEY
Gra
in y
ield
, Mg
/ha
1998-1999
2000-2001
2002-2003
Can establish reliable equation to Can establish reliable equation to predict yield in 2 yearspredict yield in 2 yearsCan establish reliable equation to Can establish reliable equation to predict yield in 2 yearspredict yield in 2 years
Farmer Check Farmer Check
N-Rich StripN-Rich Strip
RI = 0.60/0.57 = 1.1RI = 0.60/0.57 = 1.1
Kenneth Failes, Cherokee, OK (March 20, 2002)
Planting date
NDVI (sensing date)
days from planting to sensing
Predicted yieldwith no added Nfertilization (YP0)
Predicted yieldwith N fertilization(YPN)
Predicted yieldwith N fertilization(YPN)
INSEY = (NDVI/days from planting to sensing where GDD>0)YPN = YP0 * RIFertilizer N = (Grain N uptake at YPN – Grain N uptake at YP0)/0.7
RI
Response to topdress NResponse to topdress NResponse to topdress NResponse to topdress NWheat response to N application time and rate; Perkins,
OK (1990-92); RI = 1.3, (Bowman et al., 1995)
20
25
30
35
40
0 30 60 90 120 150
N Rate (lb/acre)
Yie
ld (
bu
/acr
e)
Preplant
Dec.
Jan
Febr.
Mar.
Wheat response to N application time and rate; Perkins, OK (1990-92); RI = 1.3, (Bowman et al., 1995)
20
25
30
35
40
0 30 60 90 120 150
N Rate (lb/acre)
Yie
ld (
bu
/acr
e)
Preplant
Dec.
Jan
Febr.
Mar.
Response to topdress NResponse to topdress NResponse to topdress NResponse to topdress NInfluence of application time on wheat response to fertilizer N, Hennessey, OK. 1990-92; RI = 1.15
3839
20
25
30
35
40
0 30 60 90 120 150
N Rate (lb/acre)
Yie
ld (
bu
/acr
e)
Preplant
Dec.
Jan
Febr.
Mar.
Influence of application time on wheat response to fertilizer N, Hennessey, OK. 1990-92; RI = 1.15
3839
20
25
30
35
40
0 30 60 90 120 150
N Rate (lb/acre)
Yie
ld (
bu
/acr
e)
Preplant
Dec.
Jan
Febr.
Mar.
Response to topdress NResponse to topdress NResponse to topdress NResponse to topdress NInfluence of application time on wheat response
to fertilizer N, Hennessey, OK. 1991; RI = 0.96
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 30 60 90 120 150
N Rate (lb/acre)
Yie
ld (
bu
/ac
re)
Preplant
Dec.
Jan
Febr.
Mar.
Influence of application time on wheat response to fertilizer N, Hennessey, OK. 1991; RI = 0.96
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 30 60 90 120 150
N Rate (lb/acre)
Yie
ld (
bu
/ac
re)
Preplant
Dec.
Jan
Febr.
Mar.
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
19
71
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
YearsRe
sp
on
se
to
fe
rtili
ze
r a
pp
lica
tio
n
($/a
cre
)
$Return 80N PP/yr
$Return all N TD
$Gain from TD
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
19
71
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
YearsRe
sp
on
se
to
fe
rtili
ze
r a
pp
lica
tio
n
($/a
cre
)
$Return 80N PP/yr
$Return all N TD
$Gain from TD
Average Gain = $17.13/acre/yr
Economic estimatesEconomic estimatesEconomic estimatesEconomic estimates
Spatial variabilitySpatial variabilitySpatial variabilitySpatial variability
3. Measure and treat spatial variability3. Measure and treat spatial variabilitySolutionsSolutionsSolutionsSolutions
SolutionsSolutionsSolutionsSolutions3. Measure and treat spatial variability, in-
season3. Measure and treat spatial variability, in-
season
3. Measure and treat spatial variability, in-season
3. Measure and treat spatial variability, in-season
SolutionsSolutionsSolutionsSolutions
SolutionsSolutionsSolutionsSolutions
3.Measure and treat spatial variability, in-season
4.Apply most N topdress
3.Measure and treat spatial variability, in-season
4.Apply most N topdress
(1) NDVI collected from NRich Strip & Farmer Practice
(1) NDVI collected from NRich Strip & Farmer Practice
Enter: Max Yield for areaPlanting date, sensing date, NDVI values from (1)
Enter: Max Yield for areaPlanting date, sensing date, NDVI values from (1)
Output: Potential yield without N, potential yield with N, N fertilizer needed
Output: Potential yield without N, potential yield with N, N fertilizer needed
ProcedureProcedureProcedureProcedure
http://www.soiltesting.okstate.edu/SBNRC/SBNRC.phphttp://www.soiltesting.okstate.edu/SBNRC/SBNRC.php
http://www.dasnr.okstate.edu/nitrogen_usehttp://www.dasnr.okstate.edu/nitrogen_use
http://www.soiltesting.okstate.edu/SBNRC/SBNRC.phphttp://www.soiltesting.okstate.edu/SBNRC/SBNRC.php
http://www.dasnr.okstate.edu/nitrogen_usehttp://www.dasnr.okstate.edu/nitrogen_use
SolutionsSolutionsSolutionsSolutions
Must have “Qualified Engineer” to fix what “Agronomy Personnel” tear up
Must have “Qualified Engineer” to fix what “Agronomy Personnel” tear up
2002 Field trials2002 Field trials2002 Field trials2002 Field trials
10 trials using 60-ft boom sensor-applicator.
10 trials using 60-ft boom sensor-applicator.
Web site.http://www.dasnr.okstate.edu/nitrogen_use/
Web site.http://www.dasnr.okstate.edu/nitrogen_use/
828234.634.69292202021215252Farmer CheckFarmer Check1717
10010039.839.87979232315154141VRTVRT8181
Yld (bu/a)Yld (bu/a)Total NTotal NLateLateEarlyEarlyPreplant NPreplant NTreatmentTreatmentObs.Obs.Return ($/Ac)Return ($/Ac)
Topdress NTopdress N
What is Happening Now?What is Happening Now?What is Happening Now?What is Happening Now?
Field Scale Recommendations (Hand-held)– Ciudad Obregon, Mexio 10-2002, 108-2003– Saraguro, Ecuador, 5-2002, 15-2003– Oklahoma, 25-2002, >100 2003
Variable N Rate Applications
Oklahoma 10-2001, 15-2002, >50-2003
Minnesota, 5-2002, >15 2003
Nebraska, 1-2001, 1-2002 (corn)
Field Scale Recommendations (Hand-held)– Ciudad Obregon, Mexio 10-2002, 108-2003– Saraguro, Ecuador, 5-2002, 15-2003– Oklahoma, 25-2002, >100 2003
Variable N Rate Applications
Oklahoma 10-2001, 15-2002, >50-2003
Minnesota, 5-2002, >15 2003
Nebraska, 1-2001, 1-2002 (corn)