Fundamentals of Package Checking

By David Sefcik

NIST Handbook 133 “Checking the Net Contents of

Packaged Goods”

September 25, 2013

WWMA – Kalispell, MT

*** Certain commercial equipment, instruments, or materials are identified in this paper in order to specify

the experimental procedure adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or

endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the

materials or equipment identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose."

NIST is NOT a Regulatory Agency

• NIST cooperates with other Federal agencies, the States, standards development organizations, business and industry, the National Conference on Weights and Measures (NCWM), the Organization on International Legal Metrology (OIML) to develop model laws and regulations related to legal metrology.

• NIST supports the commercial measurement system by providing traceability, uniform laws, regulations, training, technical and other assistance to administrators, metrologists and field enforcement officials as well as to business and industry.

NIST has a duty under the Fair Packaging and Labeling Act (FPLA): Sec. 1458. Cooperation with State Authorities; Transmittal of Regulations to States;

(a) A copy of each regulation promulgated under this chapter shall be transmitted promptly to the Secretary of Commerce, who shall (1) transmit copies to all appropriate State officers and agencies, and (2) furnish to such State officers and agencies information and assistance to promote to the greatest practicable extent uniformity in State and Federal regulation of the labeling of consumer commodities.

NIST is a Scientific Institute

15 U.S.C. 272 §2. ESTABLISHMENT, FUNCTIONS, AND ACTIVITIES

(a) There is established within the Department of Commerce a science, engineering, technology, and measurement laboratory to be known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology. (b) The Secretary of Commerce acting through …“NIST” is authorized to take all actions necessary and appropriate to accomplish the purposes of this Act, including the following functions…

(4) cooperate with the States in securing uniformity in weights and measures laws and methods of inspection;

Learning Objectives

Chapter 1. Introduction • To understand the History, Scope and Package Requirements.

• Explain the Statistical Basis of the Handbook and Sampling

Plans.

• Describe What, When and Where to Test.

• Identify Assistance in Testing Operations.

• Explain Health and Safety aspects.

• Identify Good Measurement Practices.

Learning Objectives

Chapter 2. - Basic Test Procedure - Gravimetric Testing

• Properly Select Measurement Standards and Test Equipment.

• Apply Basic Test Procedure.

• Define Inspection Lots.

• Select Sampling Plans and Perform Random Sampling.

• Understand and Apply Tare Procedures.

• Compute Nominal Gross Weight and Determine Package Errors.

Learning Objectives

Chapter 3. Basic Test Procedure for Verifying the Net Quantity on Packages Labeled by Volume.

• Recognize and Understand the Scope of Chapter 3.

• Apply Gravimetric Test Procedures for Liquids.

Basics

Consumers and business cannot protect themselves from fraud.

When weights and measures is not active in any sector of the marketplace fraud (intentional, accidental, ignorance or apathy) proliferates and competition suffers (every time!!).

When fraud is real or perceived consumers lose confidence in business (and government) and the loss of competition harms business and the local economy.

One goal of weights and measures inspections is to provide a law enforcement PRESENCE in the marketplace to protect consumers and reputable businesses. Another goal is to ensure that sellers are “giving good weight” (so reliable value comparisons can be made) and to prevent unscrupulous trade practices.

Conduct every inspection and investigation as if you were going to present it before the highest court in your state.

Packaging and Labeling, Metric, & Net Contents - 1866 to 2012

Changing viewpoints, dramatic changes, loss of institutional memory, preemption, confusion, & the press of other priorities.

U.S. Weights and Measures Structure

National Conference on Weights and

Measures

Federal Trade Commission

Food and Drug Administration

U.S. Department of Agriculture

Treasury Bureau of

Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

Environmental Protection

Agency

U.S. Department of Commerce

U.S. Customs & Border

Protection

U.S. Constitution 1789 Congress to “fix” the Standards for W&M

Congress States/Counties

Office of Weights & Measures

1836

Depts. of Agriculture, Labor, Commerce, Attn.

General, Consumer Affairs, etc.

National Bureau of Standards 1901

changed to NIST in 1988

Weights and Measures Bureaus, Division, Sealers,

etc.

State Metrology Laboratory Program

1965 State Laboratories

Chapter 1. General Information

1.1. Scope • Value Comparison • Fair Competition • Price System

• The purpose of net quantity verification is to ensure the

accuracy of the net quantity information that is required to appear on packages by weights and measures laws and packaging and labeling regulations.

• The requirements are based on law and the test procedures are based on sound science and are reproducible and repeatable.

Chapter 1. General Information

1.1.a. Use Package Checking Procedures • Point-of-Pack

• Greatest Impact

• Distribution & Wholesale • Strong Impact

•Retail

• Mixed Impact

2007 Census for Food Manufacturing Facilities

2007 Food Manufacturers (311)

What products can be tested?

Anything in packaged form:

• Learn everything you can about the product BEFORE you test it.

• In-state packagers • (HB130 “Interpretations and Guidelines”, Section 2.6.12.).

• Big consumer impact products (milk, bread, other staple goods).

• Packages delivered to state agencies.

• Marketplace Surveys & Audit Testing.

• Coordinate inspection through planning and always look at

seasonal products.

• Consumer & business complaints.

NIST Photo

Balanced Work Plan 100 %

• 40 % on Retail Store.

• 25 % Distribution or Point-of-Pack.

• 10 % Specialty (sheeting, oil, aerosols, mulch, paint, cement, industrial packages).

• 10 % Liquids.

• 10 % Follow-up.

• 5 % State or Local Institutions.

What is the Purpose of a HB133 Inspection?

INFORMATION

We look at complex

information systems

Packer Control

Tare Weighing Accuracy Product

Illustration of a Simple Packaging System

Packer Control

unused dry or used dry tare

variations in wrapping/other items

material density, solder, adhesives store or supplier

determination

sample size/minimum load

supplier changes

label size/number of labels

number & size of soakers

% tare (glaze, individually wrapped items)

device suitability

static/ dynamic weighing

shift repeatability

tolerances

accuracy & maintenance

traceability of weights

rounding

sensitivity

intent - fill policy

overfill/moisture loss

economics

knowledge of weighing system

supervision

checks & balances

training

feedback

data control

labeling

Tare Weighing Accuracy

density/volume

moisture content

environment

handling

shelf life - distribution

Product

Random Weight - Illustration of a Simple Packaging System

HB130 UPLR 12.1. Packaging Variations

12.1.1. Variations from Declared Net Quantity (Average & Individual Package Requirements): …shall be permitted when caused by unavoidable deviations in weighing, measuring, or counting the contents of individual packages that occur in current good manufacturing practice, but such variations shall not be permitted to such extent that the average of the quantities in the packages … or a lot of the commodity that is kept, offered, or exposed for sale, or sold is below the quantity stated, and no unreasonable shortage in any package shall be permitted even though overages in other packages in the same shipment, delivery, or lot compensate for such shortage….

2.6.11. Good Quantity Control Practices

Plant managers should take all reasonable precautions to ensure the following quantity control standards or their equivalent are met: 1. A formal quantity control function is in place with gives a person

authority to review production processes and records, investigate possible errors, and approve, control, or reject lots.

2. Adequate facilities (e.g., equipment, standards and work areas)

for conducting quantity control functions are provided and maintained.

3. A quantity control program (e.g., a system of statistical process

control) is in place and maintained.

2.6.11. Good Quantity Control Practices

4. Sampling is conducted at a frequency appropriate to the product process to ensure that the data obtained is representative of the production lot.

5. Production records are maintained to provide a history of the

filling and net content labeling of the product. 6. Each “production lot” contains on average the labeled quantity

and the number of packages exceeding the specified maximum allowable variation (MAV) value in the inspection sample shall be no more than permitted in HB133, Tables 2-1 and 2-2.

7. Packaging practices are appropriate for specific products and

measurement procedures (e.g., quantity sampling, density and tare determinations) and guidelines for recording and maintaining test results are documented.

2.6.11. Good Quantity Control Practices

8. Personnel responsible for quantity control follow written work instructions and are competent to perform their duties (e.g., background, education, experience and training). Training is conducted at sufficient intervals to ensure good practices. 9. Recognized procedures are used for the selection, maintenance, adjustment, and testing of filling equipment to ensure proper fill control. 10. Weighing and measuring devices are suitable for their intended purpose, and measurement standards are suitable and traceable to national standards. This includes a system of equipment maintenance and calibration, including recordkeeping procedures.

2.6.11. Good Quantity Control Practices

11. Controls over automated data systems and software used in quantity control ensure that information is accessible, but changeable only by authorized personnel. 12. Tare materials are monitored for variation. Label changes are controlled to ensure net quantity matches labeled declaration.

NIST Handbook 130 - 2013 Edition

THESE ARE JUST THE MINIMUM EXPECTATIONS

A Sample Must "Pass" Two Requirements

Average Requirement › A sample "passes" if its average error is equal to (or

greater than) the labeled net quantity.

Individual Package Requirement › Depending on the sample size, no individual package

error may be greater than the specified Maximum Allowable Variation (MAV). The MAV varies with the labeled net quantity of contents (See Tables 2-5. to 2-10. in HB 133). A package with an error that is greater than the MAV is called an Unreasonable Error.

A sample "fails" if either requirement is not met.

How Many Packages to Inspect?

Use a Sampling Plans from HB 133

– Use the sampling plan Category A, Table 2-1. to inspect packages (except in a meat or poultry establishment inspected by the Food Safety and Inspection Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture {USDA}.)

– Use the sampling plan Category B, Table 2-2. when packages are inspected inside a USDA - regulated establishment.

*For packages labeled in Count with 50 or fewer items (e.g., 1 dozen eggs, 50 candy bars) use Table 2-11.

Table 2-1. Sampling Plans for Category A

1. Inspection Lot

Size

2. Sample

Size

3. Sample

Correction

Factor

4. Number of Minus Package Errors Allowed to Exceed the MAV*

1 1 Apply MAV

0*

2 2 8.985

3 3 2.484

4 4 1.591

5 5 1.242

6 6 1.049

7 7 0.925

8 8 0.836

9 9 0.769

10 10 0.715

11 11 0.672

12 to 250 12 0.635

251 to 3 200 24 0.422

More than 3 200 48 0.290 1*

*For mulch and soils packaged by volume, see Table 2-10. Exceptions to the MAV – 1 pkg. may exceed the MAV for every 12 pkgs in the sample.

Table 2-2. Sampling Plans for Category B

For Use in USDA-Inspected Meat and Poultry Plants Only

1 2 4

Inspection Lot Size Sample Size Number of Packages Allowed to Exceed the MAVs in Table 2-9

250 or Less 10 0

251 or More 30

The number of packages in the Inspection Lot sets the Sample Size

If you have 220 packages in the Inspection Lot the Sample Size is 12

Category B is used ONLY for tests inside a USDA inspected establishment

If the sample size is 24 or less NONE of the packages may exceed the MAV

Reliability of the Sampling Plans

The Category A sampling plan has a 97.5% confidence level: – e.g., if 100 samples are tested from Inspection Lots with

zero average errors approximately 3 of them will fail because of the error in the sampling plan.

The Category B sampling plan has a 50% confidence level: – e.g., if 100 samples are tested from inspection Lots with

zero average errors approximately 50 of them will fail because of the error in the sampling plan.

Labeled Quantity

100 g

MAV

– 7.2 g

1. Characteristics of a Sample

Package Errors

The dots represent the ± package errors found in a sample.

For a Category A Sampling Plan

statistical calculations must be made

before decision is made on whether or not

the Sample passes or fails.

For a Category B Sampling Plan no

further calculations are required. The

Sample then fails, so the Inspection Lot

would fail.

Assume the sample in the last slide had the following errors -

This is how the SEL was determined:

−4

−4

+3

−2

−3

−4

+2

+1

0

−1

−2

+1

−13 Total Error

−1.083 Average Error

2.466 Standard Deviation

Table 2-1. Sampling Plans for Category A

1. Inspection

Lot

Size

2.

Sample

Size

3. Sample

Correction

Factor

4. Number of Minus Package Errors

Allowed to Exceed the MAV*

1 1 Apply

MAV

0*

2 2 8.985

3 3 2.484

4 4 1.591

5 5 1.242

6 6 1.049

7 7 0.925

8 8 0.836

9 9 0.769

10 10 0.715

11 11 0.672

12 to 250 12 0.635

251 to 3 200 24 0.422

More than 3 200 48 0.290 1*

If the sample size is 12 the Sample Correction Factor is 0.635

For this example the sample size is 12

Sample Standard Deviation × Sample Correction Factor = Sample Error Limit

2.466 × 0.635 = 1.5621

7. The SEL is the same as a confidence interval in statistics.

Add the SEL to the Average Error (AE) and if the result is a positive number the sample passes… if not the sample fails.

If other samples or every package in the Inspection Lot were tested their Average Errors might fall anywhere along the line indicated by the large black arrow.

−1.083 Average Error (AE) of Sample

Highest predicted AE of Inspection Lot

Labeled Quantity

SEL added of 1.566 to Average Error.

Can Inspectors Use Statistical Sampling?

• In 1977 the U.S. Supreme Court stated in “Rath”: “Indeed, it is difficult to imagine any other practical technique for policing net weight labeling requirements in a country where over 200 billion packages are produced every year.”[1]

• The Court concluded by saying there was “no indication that Congress intended simultaneously to grant concurrent jurisdiction to the States to enforce net weight labeling requirements, and to deny them the only practical tool with which to do so.”[1]

• The Court went on to say that it disagreed with anything in the opinions of the lower courts that suggested “that States may not use valid statistical sampling techniques, including reliance on lot average weights, to police compliance with federal and valid state net-weight labeling laws.”[1]

the “consumer would ordinarily

have no way of knowing that

water could be added without

diluting the mix. The city might

rationally conclude that

consumers who did not know

that their flour packages were

shortweight as a result of

moisture losses and that

additional water could,

therefore, be added to recipes

without diluting the mix would,

in order to meet their cooking

needs, end up buying more

flour than they would have if

excessive moisture had not

been lost.”[1]

[1] Jones v. Rath Packing Co. et.al,, 430 U.S. at 532 in FN 18.

Table 2-3.

Moisture Allowances

Verifying the labeled net weight of

packages of:

Moisture

Allowance is: Notes

Flour 3 %

Dry pet food 3 %

Dry pet food means all extruded dog and cat foods and baked treats packaged in

Kraft paper bags and/or cardboard boxes with a moisture content of 13 % or less

at time of pack.

Pasta products 3 %

Pasta products means all macaroni, noodle, and like products packaged in kraft

paper bags, paperboard cartons, and/or flexible plastic bags with a moisture

content of 13 % or less at the time of pack.

Borax See Section 2.4.

Wet Tare Only1

Fresh poultry 3 % Fresh poultry is defined as poultry above a temperature of − 3 °C (26 °F) that

yields or gives when pushed with the thumb.

Franks or hot dogs 2.5 %

Bacon, fresh sausage, and

luncheon meats 0 %

For packages of bacon, fresh sausage, and luncheon meats, there is no moisture

allowance if there is no free-flowing liquid or absorbent material in contact with

the product and the package is cleaned of clinging material. Luncheon meats are

any cooked sausage product, loaves, jellied products, cured products, and any

sliced sandwich-style meat. This does not include whole hams, briskets, roasts,

turkeys, or chickens requiring further preparation to be made into ready-to-eat

sliced product. When there is no free-flowing liquid inside the package and there

are no absorbent materials in contact with the product, Wet Tare and Used Dried

Tare are equivalent.

1Wet tare procedures must not be used to verify the labeled net weight of packages of meat and poultry packed at an official United States

Department of Agriculture (USDA) facility and bearing a USDA seal of inspection. The Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) adopted

specific sections of the 2005 4th edition of NIST HB 133 by reference in 2008 but not the “Wet Tare” method for determining net weight

compliance. FSIS considers the free-flowing liquids in packages of meat and poultry products, including single-ingredient, raw poultry

products, to be integral components of these products (see Federal Register, September 9, 2008 [Volume 73, Number 175] [Final Rule –

pages 52189-52193]).

http://www.usairnet.com/weather/maps/current/relative-humidity/

Labeled Quantity

100 g

MAV

- 7.2 g

Notice how 3% Moisture Loss creates Unreasonable Errors in this Sample.

The Average Error in this sample at time of pack is +1 g with no minus errors near the MAV. The Average Error

in this sample after a 3 % moisture loss is 98 g but now it has 3 Unreasonable Package Errors.

101 g

98 g

1.2.6.1. Applying a Moisture Allowance

To apply an allowance BEFORE determining package errors, adjust the Nominal Gross Weight (see Section 2.3.6. “Determine Nominal Gross Weight and Package Errors”), so the package errors are increased by an amount equal to the moisture allowance. This approach is used to account for moisture loss in both the average and individual package errors.

Adjustment when the value of the Moisture Allowance (MA) is determined AFTER the Sample is tested.

e.g., after the sample fails or if a packager requests a moisture allowance based on moisture loss data obtained using a scientific method)

If the sample failed the Average and/or the Individual Package Requirements both of the following steps are applied. If the sample failed the Average Requirement but has no unreasonable package errors only step 1 is used. If the sample passes the Average Requirement but fails because the sample included one or more Unreasonable Package Errors (UPEs) only step 2 is used. If both fail, use steps 1 and 2. STEP 1. If a Moisture Allowance (MA) is to be applied to the sample after the test is

completed the following method is recommended. The MA is computed (e.g., 3 % × 100 g = 3 g) and added to the value of the Sample Error Limit (SEL) from

the original test, (e.g., SEL of 1.562 + MA of 3 g = ASEL of 4.562). The Adjusted Sample Error Limit (ASEL) is then compared to the Average Error of the Sample and:

- If the average error (disregarding sign) is smaller than the ASEL the sample passes. - If the average error (disregarding sign) is larger than the ASEL the sample fails.

Labeled Quantity

100 g

MAV

−7.2 g

10. Apply a 3 g (3%) Moisture Allowance by adding it to Average Error Add the 3 g to the Average

Error and the result is now 101 g so the sample passes.

The Average Error in this example is −2 g

98 g 101 g

7. The SEL is the same as a confidence interval in statistics.

Add the SEL to the Average Error (AE) and if the result is a positive number the sample passes… if not the sample fails.

If other samples or every package in the Inspection Lot were tested their Average Errors might fall anywhere along the line indicated by the large black arrow.

−1.083 Average Error (AE) of Sample

Highest predicted AE of Inspection Lot

Labeled Quantity

SEL added of 1.566 to Average Error.

Labeled Quantity

100 g

MAV

- 7.2 g

11. Another approach is to add a 3 g (3 %) Moisture Allowance to the MAV Value

Add the 3 g to the Unreasonable Errors and the result is that they do not exceed the MAV and the sample passes.

The Average Error in this sample is -2 g

The sample includes 3 packages that are Unreasonable Errors.

98 g 101 g

How to Justify Moisture Allowances

Must be based on data obtained from studies on the actual product:

• Across the state or country. • Involve multiple manufacturers. • Throughout the distribution system. • Throughout the normal shelf life of the product. • With representative packaging materials. • Reproducing normal handling practice.

Provide “scientifically established express allowances for moisture loss occurring during good distribution practices” as stated in Cook Family Foods (781 F. Supp. 1458, U.S. Dist. Lexis 11302).

1.5. Assistance in Testing Operations

If the storage, display, or location of any lot of packages requires special equipment or an abnormal amount of labor for inspection, the owner or the operator of the business must supply the equipment and/or labor as required by the weights and measures official.

1.6. Health and Safety

• This handbook cannot address all of the health and safety issues associated with its use. The inspector is responsible for determining the appropriate safety and health practices and procedures before starting an inspection (e.g., contact the establishment's health and safety official).

• Comply with all handling, health, and safety warnings on package

labels and those contained in any associated material safety data sheets. The inspector must comply with Federal, State, or local health and safety laws or other appropriate requirements in effect at the time and location of the inspection.

• Contact your supervisor to obtain information regarding your agencies

safety and health policies and to obtain appropriate safety equipment.

Fork Trucks

1.7. Good Measurement Practices

The procedures in this handbook are designed to be technically sound and represent good measurement practices. To assist in documenting tests, we have included “model” inspection report forms designed to record the information.

(1.) Traceability Requirements for Measurement Standards and Test Equipment. Each test procedure presented in this handbook includes a list of the equipment needed to perform the inspection. The scales and other measurement standards used (e.g., balances, mass standards, volumetric, and linear measures) to conduct any test must be traceable to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Standards must be used in the manner in which they were designed and calibrated for use.

END of Part 1

2.1. Gravimetric Test Procedures

Used for verifying the net quantity of contents of packages labeled by weight and, if variations in product samples are within specified limits, may be used to verify packages labeled by fluid volume and other quantities.

Increases accuracy and productivity.

Reduces: – destructive testing (fewer packages opened for tare or individual

verification). – measurement UNCERTAINTY.

2.2. Inspectors' Scale or Balance

– Apply Acceptance Tolerance.

– Follow Good Measuring Practice.

• place on solid - level surface - away from air movement and vibration.

• keep the appearance of your standards, balance and other test equipment impeccable and their accuracy and integrity beyond reproach.

– Test device before each inspection, after it is moved or if you see erratic results, and if the sample fails.

• verify in accordance with modified HB 44 procedures.

Weighing and

Measuring Devices

1.10. General Code 2.20. Scales

Suitability of Package Inspection Balances

• Capacity and size of load - receiving element. • Place on solid, level surface away from strong air flows and vibration.

• d ≤ MAV ÷ 6

The MAV for 1 lb is 0.044

MAV/6

16 oz − 0.044 lb ÷ 6 = 0.007 lb

8 oz − 0.028 lb ÷ 6 = 0.0046 lb

4 oz − 0.016 lb ÷ 6 = 0.0026 lb

Scale Tolerances

Table 2-2.

Acceptance Tolerances for Class of Scale Based on Test Load in Divisions

Test Load in Divisions

Tolerance

Class II Scale Class III Scale

0 to 5 000 0 to 500 ± 0.5 Division

5 001 to 20 000 501 to 2 000 ± 1.0 Division

20 001 or more 2 001 to 4 000 ± 1.5 Divisions

Not Applicable 4 001 or more ± 2.5 Divisions

Level Condition

Scales equipped with a level indicator must be maintained in level.

H44 - Code Reference: UR.4.2.

10 lb

30.00 × 0.002 lb

0.000 lb 10.000 lb 15.000 lb 20.000 lb 30.000 lb

15 lb 30 lb 20 lb

Class II Acceptance Tolerance is ± 0.5 d

Increasing – Decreasing Load Test

Shift Test Pattern

10 lb

30.00 × 0.002 lb

1st

quadrant 2nd

quadrant

3rd

quadrant 4th

quadrant

0.000 lb 10.000 lb

Shift Test Agreement

Scale Capacity: 30 × 0.002 lb

Shift Test Load : 10 lb (5 000 d)

Class II (15 000 d)

30.00 × 0.002 lb

−0.002 lb −0.002 lb

+0.002 lb +0.002 lb

The range of results is 0.004 lb which exceeds the 1d (0.002 lb) maintenance tolerance allowed - this device fails to meet T.N.4.4. Agreement of Indications – Shift Tests. Note: applying acceptance tolerance would usually eliminate this as an issue.

All test results must agree within the absolute value of the maintenance tolerance even though the scale may be subject to acceptance tolerance.

2.2.5. Which Standards apply to other test equipment.

NIST Handbook 105 Series

105-1: Specifications & Tolerances for Field Standard Weights (NIST Class F) - 1990 105-2: Specifications & Tolerances for Field Standard Measuring Flasks - 1996 105-5: Specifications & Tolerances for Field Standard Stopwatches - 1997 105-6: Specifications & Tolerances for Thermometers - 1997 If you use another measurement instrument find a standard and have it calibrated. ASTM International is another source of standards - www.astm.org

Basic Test Procedure – 6 steps

(1.) Identify and define the Inspection Lot.

(2.) Select a Sampling Plan and,

(3.) Use it to select a Random Sample

Basic Test Procedure (cont.)

(4.) Determine Tare and Measure the net contents of the packages in the Sample.

(5.) Evaluate for compliance with the MAV.

(6.) Evaluate for compliance with the Average Requirement.

2.4. Random Package

A package that is one of a lot, shipment, or delivery of packages of the same consumer commodity with no fixed pattern of net contents.

A package that is one of a lot, shipment, or delivery of packages of the same commodity with identical net contents declarations. 2 liter bottles of cola 5 lb bags of flour

2.14. Standard Package

Photo and Graphic from NIST OWM and Public and Business Affairs

1,000,000

Time - Handling - Tampering - Environment

An Inspection Lot is not the same thing as a Production Lot.

Date

June 19, 2012

Standard Package Report - Example Sampling Plan: ■ A B Report Number

16

Location (name, address)

Volunteer Market

18765 Alcoa Highway

Knoxville, Tennessee 37929

Product/Brand Identity

Community Group Cookies (Thin Mints)

Manufacturer:

ABC Cookies Inc

1069 Capital Avenue

Nashville, Tennessee 37204

Container Description

Cardboard Box / Plastic Liner Codes

April 2009 A & B

1. Labeled Quantity

453 g (1 lb)

2. Unit of

Measure:

0.001 lb

3. MAV

0 .044 lb

4. MAV (dimensionless

units) (Box 3 ÷ Box 2=)

44

5. Inspection lot

Size

172

6. Sample Size (n)

12

7. Initial Tare Sample

Size

2

8. No. of MAVs

Allowed

0

9. Range of Package

Errors (Rc)

24

10. Range of Tare

Weights (Rt)

2

11. Rc/Rt

(Box 9 ÷ Box 10=)

12

12. Total No. of Tare Samples:

2

13. Avg. Tare Wt:

0 .014 lb

■ Used Dry Tare Wet Tare Unused Dry Tare

13a. Tare Correction

Moisture Allowance

Vacuum Pack

■ Not Applicable

14. Nominal Gross Wt

(Box 1 + Box 13 – Box 13a =)

1.014 lb

Pkg 1 Pkg 2 Pkg 3 Pkg 4 Pkg 5 Pkg 6 Pkg 7 Pkg 8 Pkg 9 Pkg 10

a. Gross Wt

1.052 lb 1.026 lb

b. Tare Wt

0.015 lb 0.013 lb

c. Net Wt

1.037 lb 1.013 lb

d. Package Error

− + − + − + − +

1. 38 13. 25. 37.

2. 12 14. 26. 38.

3. 8 15. 27. 39.

4. 4 16. 28. 40.

5. 3 17. 29. 41.

6. 2 18. 30. 42.

7. 12 19. 31. 43.

8. 3 20. 32. 44.

9. 4 21. 33. 45.

10. 1 22. 34. 46.

11. 0 23. 35. 47.

12. 6 24. 36. 48.

Total: 9 Total 84 Total Total Total Total Total Total

Date

January 20, 2010

Standard Package Report - Example Sampling Plan: ■ A B Report Number

16

Location (name, address)

Volunteer Market

18765 Alcoa Highway

Knoxville, Tennessee 37929

Product/Brand Identity

Community Group Cookies (Thin

Mints)

Manufacturer:

ABC Cookies Inc

1069 Capital Avenue

Nashville, Tennessee 37204

Container Description

Cardboard Box / Plastic Liner

Codes

April 1998 A&B

1. Labeled Quantity

453 g (1 lb)

2. Unit of

Measure:

0.001 lb

3. MAV

0 .044 lb

4. MAV (dimensionless

units)

(Box 3 ÷ Box 2 =) 44

5. Inspection Size

172

6. Sample Size (n)

12

7. Initial Tare Sample

Size

2

8. No. of MAVs

Allowed

0

9. Errors (Rc)

24

10. Weights

(Rt)

2

11. Rc/Rt

(Box 9 ÷ Box 10 = )

12

12. Total Number of Tare Samples:

2

13. Avg. Tare Wt:

0 .014 lb

■ Used Dry Tare Wet Tare Unused Dry Tare

13a. Tare Correction

Moisture Allowance

Vacuum Pack

■ Not Applicable

14. Nominal Gross Wt

(Box 1 + Box 13 – Box 13a =)

1.014 lb

Pkg 1 Pkg 2 Pkg 3 Pkg 4 Pkg 5 Pkg 6 Pkg 7 Pkg 8 Pkg 9 Pkg 10

a. Gross Wt

1.052 lb 1.026 lb

b. Tare Wt

0.015 lb 0.013 lb

c. Net Wt

1.037 lb 1.013 lb

d. Package Error 37 13

- + - + - + - +

1. 38 13. 25. 37.

2. 12 14. 26. 38.

3. 8 15. 27. 39.

4. 4 16. 28. 40.

5. 3 17. 29. 41.

6. 2 18. 30. 42.

7. 12 19. 31. 43.

8. 3 20. 32. 44.

9. 4 21. 33. 45.

10. 1 22. 34. 46.

11. 0 23. 35. 47.

12. 6 24. 36. 48.

Total: 9 Total 84 Total Total Total Total Total Total

After you compute the Average Tare Weight recalculate the “package errors” for the tare sample and enter the correct values below. This ensures that you are using consistent tare values for the entire sample.

− + − + − + − +

1. 38 13. 25. 37.

2. 12 14. 26. 38.

3. 8 15. 27. 39.

4. 4 16. 28. 40.

5. 3 17. 29. 41.

6. 2 18. 30. 42.

7. 12 19. 31. 43.

8. 3 20. 32. 44.

9. 4 21. 33. 45.

10. 1 22. 34. 46.

11. 0 23. 35. 47.

12. 6 24. 36. 48.

Total 9 Total 84 Total Total Total Total Total Total

15. Total Error

+ 75

16. No. of unreasonable minus errors

(compare each package error with

column 4)

0

17. Is Box 16 greater than

Box 8?

Yes, lot fails

■ No, go to 18

18. Avg. error in

dimensionless units.

(Box 15 Box 6 =)

+ 6.25

19. Avg. error in

labeled units (Box 18 ×

Box 2 =)

+ 0.006 lb

20. Is 18 = Zero or Plus?

■ Yes, lot passes, go to 25

No, go to 21

21. Compute Sample

Standard Deviation

22. Sample Correction Factor 23. Compute Sample Error Limit (Box 21 ×

Box 22 =)

24. Disregarding the signs, is 18 larger than 23?

Yes, lot fails, go to 25 No, lot passes

25. Disposition of Inspection

■ Approved Rejected

Comments:

Lot Passes

Official’s Signature

Acknowledgement of Report

If the sample in the last slide had the following errors - this is how Average Error, s, and SEL were determined:

− 38

−12

8

− 4

3

2

− 12

2

− 4

1

0

− 6

−75

−6.25 Average Error

11.284 Standard Deviation

7.165 SEL

Table 2-1. Sampling Plans for Category A

1. Inspection

Lot

Size

2.

Sample

Size

3. Sample

Correction

Factor

4. Number of Minus Package Errors

Allowed to Exceed the MAV*

1 1 Apply

MAV

0*

2 2 8.984

3 3 2.484

4 4 1.591

5 5 1.241

6 6 1.050

7 7 0.925

8 8 0.836

9 9 0.769

10 10 0.715

11 11 0.672

12 to 250 12 0.635

251 to 3 200 24 0.422

More than 3

200

48 0.291 1*

If the Sample Size is 12 the Sample Correction Factor is 0.635

For this example the Sample Size is 12

− + − + − + − +

1. 38 13. 25. 37.

2. 12 14. 26. 38.

3. 8 15. 27. 39.

4. 4 16. 28. 40.

5. 3 17. 29. 41.

6. 2 18. 30. 42.

7. 12 19. 31. 43.

8. 2 20. 32. 44.

9. 4 21. 33. 45.

10. 1 22. 34. 46.

11. 0 23. 35. 47.

12. 6 24. 36. 48.

Total 84 Total 9 Total Total Total Total Total Total

15. Total Error

−75

16. No. of unreasonable minus errors

(compare each package error with

Column 4)

0

17. Is Box 16 greater

than Box 8?

Yes, lot fails

■ No, go to 18

18. Avg. error in

dimensionless units.

(Box 15 Box 6 =)

− 6.25

19. Avg. error in

labeled units (Box 18 ×

Box 2 =)

− 0.006 lb

20. Is 18 = Zero or Plus?

Yes, lot passes, go to 25

■ No, go to 21

21. Compute Sample

Standard Deviation:

11.284

22. Sample Correction Factor:

0.635

23. Compute Sample Error Limit (21 × 22 =)

7.165

24. Disregarding the signs, is Box 18 larger than Box 23?

Yes, lot fails, go to 25 ■ No, lot passes

25. Disposition of Inspection

■ Approved Rejected

Comments:

Lot Passes

Official’s Signature

Acknowledgement of Report

Date

January 20, 2010

Standard Package Report - Example Sampling Plan: ■ A B Report Number

16

Location (name, address)

Volunteer Market

18765 Alcoa Highway

Knoxville, Tennessee 37929

Product/Brand Identity

Community Group Cookies (Thin

Mints)

Manufacturer:

ABC Cookies Inc

1069 Capital Avenue

Nashville, Tennessee 37204

Container Description

Cardboard Box / Plastic Liner

Codes

April 1998 A&B

1. Labeled Quantity

453 g (1 lb)

2. Unit of

Measure:

0.001 lb

3. MAV

0 .044 lb

4. MAV (dimensionless

units)

(Box 3 ÷ Box 2 =) 44

5. Inspection Size

172

6. Sample Size (n)

12

7. Initial Tare Sample

Size

2

8. No. of MAVs

Allowed

0

9. Errors (Rc)

24

10. Weights

(Rt)

2

11. Rc/Rt

(Box 9 ÷ Box 10 = )

12

12. Total Number of Tare Samples:

2

13. Avg. Tare Wt:

0 .014 lb

■ Used Dry Tare Wet Tare Unused Dry Tare

13a. Tare Correction

Moisture Allowance

Vacuum Pack

■ Not Applicable

14. Nominal Gross Wt

(Box 1 + Box 13 – Box 13a =)

1.014 lb

Pkg 1 Pkg 2 Pkg 3 Pkg 4 Pkg 5 Pkg 6 Pkg 7 Pkg 8 Pkg 9 Pkg 10

a. Gross Wt

1.052 lb 1.026 lb

b. Tare Wt

0.015 lb 0.013 lb

c. Net Wt

1.037 lb 1.013 lb

d. Package Error 37 13

- + - + - + - +

1. 38 13. 25. 37.

2. 12 14. 26. 38.

3. 8 15. 27. 39.

4. 4 16. 28. 40.

5. 3 17. 29. 41.

6. 2 18. 30. 42.

7. 12 19. 31. 43.

8. 3 20. 32. 44.

9. 4 21. 33. 45.

10. 1 22. 34. 46.

11. 0 23. 35. 47.

12. 6 24. 36. 48.

Total: 9 Total 84 Total Total Total Total Total Total

After you compute the Average Tare Weight recalculate the “package errors” for the tare sample and enter the correct values below. This ensures that you are using consistent tare values for the entire sample.

Table 2-3 (Continued). Category A – Total Number of Packages to be Opened for Tare Determination

Numbers Include those Packages Opened for Initial Tare Sample

Ratio of Rc/Rt Total Number of Packages in Tare Sample Sample Size 12 24 48

Initial Tare Sample Size 2 2 3 2 3 4.61 to 4.70 6 12 12 23 23 4.71 to 4.80 6 11 11 23 23 4.81 to 4.90 6 11 11 22 22 4.91 to 5.00 5 11 11 22 22 5.01 to 5.10 5 11 11 21 21 5.01 to 5.10 5 11 11 21 21 5.11 to 5.20 5 10 10 21 21 5.21 to 5.40 5 10 10 20 20 5.41 to 5.60 5 10 10 19 19 5.61 to 5.70 5 9 9 19 19 5.71 to 5.80 5 9 9 18 18 5.81 to 5.90 4 9 9 18 18 5.91 to 6.10 4 9 9 17 17 6.11 to 6.20 4 8 8 17 17 6.21 to 6.50 4 8 8 16 16 6.51 to 6.70 4 8 8 15 15 6.71 to 6.80 4 7 7 15 15 6.81 to 7.00 4 7 7 14 14 7.01 to 7.20 3 7 7 14 14 7.21 to 7.40 3 7 7 13 13 7.41 to 7.60 3 6 6 13 13 7.61 to 8.00 3 6 6 12 12 8.01 to 8.20 3 6 6 11 11 8.21 to 8.50 3 5 5 11 11 8.51 to 8.80 3 5 5 10 10 8.81 to 9.00 2 5 5 10 10 9.01 to 9.30 2 5 5 9 9 9.31 to 9.70 2 4 4 9 9

9.71 to 10.40 2 4 4 8 8 10.41 to 10.90 2 4 4 7 7 10.91 to 11.30 2 3 3 7 7 11.31 to 12.50 2 3 3 6 6 12.51 to 13.20 2 3 3 5 5 13.21 to 13.90 2 2 3 5 5 13.91 to 16.00 2 2 3 4 4 16.01 to 19.10 2 2 3 3 3 19.11 to 19.20 2 2 3 2 3

Initial Tare Sample Size 2 2 3 2 3

2.3.3.1.5 Where are Maximum Allowable Variations found?

Table 1-1. Agencies Responsible for Package Regulations and Applicable Requirements

Commodity Responsible Agency NIST Handbook 133 Sampling Plans Table of Maximum Allowable Variations

Meat and Poultry U.S. Department of Agriculture/ Food Safety and Inspection Service and State and local weights and measures.

1. Use Table 2-1. Sampling Plans for Category A to test packages at other than point of pack. 2. Use Table 2-2. Sampling Plans for Category B to test packages in Federally inspected meat and poultry plants.

Table 2-9. Department of Agriculture, Meat and Poultry, Groups and Lower Limits for Individual Packages.

Foods, drugs, and cosmetics subject to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act including those packaged at the retail store level that have been in interstate commerce (e.g., seafood) or those made with ingredients that have been in interstate commerce.

U.S. Food and Drug Administration and State and local weights and measures. http://www.fda.gov

Use Table 2-1. Sampling Plans for Category A to test packages at all locations

Table 2-5. MAVs for Packages Labeled by Weight Table 2-6. MAVs for Packages Labeled by Liquid or Dry Volume. Table 2-7. MAVs for Packages Labeled by Count Table 2-8. MAVs for Packages Labeled by Length (Width) or Area. Table 2-10. Exceptions to the MAVs for Textiles, Polyethylene Sheeting and Film, Mulch and Soil Labeled by Volume, Packaged Firewood, and Packages Labeled by Count with 50 Items or Fewer, and Specific Agricultural Seeds Labeled Count.

Food products not subject to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, including meat and poultry products packaged at the retail store level.

State and local weights and measures. http://www.nist.gov/pml/wmd

Non-food Consumer Products Federal Trade Commission http://www.ftc.gov

Non-food Consumer and Non-consumer Products

State and local weights and measures.

Alcohol and Tobacco Products

U.S. Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms and State and local weights and measures. http://www.ttb.gov

Pesticides U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and State and local weights and measures. http://www.epa.gov

Table 2-5. Maximum Allowable Variations (MAVs) for Packages Labeled by Weight Do Not Use This Table for Meat and Poultry Products subject to USDA Regulations – Use Table 2-9

For Polyethylene Sheeting and Film, see Table 2-10. Exceptions to the MAVs.

Labeled Quantity Maximum Allowable Variations Less than 36 g, 0.08 lb, or 1.28 oz 10 % of labeled quantity

36 g or more to 54 g 0.08 lb or more to 0.12 lb 1.28 oz or more to 1.92 oz

3.6 g 0.008 lb

1/8 oz More than 54 g to 81 g

More than 0.12 lb to 0.18 lb More than 1.92 oz to 2.88 oz

5.4 g 0.012 lb

3/16 oz More than 81 g to 117 g

More than 0.18 lb to 0.26 lb More than 2.88 oz to 4.16 oz

7.2 g 0.016 lb

¼ oz More than 117 g to 154 g

More than 0.26 lb to 0.34 lb More than 4.16 oz to 5.44 oz

9.0 g 0.020 lb

5/16 oz More than 154 g to 208 g

More than 0.34 lb to 0.46 lb More than 5.44 oz to 7.36 oz

10.8 g 0.024 lb

3/8 oz More than 208 g to 263 g

More than 0.46 lb to 0.58 lb More than 7.36 oz to 9.28 oz

12.7 g 0.028 lb

7/16 oz More than 263 g to 317 g

More than 0.58 lb to 0.70 lb More than 9.28 oz to 11.20 oz

14.5 g 0.032 lb

½ oz More than 317 g to 381 g

More than 0.70 lb to 0.84 lb More than 11.20 oz to 13.44 oz

16.3 g 0.036 lb

9/16 oz More than 381 g to 426 g

More than 0.84 lb to 0.94 lb More than 13.44 oz to 15.04 oz

18.1 g 0.040 lb

5/8 oz More than 426 g to 489 g

More than 0.94 lb to 1.08 lb More than 15.04 oz to 17.28 oz

19.9 g 0.044 lb 11/16 oz

Table 2-6. Maximum Allowable Variations for Packages Labeled by Liquid and Dry Volume Do Not Use This Table for Meat and Poultry Products Subject to USDA Regulations

For Mulch, see Table 2-10. Exceptions to the Maximum Allowable Variations Use Table 2-9 for USDA –Regulated Products.

Labeled Quantity Maximum Allowable Variations (MAVs) 3 mL or less

0.50 fl oz or less 0.18 in3 or less

0.5 mL 0.02 fl oz 0.03 in3

More than 3 mL to 8 mL More than 0.18 in3 to 0.49 in3

1.0 mL 0.06 in3

More than 8 mL to 14 mL More than 0.49 in3 to 0.92 in3

1.5 mL 0.09 in3

More than 14 mL to 22 mL More than 0.50 fl oz to 0.75 fl oz

More than 0.92 in3 to 1.35 in3

1.7 mL 0.06 fl oz 0.10 in3

More than 22 mL to 66 mL More than 0.75 fl oz to 2.25 fl oz

More than 1.35 in3 to 4.06 in3

3.8 mL 0.13 fl oz 0.23 in3

More than 66 mL to 125 mL More than 2.25 fl oz to 4.25 fl oz

More than 4.06 in3 to 7.66 in3

5.6 mL 0.19 fl oz 0.34 in3

More than 125 mL to 170 mL More than 4.25 fl oz to 5.75 fl oz

More than 7.66 in3 to 10.37 in3

7.3 mL 0.25 fl oz 0.45 in3

More than 170 mL to 221 mL More than 5.75 fl oz to 7.50 fl oz More than 10.37 in3 to 13.53 in3

9.1 mL 0.31 fl oz 0.55 in3

More than 221 mL to 347 mL More than 7.50 fl oz to 11.75 fl oz More than 13.53 in3 to 21.20 in3

11.2 mL 0.38 fl oz 0.68 in3

More than 347 mL to 502 mL More than 11.75 fl oz to 17.00 fl oz

More than 21.20 in3 to 30.67 in3

14.7 mL 0.5 fl oz 0.90 in3

Table 2-8. Maximum Allowable Variations for Packages Labeled by Length, (Width), or Area For Textiles, Polyethylene Sheeting and Film – Use Table 2-10.

Labeled Quantity Maximum Allowable Variations (MAVs)

1 m or less 1 yd or less

3 % of labeled quantity

More than 1 m to 43 m More than 1 yd to 48 yd

1.5 % of labeled quantity

More than 43 m to 87 m More than 48 yd to 96 yd

2 % of labeled quantity

More than 87 m to 140 m More than 96 yd to 154 yd

2.5 % of labeled quantity

More than 140 m to 301 m More than 154 yd to 330 yd

3 % of labeled quantity

More than 301 m to 1,005 m More than 330 yd to 1,100 yd

4 % of labeled quantity

More than 1,005 m or 1,100 yd 5 % of labeled quantity

Maximum Allowable Variations for Packages Labeled by Area.

The MAV for packages labeled by area is 3 % of labeled quantity

For Textiles, Polyethylene Sheeting and Film, see Table 2-10. Exceptions to the MAVs (Amended 2004)

Table 2-10. Exceptions to the Maximum Allowable Variations for Textiles, Polyethylene Sheeting and Film, Mulch and Soil Labeled by Volume, Packaged Firewood, and Packages

Labeled by Count with 50 Items or Fewer, and Specific Agricultural Seeds by Count. Maximum Allowable Variations (MAVs)

Polyethylene Sheeting and Film

Thickness: When the labeled thickness is 25 μm (1 mil or 0.001 in) or less, any individual thickness measurement of polyethylene film may be up to 35 % below the labeled thickness. When the labeled thickness is greater than 25 μm (1 mil or 0.001 in), individual thickness measurements of polyethylene sheeting may be up to 20 % less than the labeled thickness. The average thickness of a single package of polyethylene sheeting may be up to 4 % less than the labeled thickness. Weight : The MAV for individual packages of polyethylene sheeting and film shall be 4 % of the labeled quantity.

Textiles

The MAVs are: For packages labeled with dimensions of 60 cm (24 in) or more: Three percent of the labeled quantity for negative errors and 6 % of the labeled quantity for plus errors. For packages labeled with dimensions less than 60 cm (24 in): 6 % of the labeled quantity for negative errors; and 12 % for plus errors.

Mulch and Soil Labeled by Volume

The MAVs are: For individual packages: 5 % of the labeled volume. For example: one package may exceed the MAV for every 12 packages in the sample (e.g., when the sample size is 12 or less, 1 package may exceed the MAV and when the sample size is 48 packages, 4 packages may exceed the MAV).

Packaged Firewood and Packages Labeled By Count

with Less Than 50 Items MAVs are not applied to these packages.

Specific Agricultural Seeds Labeled by Count

The MAVs are: Corn Seed 2%; Soybean Seed 4%; Field Bean Seed 5 %; Wheat Seed 3%

2.3.3.d. How many unreasonable minus errors are permitted in a sample?

unreasonable errors: Minus package errors that exceed the MAV (defined). The number of unreasonable errors permitted in a sample is specified by the sampling plan.

Table 2-1. Sampling Plans for Category A

1. Inspection Lot

Size

2.

Sample

Size

3. Sample

Correction

Factor

4. Number of Minus Package Errors

Allowed to Exceed the MAV*

1 1 Apply

MAV

0*

2 2 8.984

3 3 2.484

4 4 1.591

5 5 1.241

6 6 1.050

7 7 0.925

8 8 0.836

9 9 0.769

10 10 0.715

11 11 0.672

12 to 250 12 0.635

251 to 3 200 24 0.422

More than 3 200 48 0.291 1*

If the Sample Size is 12 the number of unreasonable errors permitted is:

If the Sample Size is 48 the number of unreasonable errors permitted is:

2.3.4. Random Sample Selection

• To ensure that the sample represents the entire inspection lot.

• Means every package in the lot has an equal chance of selection.

• Eliminates bias and sloppiness.

• Used in “Acceptance Sampling” where testing is destructive, the cost of 100 % inspection is high and requires a lot of labor (in most cases inspectors never see the whole production lot).

TABLE 1 - RANDOM DIGITS

11164 36318 75061 37674 26320 75100 10431 20418 19228 91792

21215 91791 76831 58678 87054 31687 93205 43685 19732 08468

10438 44482 66558 37649 08882 90870 12462 41810 01806 02977

36792 26236 33266 66583 60881 97395 20461 36742 02852 50564

73944 04773 12032 51414 82384 38370 00249 80709 72605 67497

49563 12872 14063 93104 78483 72717 68714 18048 25005 04151

64208 48237 41701 73117 33242 42314 83049 21933 92813 04763

51486 72875 38605 29341 80749 80151 33835 52602 79147 08868

99756 26360 64516 17971 48478 09610 04638 17141 09227 10606

71325 55217 13015 72907 00431 45117 33827 92873 02953 85474

65285 97198 12138 53010 94601 15838 16805 61004 43516 17020

17264 57327 38224 29301 31381 38109 34976 65692 98566 29550

95639 99754 31199 92558 68368 04985 51092 37780 40261 14479

61555 76404 86210 11808 12841 45147 97438 60022 12645 62000

78137 98768 04689 87130 79225 08153 84967 64539 79493 74917

62490 99215 84987 28759 19177 14733 24550 28067 68894 38490

24216 63444 21283 07044 92729 37284 13211 37485 10415 36457

16975 95428 33226 55903 31605 43817 22250 03918 46999 98501

59138 39542 71168 57609 91510 77904 74244 50940 31553 62562

29478 59652 50414 31966 87912 87154 12944 49862 96566 48825

96155 95009 27429 72918 08457 78134 48407 26061 58754 05326

29621 66583 62966 12468 20245 14015 04014 35713 03980 03024

12639 75291 71020 17265 41598 64074 64629 63293 53307 48766

14544 37134 54714 02401 63228 26831 19386 15457 17999 18306

83403 88827 09834 11333 68431 31706 26652 04711 34593 22561

67642 05204 30697 44806 96989 68403 85621 45556 35434 09532

64041 99011 14610 40273 09482 62864 01573 82274 81446 32477

17048 94523 97444 59904 16936 39384 97551 09620 63932 03091

93039 89416 52795 10631 09728 68202 20963 02477 55494 39563

82244 34392 96607 17220 51984 10753 76272 50985 97593 34320

96990 55244 70693 25255 40029 23289 48819 07159 60172 81697

09119 74803 97303 88701 51380 73143 98251 78635 27556 20712

57666 41204 47589 78364 38266 94393 70713 53388 79865 92069

46492 61594 26729 58272 81754 14648 77210 12923 53712 87771

08433 19172 08320 20839 13715 10597 17234 39355 74816 03363

Under HB 133 procedures, the inspector has broad discretion in

defining the Inspection Lot.

Divide the lot and sample from a portion.

Once you define the lot for sampling do not change it once you begin collecting packages.

Picture from NIST Public & Business Affairs; NIST Office of Weights and Measures

The inspector defines the Inspection Lot.

Action can only be taken on the packages included in the Inspection Lot.

Every package in an Inspection Lot must have an equal chance.

Pictures courtesy of Maryland Weights and Measures and NIST Office of Weights and Measures.

NIST Photo

Approaches to Sampling

Serial

• Estimate the size of the lot to within 5 %.

• Select random numbers.

• Apply an overlay of a numbering scheme.

3 Dimensional

• Estimate the size of the lot and determine the dimensions by count.

• Select random numbers.

• Apply an overlay of a numbering scheme.

“let the numbers select the sample”

Serial Sampling

8 17

24 5

21 15

3 2

9 11

13 14

2 13

3 14

5 15

8 17

9 21

11 24 4

8

3

7 6

2 1

5

16 15 14 13

24 23 22 21

12 11 10 9

17 18 19 20

3 - Dimensional

7 × 5 × 7

7- UP

7 -Left

I = 245

3 - Dimensional Work Sheet

Pkg No.

Left 7

Up 7

Back 5

1 4 4 5

2 6 4 2

3 3 7 1

4 6 2 3

5 1 5 3

6 6 4 3

7 4 2 3

8 1 5 1

9 5 6 3

10 2 4 5

11 1 6 4

12 2 5 4

48819 07159 60172 81697 48819 07159 60172 81697

41598 64074 64629 63293 53307 48766

37134 54714 02401 63228 26831 19386 15457 17999 18306

88827 09834 11333 68431 31706 26652 04711 34593 22561

05204 30697 44806 96989 68403 85621 45556 35434 09532

99011 14610 40273 09482 62864 01573 82274 81446 32477

94523 97444 59904 16936 39384 97551 09620 63932 03091

89416 52795 10631

Pkg No.

Left 7

Up 7

Back 5

1 4 6 3

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

Skip zeros and any number that exceeds the largest value at the top of the table.

3 - Dimensional 7 x 5 x 7

Top 3 Rows Removed

4- UP

7 -Left

4-4-5

6-4-2

Always

Start with

Highest

Level

and

Work

Down

120 12 163 44 22 146

74 26 130 102 165 46

Sample: 12 Packages

Serial Sampling Inspection Lot 204 Packages

• Every new sample you take will likely have a different average error.

• If you weighed every package in the inspection lot the average error would likely not be the same as the sample.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48

49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84

85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96

97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108

109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120

121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132

133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144

145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156

157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168

169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192

193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204

If the sample packages are not randomly selected they have NO reliable statistical properties. Since the test results are not valid they should not be used for legal action.

Use the results as an Audit Test.

Tare Dry Tare Approach

“Unused Dry Tare” only available in stores or at Point-of-Pack.

“Used” Dry Tare – closely replicates “Unused “Dry Tare

Tare Values provided by Packer - e.g., turkeys, hams, other large packages such as those in large plastic bags and cryovac.

“USED DRY TARE” IS NOT WET TARE.

SALES BY GROSS WEIGHT ARE ILLEGAL.

Key: Defining Tare Accurately

Most States are “Dry Tare” or “Used Dry Tare”

Wrapped Bakery Tray

Tare Weight

1 0.0675

2 0.0690

3 0.0805

4 0.0685

5 0.0805

Avg Tare 0.073

2S Foam with Soaker

Tare Weight

1 0.0255

2 0.0250

3 0.0265

4 0.0255

5 0.0254

Avg Tare 0.0255 0.03

2.3.5.b. Unused Tare In-Store*

• If unused tare is available at the point-of-pack: – “Randomly” select 2 tare samples and request that the

wrapper prepare them to be identical to the packages on the shelf (e.g., labels, soakers).

• Determine the individual weights of the samples to look

for variation. If there is no variation, use the value obtained as the tare weight for the inspection.

• If there is ANY variation between the first 2 tare samples have 3 more tare samples prepared and determine the Average Tare Weight (ATW) for all 5 samples.

*FDA Note

Used Dry Tare

If unused tare is not available in the store:

– Randomly select a sample of packages from the Inspection Lot. Open 2 packages and dry the packaging material out by shaking, wiping, scraping and ambient air drying or other techniques but NOT oven drying.

– Determine the individual weights (you must look for variation). If there is no variation, use the value obtained for the tare weight for the inspection. If there is any variation between the first 2 tare samples follow the procedures in Section 2.3.5.1. – Determination of Tare Sample and Average Tare Weight.

Wet Tare

The USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) adopted specific sections of the 2005 4th Edition of NIST HB 133 by reference in 2008 (the 2011 Edition of Handbook 133 can be used because the inspection procedures for USDA packages are identical to those specified in the 2005 Edition) but not the “wet tare” method for determining net weight compliance. FSIS considers the free-flowing liquids in packages of meat and poultry products, including single-ingredient, raw poultry products, to be integral components of these products. If the jurisdiction uses wet tare to determine net weight, follow the procedures described for Used Dry Tare, except make no effort to dry the tare material. If Wet Tare is used to verify the net weight of the packages, the inspector must allow for moisture loss.

The wax on cheese is

tare and it must be

deducted.

FDA Cheese Wax Letter

Wax - Gouda Cheese

Net Weight

Tare Weight

1 0.69 0.020

2 0.70 0.061

3 0.73 0.074

1

2

3

Tare from Suppliers

Very often it is inaccurate!! Use for auditing but Verify!!

Photos NIST OWM

Table 2-1. Sampling Plans for Category A 1 2 5 6

Inspection Size Sample

Size

Initial Tare Sample Size **

Glass and Aerosol Packages All Other Packages

1 1

2

2

2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9

10 10 11 11

12 to 250 12 251 to 3 200 24

3 More than 3 200 48

* For mulch and soils packaged by volume, see Table 2-10. Exceptions to the Maximum Allowable Variations – 1 package may exceed the MAV for every 12 packages in the sample.

** If sample size is 11 or fewer, the initial tare sample size and the total tare sample size is 2 samples.

Table 2-2. Sampling Plans for Category B For Use in USDA-Inspected Meat and Poultry Plants Only

1 2 3

Inspection Size Sample Size Initial Tare Sample Size

250 or Fewer 10 2

251 or More

30 5

NIST Photo

Unbleached Wood Pulp Deep Tray

Tare Weight (lb)

1 0.1090

2 0.1230

3 0.1195

4 0.1135

5 0.1080

Avg Tare 0.1146

Soaker Pads

Tare Weight (lb)

1 0.0036

2 0.0036

3 0.0036

4 0.0040

5 0.0036

Ties/Labels

Tare Weight (lb)

1 0.0015

2 0.001

3 0.005

4 0.0015

2

As the weight of the tare approaches the value of the scale division the potential for error increases.

Promotional Labels

Tare Weight (lb)

1 0.001

2 0.001

3 0.001

4 0.001

5 0.001

Promotional Labels

Tare Weight

(lb)

0.0015

.04

.00

1

.00

2

.00

3

.00

4

.00

5

.00

6

.00

7

.00

8

.00

9

.05

.00

1

.00

2

.00

3

.00

4

.00

5

.00

6

.00

7

.00

8

.00

9

.06

.04

.00

1

.00

2

.00

3

.00

4

.00

5

.00

6

.00

7

.00

8

.00

9

.05

.00

1

.00

2

.00

3

.00

4

.00

5

.00

6

.00

7

.00

8

.00

9

.06

.04

.00

1

.00

2

.00

3

.00

4

.00

5

.00

6

.00

7

.00

8

.00

9

.05

.00

1

.00

2

.00

3

.00

4

.00

5

.00

6

.00

7

.00

8

.00

9

.06

Net Weight of Meat 4.053

Net Weight of Meat 4.051

Net Weight of Meat 4.05

Extreme Value Label

0.0015

Extreme Value Label

0.0015

Bag with Wire Tie

0.0045

.04

.00

1

.00

2

.00

3

.00

4

.00

5

.00

6

.00

7

.00

8

.00

9

.05

.00

1

.00

2

.00

3

.00

4

.00

5

.00

6

.00

7

.00

8

.00

9

.06

Net Weight of Meat 4.046 Bag with Wire Tie

0.0045

The triangles represent the weight of the tare

described at the right of the line.

Money Value of Weight

Unit Price

0.001 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.25

50 ¢ 0.05¢ 0.1¢ 0.25¢ 0.5¢ 1¢ 1.5¢ 2.5¢ 12.5¢

$1.00 0.1¢ 0.2¢ 0.5¢ 1¢ 2¢ 3¢ 5¢ 25¢

$2.00 0.2¢ 0.4¢ 1¢ 2¢ 4¢ 6¢ 10¢ 50¢

$3.00 0.3¢ 0.6¢ 1.5¢ 3¢ 6¢ 9¢ 15¢ 75¢

$4.00 0.4¢ 0.8¢ 2¢ 4¢ 8¢ 12¢ 20¢ $1

$5.00 0.5¢ 1¢ 2.5¢ 5¢ 10¢ 15¢ 25¢ $1.25

$6.00 0.6¢ 1.2¢ 3¢ 6¢ 12¢ 18¢ 30¢ $1.50

$8.00 0.8¢ 1.6¢ 4¢ 8¢ 16¢ 24¢ 40¢ $2

$10.00 1¢ 2¢ 5¢ 10¢ 20¢ 30¢ 50¢ $2.50

$20.00 2¢ 4¢ 10¢ 20¢ 40¢ 60¢ $1 $5

THINK OF THE NUMBERS One Supermarket Chain

Average weighings per week in each store: 1,500 to 3,500 - deli. 1,500 to 2,000 - seafood. 2,000 to 3,000 - bakery. 11,000 to 20,000 - meat dept. 16,000 to 25,000 - produce & bulk foods. 45 % of all sales used scales. 45 % of the chain's annual sales is $1.35 billion.

Error-per-Weighing × Number of Daily Transactions × 7 days per week × 52 weeks per year × Average price-per-pound = ?

$ Cost of Error in One Year

Example of the Accumulation of Errors in 1 Year

Assume: • 260 transactions per day • $6 lb average unit price • ± error of 0.01 lb per transaction

Then: (0.01 lb × $6 lb =) 6 ¢ × 260 (transactions/day) × 7 days per week × 52 weeks per year =

94,640 total weighings/year

$5,678 per year !!!

Alternative Approach to Net Weight Verification – Tare Audits

Produce Department and Salad & Food Bars

Identify the various packaging materials used to sell salad, foods and produce from bulk and verify tare values in POS systems.

Tare Verification

Meat and Seafood Departments Identify the various packaging materials used to sell meat, seafood and other products from bulk and verify tare values in direct sale and prepackaging scales.

Tare Verification

Deli and Cheese Departments

Identify the various packaging materials used to sell meat, cheese and other foods from bulk and verify tare values in direct sale scales.

Tare Verification

NIST Photo

RETAILERS MUST ALLOW FOR TARE USING

A “PROPORTIONAL” OR “PERCENTAGE” TARE FUNCTION IN SCALES OR POINT-OF-

SALE SYSTEMS.

THE TARE OF THE CONTAINER THE CONSUMER USES MUST ALSO BE

DEDUCTED IF INCLUDED IN THE NET WEIGHT DECLARATION

(Bowls in Carnival Tent Sales).

Tare = weight of bag + label + % glaze

RETAILERS MUST ALLOW FOR “GLAZE” USING A “PROPORTIONAL” OR “PERCENTAGE” TARE FUNCTION IN THEIR SCALES OR POINT-OF-SALE

SYSTEM.

Conversion and Rounding

• The UPLR does not prescribe mandatory rounding rules. It provides accurate conversion factors and guidance on presenting meaningful values.

• Quantity declarations in Customary or Inch-Pound Units and SI Units on packages do not have to be mathematically equivalent.

• The Uniform Packaging and Labeling Regulation and NIST Handbook 133 requires inspectors to verify the largest declared quantity.

6.13. Rounding

In all conversions for the purpose of showing an equivalent SI or inch-pound quantity to a rounded inch-pound or SI quantity, or in calculated values to be declared in the net quantity statement, the number of significant digits retained must be such that accuracy is neither sacrificed nor exaggerated. Conversions, the proper use of significant digits, and rounding must be based on the packer’s knowledge of the accuracy of the original measurement that is being converted. In no case shall rounded net contents declarations overstate a quantity; the packer may round converted values down to avoid overstating the net contents.

Which QUANTITY DECLARATION IS VERIFIED WHEN THERE ARE MULTIPLE QUANTITY

DECLARATIONS?

When there are multiple declarations of quantity (e.g., weight & dimensions) the largest quantity in each quantity declaration is verified.

Net Weight (Inch-Pound & SI) Count Length × Width, Area, Thickness (Inch-Pound & SI)

LENGTH

1 mil (0.001 in) = 25.4 m* 1 micrometer = 0.039 370 mil

1 inch = 2.54 cm* 1 millimeter = 0.039 370 1 in 1 foot = 30.48 cm* 1 centimeter = 0.393 701 in 1 yard = 0.914 4 m* 1 meter = 3.280 84 ft 1 rod = 5.029 2 m*

AREA

1 square inch = 6.451 6 cm2* 1 square centimeter = 0.155 000 in2

1 square foot = 929.030 cm2 1 square decimeter = 0.107 639 ft2

1 square yard = 0.836 127 m2 1 square meter = 10.763 9 ft2 VOLUME or CAPACITY

1 cubic inch = 16.387 1 cm3 1 cubic centimeter = 0.061 023 74 in3

1 cubic foot = 0.028 316 8

28.316 8 m3 L

1 cubic decimeter = 0.035 314 7 ft3

1 cubic yard = 0.764 555 m3 1 cubic meter = 35.314 7 1.307 95

ft3 yd3

1 fluid ounce = 29.573 5 mL 1 milliliter (cm3) = 0.033 814 fl oz

1 liquid pint = 473.177

0.473 177 mL L

1 liter = 1.056 69

0.264 172 liq qt gal

1 liquid quart = 946.353

0.946 353 mL L

1 dry pint = 550.610 5 mL 1 dry quart = 1.101 221 L

1 gallon = 3.785 41 L 1 peck = 8.809 768 L 1 bushel = 35.239 1 L 1 gill = 18.294 1 mL

MASS (weight) 1 ounce = 28.349 5 g

1 milligram = 0.000 035 274

0.015 432 4 oz grain

1 pound = 453.592 37

0.453 592 g* kg 1 gram = 0.035 274 oz

1 grain = 64.798 91 mg 1 kilogram = 2.204 623 lb TEMPERATURE

* Exactly ** These conversion factors are given to six or more significant digits in the event such accuracy is necessary. To convert to inch-pound units divide the factor rather than multiplying.

*32 8.1 CF

tt *329

5

FCtt

Appendix A. SI/Inch-Pound Conversion Factors

(a) When the first digit discarded is less than 5, the last digit retained should not be changed. For example, if the quantity 984.3 is to be declared to 3 significant digits, the number 3 to the right of the decimal point must be discarded since it is less than 5 and the last digit to be retained (the number 4) will remain unchanged. The rounded number will read 984. The same rationale applies to numbers declared to two significant digits (for example 68.4 and 7.34); again, the final digit is dropped and the last digit retained remains unchanged so that the “rounded-off” numbers become 68 and 7.3 respectively.

Table 1. Rounding Rules

When The First Digit Dropped is:

The Last Digit Retained is: Examples

less than 5 Unchanged 2.44 to 2.4

2.429 to 2.4

more than 5, or followed by at least 1 digit other than 0

Increased by 1 2.46 to 2.5

2.451 to 2.5

5 followed by zeros Unchanged if Even, or Increased by 1 if odd

2.450 to 2.4 2.550 to 2.6

Section 2.5. Determination of Drained Weight

Since the weight-per-volume of solids is approximately the same as the fluid that is poured from the package all of the samples must be opened (but start the test with the lightest package in the sample - so possible MAV’s can be found.)

• HB 133 follows FDA procedures.

• Sieves: – Quantity of 1.36 kg (3 lb) or less use a 20 cm (8 in) sieve with No. 8 mesh.

– Quantities greater than 1.36 kg (3 lb) use a 30 cm (12 in) sieve with No. 8 mesh.

– Canned tomatoes: sieve with 11.2 mm (7/16 in) mesh.

Drain Angles

• 2.5 - Drained Weight - 17 to 20° • 2.6 - Frozen Shrimp and Crabmeat - 30° • 2.6 - Glazed Seafood and Fish - 17 to 20°

17 to 20°

30°

Sieve Diameter

17 to 20° 30°

Inches

8 2.3 to 2.7

4

12 3.5 to 4 6

Critical Measurement

2.3

to 2

.7 in

ch

es

8 inches

4 in

ch

es

Drain Time

2 Minutes

17 to 20°

30°

Critical Measurement

8 or 12 Inch Sieve

Net Weight of Glazed Seafood & Fish (or other food)

1. Weigh Dry Receiving Pan (RP). 2. Open package and hold glazed product

under a gentle spray of cold water (e.g., in colander or sieve). • Carefully agitate the product but do

not break (or tear) the pieces apart. • Spray until all glaze is removed.

3. Tilt sieve and drain for 2 minutes. 4. Immediately transfer product to

Receiving Pan (RP) and determine weight.

5. Net Weight = (RP + Product) - (RP). 6. Package Error = (Net Weight) - (Labeled

Weight).

End of Part 2

Photo NIST Museum

Chapter 3. Test Procedures for Packages Labeled By Volume

3.1. Measuring Liquid Volumes

• Gravimetric Measurement – A liquid product at a reference temperature is poured into a flask to a specific mark and weighed. From these measurements the product’s density is calculated.

• Only the packages used for density determinations need be brought to reference temperature.

• Be Careful - flasks and mercury-in-glass thermometers are both expensive and fragile.

Table 3-1. Reference Temperatures for Liquids

If the liquid commodity is: Then the volume is determined at the reference temperature of:

Code of Federal Regulation Reference

Beer 4 °C (39.1 °F) 27 CFR, Part 7.10

Distilled Spirits 15.56 °C (60 °F) 27 CFR, Part 5.11

Frozen food - sold and consumed in the frozen state

At the frozen temperature 21 CFR §101.105(b)(2)(i)

Petroleum 15.6 °C (60 °F) 16 CFR §500.8(b)

Refrigerated food (e.g., milk and other dairy products labeled “KEEP REFRIGERATED”)

4 °C (40 °F) 21 CFR §101.105(b)(2)(ii)

Other liquids and wine (e.g., includes liquids sold in a refrigerated state for immediate customer consumption such as soft-drinks, bottled water and others that do not require refrigeration)

20 °C (68 °F)

Food: 21 CFR 101.105(b)(2)(iii)

Non-Food: 16 CFR §500.8(b)

Wine: 27 CFR, Part 4.10 (b)

Maintain temperatures within ±2 °C (±5 °F) for the sample packages used for density determinations in gravimetric testing and all sample packages used in volumetric testing. (Amended 2010)

Measuring Liquid Volumes

• Volumetric Measurement – the entire liquid contents of a package are poured into one or more flasks. The liquid volume is determined at a reference temperature by comparing the level of the liquid with the graduations on the neck of the flask.

• All sample packages must be brought to reference temperature.

• This approach must be used if the product density varies more than 1 division. on the scale or balance.

Selecting the Flask

• EXCEPT FOR MILK, you should never mix liquids from two different packages.

• For this reason, use the flask sized closest to, but smaller than, the labeled volume.

• Milk (of the same butterfat content and, if any, flavoring) is a homogeneous liquid so fluid from different containers may be added to the first so FOR MILK use the same sized flask as the labeled volume.

Flasks

• Calibrated to “Deliver” at 20° C (68° F). – must be wet down before use (with temperature

of wet down liquid approximately the same as the reference temperature of the product).

• 30 Second Pour.

• 10 Second Drain (touch off drop).

• @ 10° to 15° from vertical.

SOP 19

Reading the Liquid Level

• Read the flask on a solid level surface. Your eye should be at the same level as the liquid surface.

• Surface tension causes the liquid level to be curved – this curved surface is called a “meniscus.”

• For clear liquids, read the meniscus at the bottom center.

• For opaque liquids (e.g., milk), read the meniscus at the top center.

clear milk

NIST Handbook 133 - Worksheet for Packages Labeled by Fluid Volume

Gravimetric Test Procedure – Decimal Pounds

Label

Declaration

Converted to fluid ounce

or metric

Largest

Declaration

Firm:

Milk Packaging Company

32 fl oz 946.352 mL 32 fl oz Date: 5/20/12

946 mL 31.988 fl oz Commodity:

Whole Milk

1 quart 32 fl oz Lot Code:

19-9872 Plant Number: 20-999

Packages 1st 2nd 3rd* *The Initial Tare Sample Size

for Glass Containers for

Sample Sizes 24 & 48 is 3

TARE DETERMINATION

1. Gross Weight 2.221 2.222

2. Tare Weight 0.076 0.076 Rt=

2a. Net Weight 2.145 2.146 Rc=

DENSITY Rc ÷ Rt =

3. Flask Weight (full) 3.509 3.509

Rt - Range of Tare Weights

Rc- Range of Package Errors

If there is any variation

between tare values calculate

Rc ÷ Rt= and use the tare

procedures in Section 2.3.5

and Table 2-3 to determine if

additional packages must be

opened to determine an

Average Tare Weight.

4. Flask Weight (empty, wetted) 1.354 1.354

5. Weight of Liquid (Box 3 – Box 4 =) 2.155 2.155

6. Volume of Flask (in Fluid Ounces) 32

What is the Table 3-1 Reference Temperature

for this product?

40 °F

Temperature of Liquid at time of Density

Determination?

39.8 °F

41 °F

°F

7. Liquid Density in Fluid Ounces

(Box 5 ÷ Box 6 =)

0.0673437

0.0673437

8. Range of Densities. 0.000

9. Do the densities of Pkgs 1, 2 (& 3) agree

within 1 scale division?

Yes ■ No

IF NO, USE VOLUMETRIC PROCEDURE IN SECTION 3.3

NIST Handbook 133 - Worksheet for Packages Labeled by Fluid Volume

Gravimetric Test Procedure – Decimal Pounds

10. Average Tare Weight (average weight of Tare Values in Box 2). 0.076 lb

11. Average Liquid Density in Fluid Ounces (Average of Pkg 1, 2 (& 3) in Box 7 =). 0.0673437 + 0.0673437 = 0.1346875 ÷ 2= 0.0673437 lb

12. Nominal Gross Weight (Box 11 x largest labeled volume*) + Box 10 = (*use largest labeled volume page

converted to Fluid Ounces.)

0.0673437 lb x 32 = 2.1549984 + 0.076 = 2.2309984 lb (truncate to 2.230 lb)

13. Converting the MAV to Pounds:

What is MAV in Fluid Ounce (Table 2-6) 1

13 a. MAV in lbs (Box 13 x Box 11= ) 1 x 0.0673437 lb = 0.067 lb

14. Convert Average Error to Fluid Ounces: Avg. Error in lbs x Unit of

Measure = (on Test Report Box 18 x Box 2 =)

- 5.416 x 0.001 = -0.005 lb

14 a. Average Error in Fluid Ounce

(Box 14 ÷ Box 11=) – -0.005 lb ÷ 0.0673437 lb = -0.074 lb

123 112 16 34 42 76 111 14 58 7 85 164

7 14 16 34 42 58 76 85 111 112 123 164

Contacts

NIST Handbook 130 & 133 www.nist.gov\pml\wmd

David Sefcik - david.sefcik@nist.gov 301-975-4868 Lisa Warfield - lisa.warfield@nist.gov 301-975-3308

SI Resources & Information http://www.nist.gov/metric

Elizabeth Gentry – elizabeth.gentry@nist.gov 301-975-3690