niosh methods for field portable analysis of airborne metals: from development to technology...
TRANSCRIPT
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NIOSH Methods for Field Portable Analysis of Airborne Metals: From Development
to Technology Transfer
NIOSH Methods for Field Portable Analysis of Airborne Metals: From Development
to Technology Transfer
Moderator/ArrangerNicholas J. Lawryk, MPH, Ph.D.
Director – Airborne Metals Monitoring ProgramCDC / NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
Moderator/ArrangerNicholas J. Lawryk, MPH, Ph.D.
Director – Airborne Metals Monitoring ProgramCDC / NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
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Metalworking - Basic Facts
Millions of full-time workers in construction, mining, and welding in U.S.
Exposures and health impact depend on Nature of work Time spent at the task
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Methods for Analyzing Airborne Metals
Collect samples on filters
Portable technologies Can be brought on-location Same day analysis speed
Wet chemistry Non-portable Lengthy wait for results
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Program Goal
Field portable technologies and methods can be developed to
provide simple, inexpensive, and fast concentration measurements of
multiple airborne metals in mining, construction, and other industries; and awareness and use of them by
potential end users can be increased.
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Specific Aims
Evaluate existing NIOSH methodsEmerging technologies
Identify “best candidates” Characterize and evaluate Method development and testing
Communication interventions to raise method awareness/use
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Presentation Order1. Nicholas Lawryk
Portable Instruments for Analysis of Airborne Metals: Future NIOSH Analytical Methods?
2. Kevin Ashley Screening Methods for Airborne Metals in Construction
3. Pamela Drake Measuring Airborne Metals at Mining Sites Using Portable Instruments: Advantages and Potential Problems
4. Steve Booth-ButterfieldA Message-Based Campaign for Adoption of New NIOSH Methods for Field-Portable Instruments
5. OPEN MICROPHONE - AUDIENCE
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Portable Instruments for Analysis of Airborne Metals: Future NIOSH
Analytical Methods?
Portable Instruments for Analysis of Airborne Metals: Future NIOSH
Analytical Methods?
Nicholas J. Lawryk, MPH, Ph.D.Director – Airborne Metals Monitoring Program
CDC / NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
Nicholas J. Lawryk, MPH, Ph.D.Director – Airborne Metals Monitoring Program
CDC / NIOSH, Morgantown, WV
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Concept
Some existing and developing field-portable technologies for measuring
multiple airborne metals show potential to be developed as NIOSH
standard methods.
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Specific Aims
“If the technology is ripe…” Laboratory evaluation
Characterization studies Field sample analyses
Durability, reliability, and ease of use
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Methods Using Portable Instruments in NMAM
Method 7700 - Lead by Chemical Spot Test
Method 7701 - Lead by Portable Ultrasound / ASV
Method 7702 – Lead by Portable XRFMethod 7703* – Hexavalent
Chromium by Portable Visible Spectrophotometry
* In next revision of NMAM
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What Are We Looking for In A Technology?
LOD ≤ 0.1 OEL Durability Portability
No larger than a carry-on suitcase Weight under 25 pounds
Relatively inexpensive (< $25k) Easy to use and maintain Economical to operate Safe to use and transport Short analysis time
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Elements of InterestNickelChromium ManganeseZincCadmiumCopperLeadIron
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Some Health Effects from Airborne Metal Exposures
Ni Mn
Cd PbCr Zn Cu Fe
Metal fume fever
Liver damage
Cancer
Asthma
Sinus problems
Parkinson’s DiseaseCNS disordersPneumoconiosis
Kidney damage
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Technologies in Contention
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS)
Spark Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (SIBS)
X-ray fluorescence with battery powered X-ray source
Microwave Induced Plasma Spectrometry (MIP)
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Pulsed Laser
Sample
Plasma Emission
Plasma Plume
LIBS Basic Theory
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Gas Flow
Optical Fibers
Plasma
Spark Power Supply
Spectrometer
Spark Induced Breakdown Spectrometry (SIBS) Theory
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Gas Inlet
Detector
Beam Focusing Lens
Plasma
Collimating Lens
MIP Basic Theory
Microwave Power Generator (magnetron)
Spectrometer
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0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Cu
Ba
AgCd
Mg
MnZn
Mg
CrCr
Cu/Ag
200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400 420 440 460 480
Wavelength (nm)
Sig
nal in
ten
sity
(co
un
t)
Hg
MIP Spectrum of a Multi-Element Air Sample
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Sample
Primary Radiation Filter
X-ray Source
Solid State X-ray Detector
Spectrometer Electronics
Computer
XRF Basic Theory
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Laser Induced Breakdown Spectrometry (LIBS)
Portable version built on demand
Generally “transportable”
Can be battery powered
Broad range of elements including “low Z”
Offers real time measurement
Tricky for filter analysis
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Spark Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (SIBS)
Similar to LIBS in most benefits and
disadvantages
Battery power possible
Less expensive to build than LIBS
Thoroughly evaluated for lead and
chromium
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Microwave Induced Plasma (MIP)
Prototype technology
Transportable
Real time measurement of metals in air
Characterized for 10 elements (more arepossible)
Not intended for filter analysis
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X-Ray Fluorescence with Battery Powered Excitation Source
Technology ready for mass production
True field portability
Battery powered
No radioactive sealed sources
Filter analysis
Can analyze >20 elements
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30 cm
Two XRF Spectrometers With Sealed Sources
TN Spectrace 9000
Controller
Probe
NITON 701 (Probe and controller in one unit)
Probe Window
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7.2
SIBS* MIP‡XRF†LIBS+
Technology Comparisons: Detection Limits (µg/m3)
Chromium
5.4
10Cadmium
Lead 2.2
~140
0.18
+ Neuhauser et al., 1999
† Estimate based on and 8-hour sample on 25 mm filter
0.12
1.20
10
0.37
0.21
0.47
‡ Duan et al., 2000
* Estimated (Hunter et al., 2000)
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Technology Characteristics
Battery Powered
Filter Analysis
Field Ruggedness
True Portability
Off-The-Shelf
Price (estimated US$)
LIBS SIBS MIP
Breathing Zone Samples
XRFDirect Read of Air
$ 55k $ 25k$10k $ 50k
++++
+++
+++(+)+(+) (+)
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Future Research Directions Compare laboratory-based portable XRF
measurements against ICP (NMAM 7300) Experimentally generated samples Samples collected in the workplace
Analyze workplace samples on-location
Design suggestions to manufacturer and technology transfer
NMAM for successfully measured elements
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Conclusion
Among currently available technologies, XRF spectrometry with a
battery powered X-ray tube has the strongest potential to be a viable field
portable screening technology for measuring multiple airborne metals.
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CreditsTHERMO Noran Corp. (TN Spectrace)Thomas Eagar and Neil Jenkins (MIT)NITON Corp.Amy Hunter (PSI Corp.)Mark Fraser (Mission Research Corp.)Yixiang Duan (LANL)David Cremers (LANL)Don Sackett (Innov-X Systems)Bean (Teh-hsun) Chen (NIOSH)Sidney Soderholm (NIOSH)