NINETEENTH PAN AMERICAN CHILD CONGRESS

EVOLUTION OF THE CHILD RELATIONSHIP WITH THE FAMILY

REALITIES, QUESTIONS, AND PERSPECTIVES IN LATIN AMERICA

BERNARDO KLIKSBERGINTERNATIONAL ADVISOR

Mexico, 27-29 October, 2004

AGENDA

1. Recent research on the decisive role of the Family vis-à-vis Children, Society, and Development

2. Family and Social Capital

3. The Impact of Poverty on the Family in Latin America

4. Child and Adolescent Situation

5. How to strengthen the Family?

6. A few Conclusions

Inter-American Initiative on Social Capital, Ethics, and Development :

www.iadb.orgetica

Bernardo Kliksberg, “MAS ETICA, MAS DESARROLLO” (Editorial Temas, 2004)

BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR REFERENCE

1. RECENT RESEARCH Family and Affectivity: Corroborating Biblical Lessons

Impact on Educational Performance

  Incidence on Emotional Intelligence

  Impact on Health

  Main Crime Prevention Unit

  Social Protection Network against Unemployment

2. FAMILY AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

What is the Social Capital? Climate of confidence within a given society Association capacity Civic conscience Ethical values

The key role of the Family in the generation of Social Capital

What is the impact of Family Social Capital on Child Educational Performance?

James Coleman’s Findings

2. FAMILY AND SOCIAL CAPITAL

James Coleman’s Findings: The internal social capital of a family consists of the

relationship between parents and children

When the social capital is high, it provides children the access to their parents’ human capital

When the social capital is low, it will be of no use for children, even if their parents’ human capital is high

Desertion rate is linked to the internal and external social capital of the family

3. THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE FAMILY IN LATIN AMERICA

A. Poverty evolution Poverty evolution in Latin America, 2000-2002

(percentage of population)

B. Unemployment evolutionLatin America. Growth and Unemployment, 1980-2003

Year Indigence Poverty

2000 17,8% 42,1

2001 18,6% 43

2002 20,0% 44

15 million new poor emerged from 2000 to 2002

Periodí Urban unemployment rate

1981-90 8.4%

1991-97 8.8%

1998-03 10.4%

Source: ECLAC. Annual Reports.

3. THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE FAMILY IN LATIN AMERICA

C. The most unequal region on EarthInequality indicators for some Latin American countries, the United States and Italy

Gini coefficient

Upper 10%of total income

Lower 20%of totalincome

Ratio between income in the tenth and first deciles

Brazil (2001) 59,0 47,2% 2,6% 54,4 Guatemala (2000) 58,3 46,8% 2,4% 63,3 Colombia (1999) 57,6 46,5% 2,7% 57,8 Chile (2000) 57,1 47,0% 3,4% 40,6 Mexico (2000) 54,6 43,1% 3,1% 45,0 Argentina (2000) 52,2 38,9% 3,1% 39,1 Jamaica (1999) 52,0 40,1% 3,4% 36,5 Dominican Republic (1997)

49,7 38,6% 4,0% 28,4

Costa Rica (2000) 46,5 34,8% 4,2% 25,1 Uruguay (2000) 44,6 33,5% 4,8% 18,9 United States (1997)

40,8 30,5% 5,2% 16,9

Italy (1998) 36,0 27,4% 6,0% 14,4 Source: World Bank (2004). Desigualdad en América Latina y el Caribe. ¿Ruptura con la historia?. Washington DC.

3. THE IMPACT OF POVERTY ON THE FAMILY IN LATIN AMERICA

D. Disintegrated Families

E. Domestic Violence

F. Rate of Reluctance to build up a Family

4. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SITUATION

A. Malnutrition problemsChild Malnutrition between the 1980’s and 2000’s

Source : estimates based on WHO data, Department of Nutrition for Health and Development 2002. UNDP. Democracy in Latin America. 2004.

Country Last year

Argentina 1995/96 12,4

Bolivia 1998 26,8

Brazil 1996 10,5

Chile 1999 1,9

Colombia 2000 13,5

Costa Rica 1996 6,1

Ecuador 1998 26,4

El Salvador 1998 23,3

Guatemala 1999 26,4

Honduras 1996 38,9

Mexico 1999 17,7

Nicaragua 1998 24,9

Panama 1997 18,2

Paraguay 1990 13,9

Peru 2000 25,4

Dominican Rep. 1996 10,7

Uruguay 1992/93 9,5

Venezuela 2000 12,8

Latin America 18,9

4. LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS NIÑOS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES

B. Mother and Child MortalityPre-birth Basic Care Rate

(provided by professionally trained individuals)

Country/region 1 2 3 4 5 Average CIBolivia 38,8 57,8 70,4 88,6 95,3 65,1 0,17Brasil 67,5 87,7 93,4 96,9 98,1 85,6 0,08Colombia 62,3 81,1 89,8 95,4 95,9 82,5 0,09Dominican Republic 96,1 98,2 99 99,2 99,9 98,3 0,01Guatemala 34,6 41,1 49,3 72,2 90 52,5 0,19Haiti 44,3 60 72,3 83,7 91 67,7 0,14Nicaragua 67 80,9 86,9 89 96 81,5 0,07Paraguay 69,5 79,5 85,6 94,8 98,5 83,9 0,07Peru 37,3 64,8 79,1 87,7 96 67,3 0,17Latin America and theCaribbean

57,5 72,3 80,6 89,7 95,6 76 0,11

Source: World Bank. Op. Cit. Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 2002

Pre-birth Care Rate (provided by professionally trained individuals)

4. LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS NIÑOS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES

B. Mother and Child MortalityRate of assisted births

(by professionally trained individuals)

Country/region 1 2 3 4 5 Average CIBolivia 19,8 44,8 67,7 87,9 97,9 56,7 0,28Brasil 71,6 88,7 95,7 97,7 98,6 87,7 0,07Colombia 60,6 85,2 92,8 98,9 98,1 84,5 0,09Dominican Republic 88,6 96,9 97,3 98,4 97,8 95,3 0,02Guatemala 9,3 16,1 31,1 62,8 91,5 34,8 0,42Haiti 24 37,3 47,4 60,7 78,2 46,3 0,21Nicaragua 32,9 58,8 79,8 86 92,3 64,6 0,19Paraguay 41,2 49,9 69 87,9 98,1 66 0,18Peru 13,7 48 75,1 90,3 96,6 56,4 0,31Latin America andCaribbean

40,2 58,4 72,9 85,6 94,3 65,8 0,2

Source: World Bank. Op. Cit. Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), 2002.

Pre-birth Care Rate(provided by professionally trained individuals)

4. LA SITUACIÓN DE LOS NIÑOS Y LOS ADOLESCENTES

B. Mother and Child MortalityMortality Rate of Children younger than 5 years of age

(in thousands)

C. Child Labor

Mortality Rate of Children younger than 5 years of age (in thousands)

Country/region 1 2 3 4 5 Average

Bolivia 146.5 114.9 104.0 47.8 32.0 99.1 Brazil 98.9 56.0 39.2 26.7 33.3 56.7 Colombia 52.1 37.1 30.7 34.9 23.6 37.4 Dominican Republic

89.9 73.0 60.1 37.3 26.6 61.0

Guatemala 89.1 102.9 82.0 60.7 37.9 79.2 Haiti 163.3 150.1 137.1 130.6 105.6 140.6 Nicaragua 68.8 66.6 52.5 48.5 29.7 56.0 Paraguay 57.2 50.0 59.0 39.4 20.1 46.6 Peru 110.0 76.2 48.0 44.1 22.1 68.4 LAC 97.3 80.8 68.1 52.2 38.8 71.7

Source: World Bank (2004). Op.Cit.

4. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SITUATION

D. Youth Unemployment

Source: UNDP. Democracy in Latin America, 2004.

Country Age 1990 1995 2000

15-19 21,7 46,6 39,5 Argentina

15-24 15,2 30,1 ..

10-19 13,3 5,0 .. Bolivia

20-19 9,5 5,4 ..

15-17 .. 11,0 17,8 Brazil

18-24 .. 9,3 14,7

15-19 15,9 15,8 26,1 Chile

20-24 12,0 10,1 20,1

12-17 .. 21,0 44,7 Colombia

18-24 .. 16,6 34,8

Costa Rica 12-24 10,4 13,5 10,9

Ecuador 15-24 13,5 15,3 17,4

El Salvador 15-24 18,6 13,3 14,3

Honduras 10-24 10,7 10,2 ..

Panama 15-24 .. 31,9 32,6

15-19 18,4 10,8 .. Paraguay

20-24 14,1 7,8 ..

Peru 14-24 15,4 11,2 17,1

Uruguay 14-24 26,6 25,5 31,7

Venezuela 15-24 18,0 19,9 25,3

4. CHILD AND ADOLESCENT SITUATION

E. Children in/of the Street

How to strengthen the Family?

A decisive ethical issue

The responsibility of Public Policies

The Role of the Private Sector

The Role of Civil Society

The experience of UNESCO Open Schools in Brazil

6. A FEW CONCLUSIONS Poverty as a Paradox

Damage to Families and Children

Biblical Wisdom

Motherly love “A mother’s love for her child is the most perfect and less ambivalent

of all human relations” Sigmund Freud

The most important test for a Society

Hillel’s Questions

A FEW CONCLUSIONS

Hillel (First Century, BC) If not me for myself, then who? If only me for myself, then what for? If not now, then when?