Nigeria

Leader of Africa• Most populous on continent = 140 million

• Largest oil reserves = 37 B barrels, 3 M barrels/day

• Largest economy = $600 B

• Great poverty = 70%, $2800 PPP

• Democracy with totalitarian military rule

• Christian and Muslim tension

• No national identity

People nor leaders agree on basics of who should rule and how.Should Nigeria remain as one nation?

NATIONAL QUESTION

Legitimacy • Young country

• Many constitutions and amendments

• Impulse toward fragmentation

• Military is only national organization

• Former British colony

• Sharia law in the north

• Hope beneath the skepticism and cynicism

Political TraditionsPRE-COLONIAL COLONIAL ERA• Trade Connections

• Early Islam Influence

• Kinship-based Politics

• Complex Political Identities

• Democratic Impulses

• Authoritarian Rule

• Interventionist State

• Individualism

• Christianity

• Intensification of Ethnic Politics

Political TraditionsINDEPENDENCE CHANGE• Parliamentary to Presidential

• Intensification of Ethnic Conflict

• Military Rule

• Personalized Rule/Corruption

• Federalism

• Economic Dependence on Oil

• Cultural Diffusion

• Sokoto Caliphate

• Slave Trade

• British Rule and Education

• National Question

• Corruption

Political CultureCHARACTERISTICS• Prebendalism

• State Control/Civil Soicety

• Modernity/Tradition

• Religious Conflict

• Geography

GEOGRAPHY• Northwest – Hausa-Fulani

• Northeast – variety

• Middle Belt – mix, capital

• Southwest – Yoruba

• Southeast – Igbo, Catholic

• Southern Zone – Ijaw, delta, oil

Cleavages CHALLENGES• Poverty/Distribution of Wealth

• Inequality/Income Distribution

• Health Issue/HIV/AIDS

• Literacy/Gender Equality

FRAGMENTATION• Ethnicity

• Religion

• North vs. South

• Urban/Rural

• Social Class

Civil Society• Citizens as subjects not participants

• Low efficacy• Low transparency• High corruption• Prebendalism• Election fraud

• Ijaw women and big oil

• Saro-Wiwa and MOSOP

• Boko Haram

• INEC

POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS

• Controversial Elections• Military Generals• Assassinations• Disqualifications• Recent Improvements

• Many Interest Groups• Labor• Business• Human Rights

• Freedom of the Press• Ethnic Bias• Long History

Political Parties Fluid and Changing

Based on Personalities

Localized

GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS

• Strong Executive• Military Leadership• Patrimonialsim• Para-statal Bureaucracy• State Corporatism• Majority/second ballot• At least 25% in 2/3 of states

• National Assembly• 3 per state in Senate• 360 single member districts in House• Plurality system/direction election

• Judiciary• Common law + custom• Sharia in the North• Judicial Review – military – independence

ConstitutionallyFederal

Democracy

3 Branches

PUBLIC POLICY

• National Question• Federal Character vs. True Federalism

• Loyalty Pyramid• Struggle for power• Battle over oil revenue

• Rentier State• Informal Economy• Revenue Sharing• Theft• Regulation

• Economic Structural Adjustment• Central bank policy• Privitization

• Democratization

MilitaryIn the Government

In the Baracks

Strong force for stability/against democratization

Videos• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KXhcgSeKlw

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AuAy8CtOVVg

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UauX3uaUYxU

• http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/hunting-boko-haram/

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9Gwf8UcgS0

• http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/nigeria/10811024/Nigerias-Boko-Haram-profile.html

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XTzpd43HBzo

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sjJVO8GASmw

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CZP1nAoajh0&list=UUgRvm1yLFoaQKhmaTqXk9SA&index=49&feature=iv&src_vid=sjJVO8GASmw&annotation_id=annotation_2339672109

• http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-31111572