nicolas caracota, int. conference: leeuwarden, netherlans, 7-8 april 2011 bilingualism, a new stage...

Nicolas Caracota, Int. Conference: Leeuwarden, Netherlans, 7-8 April 2011

Bilingualism, a new stage in Bilingualism, a new stage in the construction of the the construction of the

European identity:European identity:Makedon-Armân Makedon-Armân

bilingualism – an exemplar bilingualism – an exemplar model in the Balkan Statesmodel in the Balkan States

Nicolas Caracota

AAssociation des ssociation des FFrancais rancais AArmânsrmâns

(AFA)(AFA)

Europe – National States Europe – National States – National Minorities– National Minorities

National States in EuropeNational States in Europe National States with National National States with National

MinoritiesMinorities National States with National National States with National

Languages and Minority or Regional Languages and Minority or Regional LanguagesLanguages


Charter of FCNMCharter of FCNM


Minorities and National Minorities and National MinoritiesMinorities

What is a „national minority“ ?What is a „national minority“ ? Is a purely ethnic, religious or linguistic Is a purely ethnic, religious or linguistic

minority a „national minority“ ?minority a „national minority“ ? FCNM contains no definition of FCNM contains no definition of

„national minorities“„national minorities“ What minorities may receive protection What minorities may receive protection

under FCNM ?under FCNM ? FCNM and ECRML – only a FCNM and ECRML – only a passiv passiv

minority protection minority protection ??


Minorities and National Minorities and National MinoritiesMinorities

„„National minority“:National minority“:

The term "national minority " refers The term "national minority " refers to a group of people in a state that:to a group of people in a state that:

a. resident in the territory of that State and are citizens;a. resident in the territory of that State and are citizens;b. maintain longstanding, firm and lasting ties with that State;b. maintain longstanding, firm and lasting ties with that State;c. display distinctive ethnic, cultural, religious or linguistic c. display distinctive ethnic, cultural, religious or linguistic characteristics;characteristics;d. are sufficiently representative, although smaller in number than the d. are sufficiently representative, although smaller in number than the

restrest of the population of this state or a region of that State;of the population of this state or a region of that State;e. are motivated by a concern to preserve together that which e. are motivated by a concern to preserve together that which

constitutesconstitutes their common their common

identity, including their culture, traditions, religion or language.identity, including their culture, traditions, religion or language.


Minorities or Regional Minorities or Regional Peoples ?Peoples ?

Acceptance of the term „minority“ in Acceptance of the term „minority“ in southeast european countriessoutheast european countries

Could the term „regional people“ Could the term „regional people“ substitute the term „minority“ ?substitute the term „minority“ ?

For many minorities the term For many minorities the term „minority“ leads often to confusion, „minority“ leads often to confusion, exclusion or even discriminationexclusion or even discrimination


European Charter for European Charter for Regional or Minority Regional or Minority

LanguagesLanguages


Regional or Minority Regional or Minority LanguagesLanguages Regional Peoples: indigenous groups who Regional Peoples: indigenous groups who

speak a language different to that of the speak a language different to that of the majority of the population of the statemajority of the population of the state

Regional Languages: languages traditionally Regional Languages: languages traditionally used by part of the population of a state that used by part of the population of a state that are not dialects of official languages of the are not dialects of official languages of the statestate

Article 22 of the European Charter of Article 22 of the European Charter of Fundamental RightsFundamental Rights

Many as 40 million citizens of the EU regularly Many as 40 million citizens of the EU regularly use a regional or minority language use a regional or minority language


Charter of Autochthone Charter of Autochthone Peoples and Ethnic Peoples and Ethnic

Minorities of Europe Minorities of Europe


Languages of Enlarged Languages of Enlarged European UnionEuropean Union


ConclusionsConclusions Europe: Europe: Culturally Diversified CommunitiesCulturally Diversified Communities, ,

multilingually communities, also multilingually communities, also multiculturallymulticulturally All mentioned autochthonous peoples and national All mentioned autochthonous peoples and national

minorities who speak a regional language are minorities who speak a regional language are bilingual peoplesbilingual peoples

Bilingualism is more than speaking two languages: Bilingualism is more than speaking two languages: bilingualism opens the door to other culturesbilingualism opens the door to other cultures

European multilingualism and multiculturalism European multilingualism and multiculturalism can not get an unity without bilingualismcan not get an unity without bilingualism

Bilingualism: the first step to the new european Bilingualism: the first step to the new european identityidentity


An Example of An Example of Bilingualism in EuropeBilingualism in Europe

Makedon-Armân Makedon-Armân Bilingualism – Bilingualism –

an exemplar model in the an exemplar model in the Balkan statesBalkan states



ArmArmâân / Makedon-Armn / Makedon-Armâân n peoplepeople

short historyshort history roots originate fromroots originate from Ancient Macedonia Ancient Macedonia origins in the two cultures that make up the cultural origins in the two cultures that make up the cultural

foundation of the whole of Europe – the Hellenic and foundation of the whole of Europe – the Hellenic and the Latinthe Latin

live nowadayslive nowadays : Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, FYROM (R. : Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, FYROM (R. of Macedonia), Serbia and Romania(diaspora)of Macedonia), Serbia and Romania(diaspora)

1913, Macedonia was divided up among Greece, 1913, Macedonia was divided up among Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, AlbaniaSerbia, Bulgaria, Albania

ArmArmâân/Makedon-Armn/Makedon-Armâân people is a special „European“ n people is a special „European“ problem in the field of minority issues in the Balkanproblem in the field of minority issues in the Balkan

The only autochthon peopleThe only autochthon people in Balkan which never in Balkan which never established their own national state established their own national state

The only people in Balkan without a “kin-state”The only people in Balkan without a “kin-state” (a (a stateless nation)stateless nation)


EthnonymsEthnonyms ArmArmâân / Makedon-Armn / Makedon-Armâânn – own – own

namename Known also as : Known also as : Vlahi, Vlasi, Koutso-Vlahi, Vlasi, Koutso-

Vlahi, Elino-Vlahi, Macedo-Vlahi, Vlahi, Elino-Vlahi, Macedo-Vlahi, Macedoneni (Macedoromãni, Macedoneni (Macedoromãni, Mazedo-Romanen), Makedoni, Mazedo-Romanen), Makedoni, Aromãni (Aromanians, Aromunen, Aromãni (Aromanians, Aromunen, Aroumains), Tsintsari, Cioban, Aroumains), Tsintsari, Cioban, Rrmeni, etc.Rrmeni, etc.

Status of Makedon-Status of Makedon-Armâns in Balkan StatesArmâns in Balkan States

Greece: Greece: vlachophone greeksvlachophone greeks Albania: Albania: linguistic and ethno-cultural linguistic and ethno-cultural

minorityminority R. of Macedonia: R. of Macedonia: part of regional part of regional

peoplepeople Bulgaria: Bulgaria: linguistic and ethno-linguistic and ethno-

cultural minoritycultural minority Romania: Romania: romanians speaking a romanians speaking a

dialect of romanian languagedialect of romanian languageNicolas Caracota, Int. Conference: Leeuwarden, Netherlans, 7-8 April 2011


Documents on historical & Documents on historical & educational bilingualismeducational bilingualism

Cultural movement of Moschopolis (18th C.) : Cultural movement of Moschopolis (18th C.) : Th.A.KavalliotiTh.A.Kavallioti - Protopiria, Vienna, - Protopiria, Vienna, 17701770 – – Dictionary of three Balkan languages (Greek-Dictionary of three Balkan languages (Greek-Vlach-Albanian)Vlach-Albanian)

Daniil Moscopoleanu Daniil Moscopoleanu -- Lexicon Lexicon Tetraylosson, Tetraylosson, 1794, 1794, Venice – Dictionary of Venice – Dictionary of four Balkan languages (Greek/Romaiika-four Balkan languages (Greek/Romaiika-Vlach-Albanian-Bulgarian)Vlach-Albanian-Bulgarian)

Mihail G.BoiagiMihail G.Boiagi -- Yramatiki Yramatiki Makedonovlahiki, Vienna Makedonovlahiki, Vienna 18131813,, the first the first academic grammar of Armân language academic grammar of Armân language (Armân-Greek-German)(Armân-Greek-German)

RRich classical & modern literatureich classical & modern literature – 1850 – 1850 until nowadaysuntil nowadays


ArmArmâân / Makedon-Armn / Makedon-Armâân : n : Bilingualism / Bilingualism /

MultilingualismMultilingualism bilingualism Macedonian/Tracian/Greek-bilingualism Macedonian/Tracian/Greek-

LatinLatin – “Provincia Macedonia” (168 BC – 600 AC) – “Provincia Macedonia” (168 BC – 600 AC) bilingualism Greek-Latinbilingualism Greek-Latin (Byzantium) (Byzantium) biligualism Armân-Neogreek / Armân-biligualism Armân-Neogreek / Armân-

AlbanianAlbanian biligualism Armân-Slavicbiligualism Armân-Slavic (beginning with 6th (beginning with 6th

C.)C.) modern multilingualism : modern multilingualism : 1. Arm1. Armâân – 2. official n – 2. official

language (Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Romanian, language (Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, Romanian, Serbian, Slavic-macedonian) – 3. modern Serbian, Slavic-macedonian) – 3. modern language (English, French, German, etc.)language (English, French, German, etc.)

European Personalities with European Personalities with Makedon-Armân RootsMakedon-Armân Roots

Mihail G. Boiagi, philologist, grammarian, author of first Mihail G. Boiagi, philologist, grammarian, author of first Makedon-Armân (Aromanian) grammarMakedon-Armân (Aromanian) grammar

Emanoil Gojdu, lawyer and politician in the Austrian Emanoil Gojdu, lawyer and politician in the Austrian EmpireEmpire

Dumba family, famous philanthropists and Austrian Dumba family, famous philanthropists and Austrian Imperial bankersImperial bankers

Athenagoras, Patriarch of ConstantinopleAthenagoras, Patriarch of Constantinople Nikola Dumba, great benefactor of Vienna, sponsor of all Nikola Dumba, great benefactor of Vienna, sponsor of all

the great composers of his times who lived in Viennathe great composers of his times who lived in Vienna Manakis brothers (Yanaki and Milton Manakia), Manakis brothers (Yanaki and Milton Manakia),

photographers and filmmakers, pioneers of film and photographers and filmmakers, pioneers of film and photography in the Balkansphotography in the Balkans

Sotirios Bulgaris, founder of the BULGARI JEWELRY Sotirios Bulgaris, founder of the BULGARI JEWELRY househouse

Georg Simon Sina (Baron Sina), famous philanthropist Georg Simon Sina (Baron Sina), famous philanthropist and Austrian Imperial bankerand Austrian Imperial banker


Karl-Markus Gauss about Karl-Markus Gauss about Makedon-ArmânsMakedon-Armâns

"Is there already a new European ? (...) Are there already people, receptive to everything that exists in the world, not based roughly on their national possessions, not evil, but love to think and speak two languages or more which do not attach a shabby way their actions and aspirations for a single state, but still many for whom the boundaries are not an obsession but a means to excel daily, which has always engaged in trade and circulation between the east and west, north and south, which enrich their identity in contact with different cultures ?Yes, they exist and they are called Armâns. Pioneers of a free Europe, where borders are permeable not only for goods but also for men, Armâns seem to be better equipped for a new Europe. What we need to learn, they already know!„

Karl- Markus Gauß, Jahrgang 1954, lebt als Autor und Literaturkritiker in Salzburg. Seit 1991 Herausgeber der Karl- Markus Gauß, Jahrgang 1954, lebt als Autor und Literaturkritiker in Salzburg. Seit 1991 Herausgeber der Zeitschrift " Literatur und Kritik ". 1995 Österreichischer Staatspreis für Kulturpublizistik, 1997 Europäischer Zeitschrift " Literatur und Kritik ". 1995 Österreichischer Staatspreis für Kulturpublizistik, 1997 Europäischer Essaypreis "Charles Veillon". Essaypreis "Charles Veillon".


Karl-Markus Gauss about Karl-Markus Gauss about Makedon-ArmânsMakedon-Armâns

«Existe-t-il déjà le nouveau Européen? (...) Existent déjà ces gens, réceptifs à toutce qui existe dans le monde, ne reposent pas rudement sur leurs possessionsnationales, qui n’ont pas du mal, mais l'amour de penser et de parler deux langues ou plus , qui n’attachent pas dans une façon minable leurs actions etleurs aspirations à un seul Etat, mais toujours à plusieurs, pour lesquels lesfrontières ne sont pas l'obsession, mais un moyen quotidien de se surpasser, quidepuis toujours pratiquent le commerce et la circulation entre l'est et l'ouest, aunord et au sud, qui enrichissent leur identité au contact avec descultures différentes ?Oui, ils existent et ils s’appellent les Armâns. Pionniers d'une Europe libre, dontles frontières sont perméables non seulement pour les marchandises maisaussi pour les hommes, les Armâns semblent être les mieux armés pour unenouvelle Europe. Ce que nous devons apprendre, ils le savent déjà! »



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nicolas caracota, int. conference: leeuwarden, netherlans, 7-8 april 2011 bilingualism, a new stage...

Documents

national languages

term national minority

term minority

state regional languages

linguistic minority

state regional peoples

passiv minority protection

term regional people