nickel magazine out 2008 vol 23 number 4

8/2/2019 Nickel Magazine Out 2008 Vol 23 Number 4

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OctOber 2008 VOlume 23, Number 4 the magaziNe DeVOteD tO Nickel aND its applicatiONs

Jp ethqket et

The tk e ce Epe

An Architectural IconT h e C h r y s l e r B u i l d i n g s s e C r e T T o l o n g e v i T y

P r o f i l e : C a t h e r i n e H o u s k aB u i l d i n g e x p e r T i s e


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nickel, vol. 23, no. 4, october 2008

Ince is a eate

stoy on two o the o-

est biins inoin

stainess stee cain:

the Chyse an Em-

ie State biins in

New Yo City. Bit

in the ate 1920s, these

anmas contine to

emonstate the on-

eity o astenitic

stainess stees.

One o the woseain athoities

on nice-containin

stainess stees in achi-

tecte, Catheine Ho-

sa, is aso oie in

this isse. A ontime

constant to the Nice Institte, Catheine

has athoe many aes, oies technica

assistance an has concte woshos o

thosans o hih-ee ecision-maes oe

the ast 15 yeas.

Aso o inteest to achitects is a eot in

this isse on stainess stee inteio etais in

the ecenty exane Miami Intenationa

Aiot, which went thoh a ecent exan-

sion an moeniation.

Fo shote achitecte-eate stoies

she iht on: stainess stee hanais in nea-

shoe maine enionments; a niqe inteio

stainess stee staicase; a ie-cyce costin

anaysis om Astaia; an ests om

eathqae simations on inteio stainess

stee wate istibtion iin in Jaan.

We hae seecte these stoies to istate

to achitects majo seciies o nice-

containin stainess stees the attibtes

which ae wothy o thei attention. These

attibtes ince oneity, eenabiity,

aesthetics, stenth, abiity, as we as e-

cyce content.

With esect to achitecta aications

o nice-containin stainess stees, we inite

o eaes to aticiate in the eeoment

o an onine soce o inomation aaiabe

at ww w.stainessachitecte.o.

Vo 23, N 4, Oo 2008

The Maazine Devoted to Nickeland its Applications

Nickel is published our times per year byThe Nickel Institute55 University Avenue, Suite 1801Toronto, Canada M5J 2H7Tel. +1 416 591 7999Website: www.nickelinstitute.orE-mail: [email protected]

Stephen Barnett, PresidentPatrick Whiteway, EditorMark Crozier, Desin

Circulation, 27,000 in 95 countries

Other Nickel Institute ofces:

eoSixth FloorAvenue des Arts 13Brussels 1210, BeliumTel. 32 2 290 3200E-mail: [email protected]

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Tel. 81 3 3436 7953E-mail: [email protected]

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indK-36, 1st FloorHauz Khas Enclave,New Delhi 110 016, IndiaTel. 91 11 2686 5631, 2686 3389E-mail: [email protected]

ac/o ASSDA, Level 15, 215 Adelaide StreetBrisbane, Queensland 4000, AustraliaTel. 61 7 3220 0722E-mail: [email protected]

so koOlympia Buildin - Room 811196-7 Jamsilbon-Don, Sonpa-Ku,Seoul 138 229, South KoreaTel. 82 2 419 6465E-mail: [email protected]: www.nidikorea.or

cnRoom 677, Poly Plaza Ofce Buildin14 Donzhimen NandajieBeijin, China 100027Tel. 86 10 6500 1188 (ext. 3677) E-mail: [email protected]

und sNiPERA2605 Meridian Parkway, Suite 200 Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.(Health and environment inquires only)Tel. +1 919 544 7722 E-mail: [email protected]

For a ree print subscription, please o to:www.nickelmaazine.or. To receive e-mailnotices or Nickel Maazine Online, please oto: www.nickelonline.or/subscribe

Material has been prepared or the eneralinormation o the reader and should not beused or relied upon or specifc applicationswithout frst securin competent advice. Whilethe material is believed to be technicallycorrect, Nickel Institute, its members, staand consultants do not represent or warrantits suitability or any eneral or specifc useand assume no liability or responsibility o anykind in connection with the inormation herein.

ISSN 0829-8351

Printed on recycled paper in Canada.

Cover:Chrysler Buildi n, New York City

The next issue of Nickel Magazinewill be published in December 2008.

THIS ISSuE OF NICkEl MAgAzINE IS dEvOTEd AlMOST ENTIrElY TO THE

ApplICATION OF NICkEl-CONTAININg STAINlESS STEElS IN ArCHITECTurE

CrEaTing BEauTiful Buildings

The Nickel Institutes newly redesigned architectural portal is a key resource site

or architects, structural engineers, and architectural abricators. The site provides rea-

sons or selecting stainless steel and how to choose the proper grade and many other

resources. Visit us at: www.StainlessArchitecture.org

E x p e r i e n c e M u s i c P r o j e c t

b y F r a n k G e h r y

S e a t t l e , W a s h i n g t o n

ainless Steel ArchitectureBui ldingConstruction

w w w . S t a i n l e s s A r c h i t e c t u r e . o r g

This web site, o ota, is bein e-e

sine an imoe by the Nice Inst

tte. With yo he, we hoe to mae

the nmbe-one estination o achitect

bies an constctos who want to e

the oos on stainess stee.

In aition to oiin a weath o

technica inomation abot why nice

is ae to stainess stee, the ota wi

eate an onine octs an seice

ie with aabe oct an contac

inomation. visitos to the site can a

istins o thei own comanies an o

cts, an in the anae o thei choice

(Note: to be ince, octs mst se

nice-containin ae o stainess stee

aso, oct escitions sho be ac

ta an aoi omotiona anae.)

This ee seice wi imoe oe tim

with the beneit o yo eebac. I yo

hae any sestions o imoement o

exansion, ease et s now.

reas,

patic Whiteway

Eito

Architects are major speciers o nickel stainless steels


3/9

Earthquake-resistance tests by the Japanese Stainless Steel Associa-tion (JSSA) have shown that stainless steel piping systems (joined by

mechanical couplings) exhibit good air tightness and do not leak.

The tests were intended to assist development of durable stain-

less steel domestic piping systems and are part of the Japanesegovernments Special Research Project on Earthquake Disaster

Mitigation for Urban Regions.

At a full-scale earthquake-testing facility, nicknamed E-De-

fense, the JSSA tested the resistance of various building materi-

als and components.

The evaluation entailed building a 21-story skeleton high-

rise. Between the rst and fourth oors, a system was built to

simulate earthquake shocks on oors 5 to 21. The power of the

simulated shocks was based on the strength of earthquakes an-

ticipated to occur in the Tokai and Tonankai regions of Japan.

The tests were part of a broad, 3-year program designed to ex-

pand the use of long-lasting nickel-containing stainless steel in

residential high-rise piping systems throughout Japan. A big ad-

vantage of all-stainless piping is that plumbing systems in high-

rise buildings will last longer and require fewer repairs, because

stainless steel neither degrades nor corrodes in service.

The JSSA proposed this program in response to a report tabled

in May 2007 by the Housing and Land Investigation Committee

of the then-governing Liberal Democratic Party of Japan.

The report urges the housing industry to adopt, as its goal, an

average lifespan for all residential housing (including high-rise

buildings) of 200 years. Future high-rises will be characterized by

energy conservation, harmony with the surrounding environment,

earthquake resistance, and regular and easy maintenance.

When a design company in Melbourne, New South Wales, Australia, decided to ex-

pand its business to a neighbouring space, a

challenge was set: the adjoining ofce was on

an upper level, and a walkway was needed to

connect the two.

The challenge was met by Daniel Stellini, As-

sociate Director, Interiors of the Carr Design

Group, who envisioned a simple, strong and aes-

thetically rened stainless steel hanging staircase

to provide transit between the two levels.

Considering that this portal represents

such a high trafc area, we needed a material

that was durable, strong and low-maintenance:

stainless steel met our requirements on all

three counts, Stellini says. It was our intentto express the raw-edge detail of the 3-mm

thick stainless steel, highlighting its ne yet

strong characteristics.

Fabricator Hi-Tech Stainless Fabrications

Pty Ltd., based in Victoria, New South Wales,

and accredited by the Australian Stainless Steel

Design Association, used 620 kilograms of

grade S30400 stainless steel to construct the

skeleton of the stairwell off-site. The pieces

were assembled, welded and polished on-site.

From the reception area, the portal presents

itself as a crisp, polished insertion to the build-

ings brickwork, representing a rened sculp-

tural element against the raw, distressed solid

wall. It is xed only to the upper level of the

tenancy, allowing it to hover, as it were, over the

lower oor despite its weight of 340 kilograms.

The stairs prole has been left exposed,

making it a feature of the space.

Challenging the conventional use of mate-

rials such as stainless steel is something Stell-

ini continues to enjoy. Not a bad idea when

you look at the results.

The Hudson River Park is a waterside park under development onManhattan Island in New York City. Integral to the project is a

13-kilometre walkway which, when completed, will wend its way

from Battery City Park at the southwestern tip of Lower Manhat-

tan north to 59th Street.

The Hudson River Park Trust, the joint New York state and city

organization whose mission is to build and operate the park, has

completed 5 kilometres of the walkway since 2002, when con -

struction began. Bordering the walkway is a 106-centimetre-high

railing assembled from 110 tonnes of S31600 stainless steel tub-

ing, including 1,900 cast J92900 posts and the occasional bollard.

The next 2.4 km of railing will be installed in 2009.

The Pennsylvania, U.S.A.-based engineering rm

Forms+Surfaces selected S31600 after rst considering S31700

stainless steel.

The Hudson River Park Trust wanted a matte nish which

would have a surface roughness greater than 20 micro-inches, ex-

plains Matt Vizzini, vice-president of engineering for

Forms+Surfaces.

The Trust wanted a railing that was maintenance-free and would

last at least 30 years despite the combination of constant salt water

spray, dirt and high summer temperatures, Vizzini adds. S31600

combined with a protective maintenance coating produced by Flori-

da-based Adsil Inc. proved to be the best solution.

The railing consists of posts mounted to the concrete piers or

granite bulkheads. Three-millimetre thick walled tubing, 38-76

mm in diameter is discretely bolted to the posts and can be re-

moved in case of damage.

JAPANSTAINLESSSTEEL

ASSOCIATION

ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/APPLEUzR

nickel, vol. 23, no. 4, october 2008 nickel, vol. 23, no. 4, october 2008

MORE INFORMATION:

www.stainlessarchitecture.org/jssa

MORE INFORMATION:

www.stainlessarchitecture.org/staircase

MORE INFORMATION:

www.stainlessarchitecture.org/hudsonriver

Floating stainless steel staircase: A rened sculptural element

Stainless Steel Piping Survives ShocksJapanese tests show stainless steel piping withstands simulated earthquakes

A Step Up in Stainless DesignStainless steel adds strength and aesthetic appeal to a hanging staircase

Fabricating for Time and TideManhattan Park railing is built to last for decades

Earthquake simulation tests showed no leaks

Longer lasting and ewer repairs needed


4/9

Theyre two o the most venerable and recognizable landmarks on New York Citys

amous skyline. Teyre also soaring testaments to the beauty and durability o

inless steel as an exterior nish in architectural applications.

Te Chrysler Building, 77 stories tall, and t he 85-oor Empire State Building were

mpleted within a year o one another during the Depression years, in a race to claim

agging rights to the worlds tallest building a title t he Empire State held or 41 years.

Te buildings are as innovative as they are tall, thanks to the oresight o architects

d builders who chose to clad the exteriors with stainless steel.

It was the rst ever large installation o stainless steel in an architectural application,

ys Catherine Houska, an architectural metals consultant with Pittsburgh-based MR

onsulting. Nothing on this scale had been built using stainless steel.

Tese were cutting-edge buildings, says Houska, who researched both buildings or

e Nickel Institutes reerence manual imeless Stainless Architecture. Te owners

nted to make a statement about the progressiveness o their building and their

mpanies. It was a substantial risk.

Te rst risk-taker was Walter P. Chrysler, the brash automaker who returned rom a

p to Paris determined to erect a building that would eclipse the Eiel ower, the

lest structure o the day.

Chryslers architects topped the landmark with a six-tier spire o Art Deco arches clad

stainless steel, creating a shimmering beacon above the citys otherwise gray skyline.

inged gargoyles, eagle heads and other stainless-steel ourishes were added, evoking

e chrome-plated hood ornaments and hubcaps o Chryslers cars. It was probably

alter Chryslers own idea to encase the spire in stainless steel. He specied additional

ishes and recalled, in his memoirs, spending hours on his hands and knees on his

fce oor poring over blueprints.

Samples o the Chr ysler Buildings roo cladding were tested in the mid-1990s,

vealing that S30200 was the alloy used (the chromium and nickel contents o S30200

e quite similar to those o modern S30400). Te same alloy was used to cover the

rgoyles. Te Chryslers lobby and street-level entrance doors were trimmed in a

ckel-silver alloy known as German silver, a copper-nickel-zinc alloy (which has the

pearance o silver) containing 12-20% nickel.

Just 10 city blocks to the south is the 382-metre-high Empire State Building, which


ofcially opened in May 1931, a year ater the

Chrysler Building was completed. Despite the

buildings iconic status (it is once again New

Yorks tallest building, ollowing the destruction o

the World rade Centre), the use o stainless

cladding in its construction was rediscovered

when the exterior was cleaned in 1995.

More than 300 tonnes o S30200 stainless was

used to ashion the ladder-like spandrel panels

that trim the thousands o windows above the

sixth oor. Because those spandrel panels hadbeen dirty or so long, nobody had any idea they

were stainless until they were cleaned, says

Houska. Another 25 tonnes o S30200 stainless

was used in the observation deck and in the mast

that tops the building.

It appears that the Empire State has been

cleaned only once, Houska says, whereas the

Chrysler was cleaned twice, in 1961 and 1995.

Teir stainless steel has held up remarkably well in

both buildings, withstanding decades o pollution

and the ravages o New Yorks coastal climate.

odays architects would likely speciy more

corrosion-resistant S31600 or such applications,

but the buildings height enables them to stay

clean and avoid salt accumulation. Te Chrysler

and Empire State essentially get pressure-washed

with every rainstorm, thanks to t he strong winds

at their summits, says Houska.

Tats not the case at street level, though: a ew

o the Chrysler Buildings doors succumbed to the

ravages o de-icing salt and had to be replaced. As

or the Empire State, its original spandrel panels

are intact except or a small number that were

destroyed in 1945 when a bomber crashed intothe 79th oor.

Urban legend has it that the Chr yslers builders

ordered enough stainless steel components to

re-clad the roo and put them in storage, ex-

pecting the untested metal would have a short

liespan. In any event, in almost 80 years, only the

odd batten has had to be replaced.

Adds Houska: Teres no reason why the Chrysler

Building roo wont be there or hundreds o years.

LastingLandmarks

nerable New York City landmarks refect the durability o stainless steel

RAFAELvINOLYARCHITECTSPC

ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/FARUKULAY

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MORE INFORMATION:

www.stainlessarchitecture.org/landmarks

Thanks in part to thepioneering use o

stainless steel in theslandmarks, the metaluse has become

commonplace in thenew generation o

skyscrapers.

Both o these buildings areexcellent examples o using

sustainable stainless steel andperormance with minimal

maintenance.



5/9

sis on international and industrial marketing from Case

Western Reserve University (Cleveland).

I had not planned to major in metallurgical engineer-

ing, but all engineers have to take an introductory metallurgy

course. My dad had an international reputation in his field,

and Dr. Bernstein, the department head, soon found that I was

much like my father. He decided that the best way to recruit

me into his department was to offer me a lucrative summer

job working with his grad students. By the end of the summer,

I had changed majors.

Most of her university

roommates were architec-

ture or design majors and

she was often the materials

consultant on their projects.

This gave her an opportunity

to learn more about the field

and gain insight into how ar-

chitects think.

Houska started consult-

ing in architecture in 1990

after joining TMR Archi-

tectural Metals Consulting

in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,

U.S.A., where she resides.As TMRs senior market development manager, she performs

market research, analysis, development and strategy work for a

broad range of metals and markets. Houskas market experi-

ence is in fact wide-ranging and includes not only architecture

but plastic moulds, electronics, and industrial equipment.

Among the prestigious firms she has assisted are Gehry

Partners, Skidmore Owings & Merrill, HOK, Pei Cobb

Freed & Partners, Cesar Pelli & Associates, Murphy/Jahn,

FXFowle, Goettsch Partners Inc., RA Heintges, Gensler,

Perkins & Will, WTW, Arup, Cantor Seinuk, Pols hek Part-

ners, Perkins Eastman, Leo A Daly, Kohn Pedersen Fox,

Walt Disney, Universal Studios, Davis Brody Bond, Nor-

man Foster, Figg Bridge, Moshe Safdie, and the Port Au-

thorities of many major U.S. cities.

In 1993, the Nickel Institute announced it was looking

for an architecture, building and construction consultant.

Since architecture and architectural materials such as stain-

less steel had remained a hobby of mine over the years, I vol-

unteered and was accepted, she says. Houska has managed

the Institutes market development program to promote in-

creased use of stainless steel in North America.

Stainless steel is an incredibly versatile material because

it can be obtained in such a variety of finishes and product

forms. Its unique characteristics make it suitable for a great

many practical and aesthetic applications. The only limita-

tion is our imagination. Designers and suppliers regularly

come up with wonderful new ideas, and its wonderful to

work in a constantly evolving field.

That evolution is reflected in the Nickel Institutes web

portal for architects (stainlessarchitecture.org), to which

Houska contributes and which she calls an excellent re-

source for architectural decision-makers.

Theres a tremendous range of literature and other

resources available on the portal, and recent changes have

made it an even more valuable resource, taking it to a totally

new level. I would encourage decision-makers to visit it and

make full use of all it has to offer.

Although Houska is unquestionably an international expert on

architectural applications of stainless steels, she rejects such labels.

No one ever knows everything and life is a continuous

learning experience. Every problem or new design is an

opportunity for me to learn about the unique atmospheric

conditions, design challenges,and aesthetic and cultural

preferences involved in the

project. I love being able to

help the people I work with

and I hope my ideas can help

expand their design vision.

Sometimes, maybe years

later (architectural projects can

be slow in coming to fruition),

Houska will receive an e-mail

with photos or come across

an article about a project on

which she provided advice. When that happens, she feels proud

knowing she has helped make the world more stainless.

Continued online at:

Architectural ConsultantCatherine Houska


When she was a little girl growing up in Spring Val-ley, a suburb of New York City, Catherine Houska and

her parents lived in a 250-year-old house that was being

restored. One day her father happened to lean against a

wall which suddenly opened up to reveal a secret staircase

and room that had been used to hide slaves escaping to

freedom on the Underground Railroad (between about

1810 and 1850). From then on, Houska was interested in

architecture. It wasnt long before she was spending endless

hours with Lego, Lincoln Logs building blocks, it would

turn out, for a varied and successful career.

Houska is now among the worlds leading experts on

architectural metals, particularly stainless steel. The list of

people who consult her include architects, building ow ners,

contractors and fabricators on new projects and on exist-

ing buildings that are experiencing problems. As an archi-

tectural consultant for the Nickel Institute, as well as the

International Molybdenum Association, the Ornamental

Metal Institute of New York, and the Specialty Steel Indus-

try of North America, she provides technical assi stance and

arranges workshops for thousands of high-level decision-

makers.

When she was a student, Houska was frustrated by the

fact that drawing did not come naturally to her (at the time,drawing was considered a prerequisite for architects). But

I was always good in math and the sciences and loved solv-

ing problems, so engineering seemed like a good option.

Besides, my father and two uncles were engineers, as were

my grandfather and great grandfather, so its not surprising

that I was encouraged in that direction.

Her father, Dr. Charles Houska, was a metallurgy

professor; her mother taught economics. Catherine

received her undergraduate degree in metallurgical en-

gineering and materials science from Carnegie Mellon

University (Pittsburgh) and an MBA with an empha-

BuildingExpertise

Architectural consultant Catherine Houska takes pride in helping

make the world more stainless

U.S. Embassy in Beijing

Museum of Glass, Tacoma, Washington, U.S.A.

ew Bangkok International Airport

ntrance to 7 World Trade Centre

Main photo: Hyatt hotel in New York City

MORE INFORMATION:

www.stainlessarchitecture/houska

BankBoston in Brazil

Stainless Steel is an incredibly versatile material because of thebroad variety of its finishes and product forms. Unique char-acteristics make it suitable for a great many practical and aes-thetic applications. The only limitation is our imagination.



6/9

n ic ke l, vo l. 2 3, n o. 4 , s ep te mb er 2 00 8 n ic ke l, vo l. 2 3, n o. 4 , o ct ob er 2 00 8

MMESURFACEFINISHINg

WRTSILCORPORATION

ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/ALExANDRTOvSTENKO

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Mechanical nishing minimizes dirt retention and optimizes corrosion resistance

Withstanding the Test of TimeLife-cycle costing analysis rates stainless steel over alternatives

A Growing Opportunity for Nickelnewed interest in solid oxide fuel cells in Europe

Inspired by the successful performance of austenitic stainless steelstreet furniture, the city council of Melbourne, Southeastern Austra-

lia, recently conducted a life-cycle costing analysis. The results

show that stainless steel enables design exibility and ensures low

maintenance costs.

Using S30400 stainless steel instead of powder-coated steel signi-

cantly reduces ongoing maintenance costs, says Marika Mulqueen, one

of Australias most renowned industrial designers. A comparison found

that while stainless steel can initially cost more, but over a 20-year period,

maintenance costs can be up to 50% less than those for steel protected by

powder-coated paint. Maintenance involves a once-a-year pressure clean-

ing instead of regular repainting to repair scratched and peeling paint.

Scratches do not show up easily because the furniture is brushed stain-less steel. Unlike coatings, stainless steel is not prone to fading, she adds.

A case in point is the $10-million stainless steel revamp of the Bourke

Street Mall, a pedestrian and streetcar-only strip in Melbournes central

business district. The mall has a simple, clean, linear design.

MME Surface Finishing (Vic) Pty Ltd., a member of the Australian

Stainless Steel Development Association (ASSDA), provided smooth

mechanical nishing that minimizes dirt retention while optimizing-

corrosion resistance.

The Mall features new stainless steel seating, drinking fountains,

recycle bins, banner poles and a new t-out (shell space) for the street -

car zone.

Stainless steel was chosen because it essentially requires no main-

tenance when the correct surface nish is applied, says MME repre-

sentative John Bainbridge.

Among the other stainless steel architectural pieces in Melbourne

are commemorative totem poles fabricated by ASSDA member TRJ

Engineering of Southeastern Australia. The poles use grade S31600

stainless steel with a No. 4 polished nish. Each pole has a base con -

sisting of two rolled half-cylinders with LED lights mounted between

them. The cylinders were formed in a brake press which reduced the

risk of surface damage.

The Melbourne Technical Design Department has recommended

that all future street furniture commissioned by the council be made of

stainless steel.

MORE INFORMATION:

www.stainlessarchitecture.org/melbourne

esite the hye o aios eay e ce eeoes in the

0s, these eices cate ey itte o the eney sy ma-

recenty, howee, inteest in soi oxie e ces (SOFCs),

been owin, aticay in Eoe, whee they ae bein

o ecentaie owe eneation in iowatt to meawatt-

otts.

o this is oo news o nice, which is a siniicant com-

ent o SOFCs.

he caacity o SOFCs can ane om one iowatt o omes-

se (heat an owe) to seea meawatts o instia co-

eation an eecticity oction, accoin to a constant

y o the Nice Institte on the owin imotance o nice

he Eoean union. paces whee e ces hae been instae

e: hositas, isons, waste wate teatment ants, an

nactin.

he inceasin aaiabiity o eiabe an eicient e ce

nooy wi imoe the economic an enionmenta e-

mance o owe oction. In 2005, the eneation, tansmis-

an istibtion o owe, incin sies, acconte o

e than a miion jobs an contibte moe than 110 biion

os o oss ae ae to the Eus oss omestic oct.

y 2015, the oba maet o SOFC owe eneation is ex-

e to be ae at 11 biion Eos, o which the Eu eesents

t 3 biion Eos. Majo comanies enae in this ie in-

e Cean Tec an Siemens Ag in gemany, Cees powe an

s-royce c in the uk, Hao Tose A/S in denma, Saint-

ain SA in Fance, an Wtsi Cooation in Finan.

e ce is an eectochemica eice that conets the eney

ce by eactions between a e (sch as hyoen) an an

ant (sch as oxyen) iecty an continosy into eectica

y. lie a eectochemica ces, e ces hae two eec-

es a ositie anoe an a neatie cathoe.

In SOFCs, nice is tiie in the anoe as a nice-yttia sta-

biie iconia comosite. The nice comonent is nice oxie,

synthesie om eithe nice acetate o nice citate. The anoe

is constcte sin owe metay an eectochemica a-

o eosition technooies to oce a ayee, oos stc-

te in which the hyoen oxiation ocess can tae ace.

One o the aantaes o SOFCs is that they can oeate on a

wie ane o es. Since they oeate at hih temeates, es

can be eome within the anoe. So SOFCs can oeate not

ony on methane, oane o nata as, bt aso ases om e-

mentation o biomass asiication.

Anoe mateias mst be oos to oe a ey hih sace

aea o the oxiation eactions, etain eectica conctiity at

hih temeates an hae comatibe thema exansion oe-

ties. The nice-beain anoes meet a these eqiements with-ot sin costy ecios metas.

Fe ce owe eneatos enjoy seea namenta aan-

taes oe ae, centaie, conentiona owe aciities. Chie

amon these ae eate eney eiciency, which means owe

eenhose as emissions, an ecentaie eneation, which

aois on-istance tansmission ine osses.

SOFCs oie 50-65% eney eiciency, isin to 85% i

waste heat is se in a co-eneation system, comae with si-

niicanty owe taitiona steam an as tbine eiciencies in

the ane o 30-55%. Fthemoe, instain e ce owe ants

whee the owe wi be consme aois the owe osses an

caita costs associate with on-istance tansmission ines.

Fo a the aboe easons, SOFCs ae iey to ay a owin

oe in Eoean owe eneation, an that tansates into eate

eman o nice.

MORE INFORMATION:

www.nickelmagazine.org/eufuelcells

Greater energy eciency equals lower greenhouse gas emissions


7/9


ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/gEORgECLERK


n July 2008, over 3.1 million passengers passed through

the Miami Airport (MIA). By years end annual trafc

through the airport could exceed 34 million. Fortunately

the airport has used large amounts o stainless steel sheet

in its renovation and expansion projects. Tis should keep interior

suraces looking new while minimizing maintenance costs.

We chose stainless steel because its clean, easy to maintain,

and durable, says Carlos Jos, the airports assistant acilities

and landside manager.

Nickel-containing stainless steel, typically

S30400 or S31600, meets requirements

or nish materials in the airport terminal.

Tese include low lie-cycle cost (durability),

ease o maintenance, durability and saety,

according to James Armstrong, change

work assignment manager or Miami-based

Dade Aviation Consultants.

Says John Murphy, a principal o the

exas-based Corgan Associates, which is

the main executive architect or the MIA:

A terminal receives a tremendous amount

o wear -- much more than other public

buildings. Te materials chosen must

be durable and easy to clean. He adds that although other

materials are available, theyre typically more expensive then

stainless steel when maintenance costs are included.

extured stainless steel is desirable because it masks

ngerprints, small dents and scratches more eectively than

polished or satin nishes. In addition, textured stainless steels

high strength-to-weight ratio allows the use o thinner sheet.

Rimex Metals (USA) Inc. o New Jersey has supplied some

28,000 square metres o textured stainless steel to the airport

in the past three years. Bruce Kardos, the companys regional

sales manager, says the MIA needed to avoid shabbiness.

Passengers are terrible with walls. Oten, or example, youll

see a passenger talking on his cell phone w ith one oot propped

against a wall. And it shows immediately. Also, the walls are

regularly bumped by motorized carts and oor polishers.

Te use o stainless steel sheet on terminal walls is still

limited to wainscoting, but ull-height

stainless steel column covers have been used

or 10 years. Says Jos: Some people hit

these column covers pretty hard, and the

stainless steel will sometimes get a dent,

but we can repair dents by pulling them

out with suction cups. Fibreglass column

covers, on the other hand, oten have to be

pulled o and thrown away. We would like

to replace all o these with stainless.

He stresses that stainless steel contributes

to a terminals aesthetics: Its smooth,

gives a sense o richness, creates a good

atmosphere, and comes in many dierent

nishes and product orms. In short, it adds a touch o class.

Other applications o nickel-containing stainless steel at

MIA include walls, oors and doors or elevator cabs, rail trim

or escalators, handrails, guard-rails, counter trim, baggage

scales, ight inormation display racks, trash receptacles, and

plant holders.

iami International Airport

Ready for Heavy

TRAFFIC

Low Maintenance,high recycle contentand recycleability at theend of life give austeniticstainless steel the leg up inairport interiors.

ckel-containing stainless steels reduce wear and tear on architectural design elements

MORE INFORMATION:

www.stainlessarchitecture.org/miami

High trafc areas call or stainlesssteels durability

I

Architectural design elements made with austenitic stainlesssteels are low-maintenance and highly durable

I expect the stainless steel to last as long as the terminals - 30 to 40 years. - Carlos Jos

RIMExMETALS(USA)INC.

extured S30400 stainless steelmasks ngerprints and small dents.


8/9

n ic ke l, vo l. 2 3, n o. 4 , o ct ob er 2 00 8 n ic ke l, vo l. 2 3, n o. 4 , o ct ob er 2 00 8

Ns d t o wdy d d of n d n on foow:

C o m i n g E v E n T s

The United Nations Climate Chane Conerence will be held in Poznan, Poland Decem-

ber 1-12, 2008. Participants are expected to aree to a plan o action to implement

the Kyoto Protocol with urther neotiations expected in 2009. The Nickel Institute

will have a presence at that conerence as one o several sponsors o an international

communications proram produced by Sustainable Development International, which

is operated by the Henley Media group o London. It is endorsed by the United Na-

tions Environment Proram (UNEP) and is desined to assist the private and public

sectors to achieve carbon neutrality by providin practical actions to reduce lobal

carbon ootprints. The proram includes a publication called Climate Action, which

was launched in December 2007 at the UN climate chane conerence in Bali. The

next issue will be distributed at the Poznan conerence. This maazine will eature an

article by Nickel Institute President Stephen Barnett on how nickel production is an in-

vestment that society makes in order to create innovative ways to reduce reenhouse

as emissions (throuh the many applications o nickel-containin materials). For more

inormation on the conerence, see http://unccc.int/meetins/items/2654.php.

For inormation on Climate Action, see http://www.climateactionproramme.or/

Nickel liFe cYcle tOur In the frst week o November 2008, a roup o EU reu-

lators will tour our acilities in Finland that specialize in the minin, processin,

usin and re-usin o nickel. Sponsored by the Nickel Institute, the two-day visit

is the frst in a series o tours planned or 2009 that will demonstrate to reu-

lators the socio-economic benefts that nickel brins to the European Union.

The tours will also introduce reulators to the key players at the Nickel Institute.

For more inormation, see [email protected]

FOOD cONgress Eric Partinton, a consultant or the Nickel Institute will be present

a paper entitled Selection o Materials or Equipment in Contact with Food EHEDg

guideline No. 32 at the First European Food Conress which will be held Nov. 4-9, 2008

in Ljubljana, Slovenia. For more inormation, please see: http://www.oodconress.eu/

petrOchemical WOrkshOpsNickel Institute Consultants Don Banoli and Don Tillack

will present a series o petrochemical workshops in India in December. The workshops

are oranized by Ramesh gopal o the Nickel Institutes ofce in New Delhi, India. Dr. A.K.

Lahiri , a Nickel Institute consultant in India, will also par ticipate in the workshop series.

For more inormation, please contact: [email protected]

hYgieNic prOcess eQuipmeNt Weldin and construction o hyienic pro-

cess equipment in six industries -- pharmaceutical, bio-technoloy, semiconduct-

or, personal care, ood and beverae, and dairy processin -- will be the topic

o a 2-day conerence in New Orleans, U.S.A., February 10-12, 2009. The Weld-

in Research Council-EUROWELD conerence is sponsored by the Materials

Technoloy Institute, the Nickel Institute, 3-A Sanitary Standards, and ASMEBPE. gary Coates, technical director o the Nickel Institute, will chair a ses-

sion on hyienic industry materials. In addition, Nickel Institute consultants Ri-

chard Avery and Donald Tillack will present papers. For more inormation, see

http://www.orenineers.or/conerences/WRC_CONFERENCE_BROCHURE%20.pd

cOrrOsiON 2009 cONFereNce Nace International will hold its annual corrosion

convention and tradeshow in Atlanta, georia, March 22-26, 2009. This annual event

or corrosion proessionals combines technical and research symposia, meetins,

orums, networkin and social events and a hue trade show o exhibitors. O par-

ticular interest to the users o nickel alloys are sessions on bio-uels corrosion, refn-

in industry cor rosion, recent experiences with corrosion-resistant materials, marine

corrosion, hih temperature concerns, and corrosion in the pulp and paper industry.

For more inormation, see http://events.nace.or/conerences/c2009/index.asp

oy a b c c co c c F mn mo N N N p p s s sn ti V W zn z O

0400 - - 0.08 - - 18.00- - - 2.00 - - - 8.00- 0.045 - 0.030 1.00 - - - - - - -6,12, 13 max 20.00 max 10.50 max m ax max

0403 - - 0.03 - - 18.00- - - 2.00 - - - 8.00- 0.045 - 0.030 1.00 - - - - - - -max 20.00 max 12.00 max m ax max

1600 - - 0.08 - - 16.0- - - 2.00 2 .00- - - 10.00- 0.045 - 0.030 1.00 - - - - - - -7,11,12 max 18.0 max 3.00 14.00 max max max

1603 - - 0.030 - - 16.0- - - 2.00 2.00- - - 10.00- 0.045 - 0.030 1.00 - - - - - - -max 18.0 max 3.00 14.00 max max max

2205 - - 0.030 - - 22.0- - - 2.00 3.00- - 0.14- 4.50- 0.030 - 0.020 1.00 - - - - - - -max 23.0 max 3.50 0.20 6.50 max max max

2000 - - over - - 12.0- - - 1.00 - - - - 0.040 - 0.030 1.00 - - - - - - -0.15 14.0 max max max max

DESIgNEDBYMARKCROzIER

JSSA

xainin how the attibtes o nice enabe esoce-ecient esin is not an easy tas.

natey, a concise, tastey istate boche ecenty bishe by the Nice Institte

ains, in cea tems, how nice oes jst that.

he boche emonstates how nice is essentia in as tbines those sohisticate ieces

machiney that ae se to eneate eecticity om bio-ases oce by an waste.

A hotoah o a 75-yea-o concete ie in the g o Mexico shows how nice-con-

in stainess stee einocin ba can be se to ceate on-astin, abe inastcte.

eaes aso ean that nice-containin stainess stees ae the eenabe mateia o

ice in the oo ocessin insty (sin oi sees an the asteiation o mi as is-

e exames), owin to thei stenth, abiity, tohness an hyienic qaities.

he boche istates two exames o enin achitecta anmas: the Chyse Bi-

n New Yo City an the Qebec City Bie, bit in 1929 an 1917, esectiey. Sti in se

y, they exemiy the abiity an eenabiity o nice-containin stainess stees.

asty, the boche emins the eae that mateias that contain nice can be y e-

e. On aeae, stainess stees toay contain 60% ecyce mateia, an that ecentae is

easin yea by yea.The boche is ee to ses o nice-containin mateias an is iea

commnications oams esine to istate the attibtes o nice. It is aaiabe om

Nice Institte.

he Nice Institte aticiates in many

nica coneences, woshos an sem-

thohot the yea. Foowin ae a ew

nt exames.

he Nice Instittes Technica diecto,

oe, d. pete Cte esente a ae

he se o nice stainess stees aicas

e Innoatie Stainess Stee Aications

ansot vehices (INSApTrANS) sem-

he in Bein on Setembe 25, 2008.

esentation was one in conjnction

with Aceo an ISEr, the geman stain-

ess stee eeoment association. A simia

esentation was aso ien in association

with Id Inox, the Fench stainess stee e-

eoment association on Setembe 30.

New an eise woin o aios sec-

tions o the ASME Biopocessin Eqi-

ment stanas, incin stanas on

oin an sace nishes, wee aoe

at a ecent meetin. Nice Institte Const-

ant richa Aey aticiate in the meet-

in an wi chai a new sbcommittee on

inin/oishin/bn. These isses ae

imotant becase they wi aow stainess

oces an ses to mae cost-eectie

eqiment o stainess stee.

Nice Institte Constant B ross

chaie a session an aso esente a ae

at the 17th Intenationa Coosion Cone-

ence he Oct. 6-10 in las veas, Neaa,

u.S.A. The coneence was sbtite Co-

osion Conto in the Seice o Society an

oie a om o eain intenationa

coosion eseaches to et toethe an ex-

chane ieas.

Nice Institte Technica diecto gay

Coates ae a ta at the Noth Abeta sec-

tion o the Ameican Wein Societys one

ay coneence, he Oct. 17 in Emonton,

Abeta, Canaa. This section coes the aea

whee mch o the ta sans eeoment is

enineee an tain ace. His esenta-

tion was entite Wein Consieations

o Coosie Seice Aications, an in-

ce the imotant oe o nice in main

stainess aoys moe oiin to wein

ocesses.

Fo aitiona inomation on any o these

coneences, ease contact:

[email protected]

Mark Mistry has joine the Nice Insti-

tte as Eu diecto Sstainabiity. He wi

be esonsibe o manain the Bsiness

Aocacy oams not eate to rEACH.

Ma has extensie exeience in the Eo-

ean union enionmenta heath an sae-

ty mattes. peiosy he was emoye by

Eometax an Noetsche Aneie.

He wi be base in the Nice Institte o-

ce in Bsses.

Dr. Tara Lyons-Darden has joine the

Nice poces Enionmenta reseach

Association (NipErA) as Scientic Tech-

nica Wite. d. daens octoate is in

athooy an aboatoy meicine om

the uniesity o Noth Caoina at Chae

Hi. He scientic bacon inces

eseach in cacinoenesis, toxicooy,

biomaes, athooy an moeca bio-

oy. d. daen iecte he caee towa

scientic/meia witin ate nishin he

ost-octoa sties at de uniesity

an then the u.S. EpA. She wi be base

in the NipErA oce in raihy-dham,

Noth Caoina.

Alex Gao has joine the Nice Instittes

oce in Beijin as Nice Aications

Manae. Christine Li has aso joine

Nice Institte Beijin as Oce Aminis-

tation Assistant.

: enn sny

onfn pnon y N in

rnaonn

Ni

NickelEnab l i ng Sustainabi l i ty

@www.nn.o

n subscribe to Nickel Maazine ree o

chare and receive an e-mail notice when a

new issue is posted online.

www.nickelonline.or/subscriben iN 7 laNguages, read Nickel Maazine

online. Chinese, Japanese, Russian,

French, german and Spanish.

www.nickelmaazine.or/lanuae

n search back issues o Nickel Maa-

zine rom our online archive, oin back to

June 1998.

www.nickelmaazine.or/archive

n Watch nine short nickel videos on You

Tube. Search or Nickel Institute and

visit the Nickel Institute Channel. Includes

our new Climate Action video, three BBC

World commercials and three recyclable

stainless steel commercials.

www.youtube.com/user/NickelInstitute


9/9

New York Citys subway cars prove useul even ater retirement

Fish Condos rest in marine ree sites along Eastern seaboard

I

STOCKPHOTO.COM/DENNISSABO

NEWY

ORKMETROPOLITANTRANSITAUTHORITY

MORE INFORMATION:

www.nickelmagazine.org/subwaycars

bdn On eoy

At a time when sca eaes cant et thei hanson enoh stainess stee, it seems sisin that

New Yo is min its sbway cas into the ocean

to see as aticia ees. That is, nti yo consie

the cost an hman heath iss o ecycin them.

New Yo Citys Metooitan Tansit Athoity

(MTA) has been sinin its etie sbway cas to

oie sh conos o yeas. As a est, 1,269

rebi cabon stee cas est on maine ee sites a

aon the Easten seaboa. Now the st eneation

o cas ca in 2 tonnes o S30100 an S30200 stain-

ess stee ae joinin them.

Thee is cetainy a ot o saaeabe meta on these

cas bt to et them om o oety to a ace whee they can be awy emeiate wo be a ey costy

eneao, says Mie zacchea, assistant chie oeations oce o the MTA.

The biest obem is the asbestos that ines the foo

an was o the cas. Whie asbestos is not a ane n-

ewate, ecations wo hae to be taen i the cas

wee ismante aboeon. The cas aso contain

othe mateias that cannot be eaiy ecyce inc-

in ass, beass an astic.

Wee chosen a sotion we thin is enionmentay

ositie, says zacchea. An becase the cas ae ca

in stainess stee, thei stcta inteity wi emain

intact one than the cabon cas that ae aeay on

these ees.

The ie estimate is 30-40 yeas o the stainess stee

cas comae to 15- 25 yeas o the cabon stee cas.

nickel magazine out 2008 vol 23 number 4

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