ni and cr part 3

8/9/2019 ni and cr part 3

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A New Movement

Develops

As White America continued to resist theCivil Rights Movement violently, manyAfrican-Americans turned to a newmovement of violence to solve theirproblems.

This new movement was known as theBlack Power Movement.

One of the leading spokesmen for thismovement was Malcolm X who was amember of the Nation of Islam.

One of the major groups in themovement was the Black Panther Party.

SNCC switched over to more violentmethods to achieve their goals.

Race riots broke out throughout thecountry, including northern cities whoselower class African-Americans saw littlebenefit from the campaigns to endSouthern segregation.


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The Two sides of the Civil Rights

Movement

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4qrGWRb

Ung&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zc2R1Mq4

JNw&NR=1


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Little Rock School

Integration

Most famous example of the battle

over desegregation

9 African-Americans attempted to go

to school but were kept out by

members of the Arkansas National

Guard and an angry mob.

Eventually President Eisenhower called

in the 101st Airborne troops to escort

the students into the school and

protect them throughout the year.

The case was important because it

showed the leaders of Southern

States, many of whom had been

resisting desegregation, that the

government was willing to use force to

back up the Supreme Court ruling on

desegregation.


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Freedom Rides

A group of Civil Rights activists got

together and decided to ride through

the South to test the Supreme Court

ruling banning segregation in bus and

train stations(1961).

The riders were met with violence and

brutality that included beatings and

setting one bus on fire.

The violence led to more publicity, and

several more attempts at the freedom

rides occurred until the Interstate

Commerce Commission stepped in and

banned segregation in bus and trainstations .


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What did the Civil Rights Movement

Accomplish The Civil Rights Act of 1964 forbade discrimination in hiring practices based on

race or sex and created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to

regulate fair hiring practices.

Voting rights Act of 1965 restored fair election processes.

Fair Housing Act of 1968 banned discrimination in the selling of houses and giving

of housing loans.

Desegregation in schools and public facilities


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Factors that led to success

Strong leadership and the

commitment of African-

American community

Violent reaction of White leaders

shocked Americans and forced the

government to respond.

The United States wanted to be

viewed as the champion of equality

and as the good country in the Cold

War, which was difficult with the clear

hardships faced by African-Americans

and the violence against African-

Americans shown in the news.


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Impact of the Black Power

Movement

While the Black Power Movement

definitely increased Black pride and

helped spur a strong commitment to

Black heritage and independence, it is

tough to figure out the impact it had

on the Civil Rights Movement as a

whole.

Americans have glorified Martin

Luther King Jr. and the nonviolent

movement as a whole, while giving

little thought to the impact of the

violent section of the movement.

Would the success of Kings methodhave occurred without the violent

rhetoric of the Black Power

Movement?

Does nonviolence need violence?


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Civil Disobedience works best when it

is met with violence. It is under this

circumstance that the most publicity is

given to the inequities being fought

against.

In every situation where nonviolence

has been used successfully, there has

been another group of people fighting

for the same cause who either

advocated for or used violence trying

to accomplish the same goal.

So, is Civil Disobedience able to create

change in a vacuum?

What does Northern Ireland say about

the relationship?


10/31

The Civil Rights Movement moves to

Northern Ireland


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Beginnings

Inspired by the Civil Rights Movement inAmerica and the student protestmovements across Europe, theNorthern Ireland Civil RightsAssociation(NICRA) was formed in 1967.

Led by young Catholics who had finallybeen allowed to go to college

Consisted of housing activists, socialists,nationalists, unionists, republicans,students, trade unionists and politicalrepresentatives

Hoped to use Civil Disobedience to gainrights

Would unintentionally lead to the timeperiod known as the Troubles


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Response

The civil rights marchers were oftenbeaten and sometimes not allowed tomarch at all due to the fact that theydid not have a permit to march.

The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC)was particularly brutal in beating themarchers in Derry(Londonderry).

Violence between the Catholics andProtestants increased.

Protestants raided and burnedCatholic houses along the Falls Road inBelfast.

Catholics attacked and petrol bombedRUC forces during the march of theApprentice Boys near the Bogside inDerry.


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The conflict in the Bogside led to

demonstrations throughout Belfast

and violence ensued.

The British sent troops into Northern

Ireland to restore peace.

Initially the troops were welcomed by

Catholics.

These feelings did not last long andsoon the army was viewed as an

extension of Protestant rule.

This was especially clear in Derry

where a peace ring was set up and

access to the bogside was restricted

and could only be reached through

military checkpoints.


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IRA

The Irish Republican Army (IRA)

reappeared as a strong force in

Northern Ireland during the

Troubles.

The IRA split into the Official IRA and

the Provisional IRA or Provos.

The Provos fought for Irish

independence and would use any

means necessary to promote their

cause, including bombings and

shootings.

The IRA was responsible for a numberof murders during this time period.

The actions of the IRA would lead to

the policy of internment.


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Internment

Internment was created to help

control the IRA; instead it would

increase opposition to the British and

support for the IRA.

Internment allowed the authorities to

arrest anyone they viewed as being a

Terrorist and hold them without trial.

Although the Protestants also had

paramilitary groups, the policy of

internment was used overwhelmingly

on the IRA, which meant against the

Catholics, which fueled their hatred for

Great Britain and their desire forindependence.

Once in custody, torture was used to

get confessions of guilt or to find other

members of the IRA.


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The Point of No Return:

Bloody Sunday

The initial response to internment was

a series of riots that led to the deaths

of 13 participants.

The Catholics continued to protest the

ban on marches as well as the policy of

Internment.

A large protest march was planned in

Derry on January 30th 1972.

The IRA agreed to avoid the march so

that it would remain peaceful.

British soldiers were sent to keep the

march from turning into a riot. but

responded to the march by throwing

teargas and then shooting at the

protestors.


17/31

http://www.youtube.com/

watch?v=thAclv48vB0&feat

ure=related


watch?v=KY0sgIbSBwA

13 civilians were killed in the attack.

Initially the soldiers claimed that they

had been fired at and that they had

found weapons .

An initial investigation into the event

sided with the soldiers while admitting

that their behavior bordered on beingreckless.

Tony Blair launched another

investigation which showed the

Catholic view of the events to be

correct, but did not call for the

conviction of the soldiers.


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Impact of Bloody Sunday

Bloody Sunday led to further hatred of

the British soldiers in Northern Ireland.

It also made the IRA into heroes and

increased the number of youths who

entered into the IRA.

It led to the British suspending the

government in Northern Ireland and

the beginning of direct rule from

London.

It painted a picture that the Catholic

cause was just in the international

community.


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Images of Bloody Sunday


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IRA Activity Heats Up

The IRA increased its bombing

campaign and expanded the scope to

include mainland England.

These attacks naturally led to the

deaths of civilians, angering many

people.

From the 1960s to 2000 it is estimated

that the IRA was responsible for the

deaths of over 1800 people.


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Special Prisoner Status

and the Hunger Strikes

Up until 1976 people who were

imprisoned for political reasons were

given the status of special prisoners.

This meant they were allowed to wear

their own clothes and were exempt

from work duties.

In 1976 this status was taken from

them.

The prisoners responded with an

escalation of protests.

First came the blanket protest where

the prisoners wore blankets instead of

their issued prisoner uniforms.


23/31

The Dirty Protest


watch?v=F4QDHYW7DP8&

NR=1&feature=fvwpThe blanket protest escalated into thedirty protest when prisoners would

not leave their cells to go to the

bathroom or shower due to fears of

being beaten. They started to smear

their excrement all over their cells and

to urinate on their floors.

When prisoners still received no

satisfaction from the British

government, the Dirty Protest

escalated into the Hunger Strikes.


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Hunger Strikes

7 prisoners started out on the HungerStrikes, but went off of them when itappeared the 5 demands would bemet by the British Government.

When the apparent agreement did notmaterialize, a new group of hungerstrikes began.

These strikes were led by Bobby Sands.While on the strike, Sands ran for andwas elected MP for South Tyrone.

Some hoped that his new politicaloffice would force Margaret Thatcherto meet the demands of the prisonersand thus end the Hunger Strikes.

Concessions never came, and Sandsdied on the 65th day of his fast.


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The Strikes Continue

Nine more prisoners would die during

the strikes, but the prisoners never

gained the concessions they were

seeking.

The strikes came to an end because

family members started to take the

strikers off the strike when they weretoo weak to speak for themselves.


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Memories and Words of the Hunger

Strike


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ni and cr part 3

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