DIRECTING

NCM 105

Nursing Leadership amp Management

Directing

bull Getting the work done through others

bull Giving orders and directions to others to attain quality patient care

bull It is the issuance of orders assignments and instructions that enable the nursing personnel to understand what are expected of them

Elements of Directing

bull Delegation

The process by which a manager assigns specific tasks duties to workers with commensurate authority to perform the job

bull Two Criteria ndash ability of the worker to carry-out the task amp fairness not only to the employee but to the team as a whole

Principles of Delegation

bull Select the person to whom the job is delegated

bull Delegate both interesting and uninteresting tasks

bull Provide subordinates with enough time to learn

bull Delegate gradually

bull Delegate in advance

bull Consult before delegating

bull Avoid gaps and overlaps

Matters that cannot be delegated

bull Overall responsibility authority and accountability for satisfactory completion of all activities in the unit

bull Authority to sign onersquos name is never delegated

bull Evaluating the staff and or taking necessary corrective or disciplinary action

bull Responsibility for maintaining morale or the opportunity to say a few words of encouragement to the staff especially the new ones

bull Jobs that are too technical and those that involve trust and confidence

Nursing Care Assignment

bull Functional Nursing

bull Total Care or Case Nursing

bull Team Nursing

bull Primary Nursing

Other Nursing Assignments

bull Modular Method

bull Case Management

bull Utilizing Revising Updating Nursing Service Policies and Procedures

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Directing

bull Getting the work done through others

bull Giving orders and directions to others to attain quality patient care

bull It is the issuance of orders assignments and instructions that enable the nursing personnel to understand what are expected of them

Elements of Directing

bull Delegation

The process by which a manager assigns specific tasks duties to workers with commensurate authority to perform the job

bull Two Criteria ndash ability of the worker to carry-out the task amp fairness not only to the employee but to the team as a whole

Principles of Delegation

bull Select the person to whom the job is delegated

bull Delegate both interesting and uninteresting tasks

bull Provide subordinates with enough time to learn

bull Delegate gradually

bull Delegate in advance

bull Consult before delegating

bull Avoid gaps and overlaps

Matters that cannot be delegated

bull Overall responsibility authority and accountability for satisfactory completion of all activities in the unit

bull Authority to sign onersquos name is never delegated

bull Evaluating the staff and or taking necessary corrective or disciplinary action

bull Responsibility for maintaining morale or the opportunity to say a few words of encouragement to the staff especially the new ones

bull Jobs that are too technical and those that involve trust and confidence

Nursing Care Assignment

bull Functional Nursing

bull Total Care or Case Nursing

bull Team Nursing

bull Primary Nursing

Other Nursing Assignments

bull Modular Method

bull Case Management

bull Utilizing Revising Updating Nursing Service Policies and Procedures

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Elements of Directing

bull Delegation

The process by which a manager assigns specific tasks duties to workers with commensurate authority to perform the job

bull Two Criteria ndash ability of the worker to carry-out the task amp fairness not only to the employee but to the team as a whole

Principles of Delegation

bull Select the person to whom the job is delegated

bull Delegate both interesting and uninteresting tasks

bull Provide subordinates with enough time to learn

bull Delegate gradually

bull Delegate in advance

bull Consult before delegating

bull Avoid gaps and overlaps

Matters that cannot be delegated

bull Overall responsibility authority and accountability for satisfactory completion of all activities in the unit

bull Authority to sign onersquos name is never delegated

bull Evaluating the staff and or taking necessary corrective or disciplinary action

bull Responsibility for maintaining morale or the opportunity to say a few words of encouragement to the staff especially the new ones

bull Jobs that are too technical and those that involve trust and confidence

Nursing Care Assignment

bull Functional Nursing

bull Total Care or Case Nursing

bull Team Nursing

bull Primary Nursing

Other Nursing Assignments

bull Modular Method

bull Case Management

bull Utilizing Revising Updating Nursing Service Policies and Procedures

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Principles of Delegation

bull Select the person to whom the job is delegated

bull Delegate both interesting and uninteresting tasks

bull Provide subordinates with enough time to learn

bull Delegate gradually

bull Delegate in advance

bull Consult before delegating

bull Avoid gaps and overlaps

Matters that cannot be delegated

bull Overall responsibility authority and accountability for satisfactory completion of all activities in the unit

bull Authority to sign onersquos name is never delegated

bull Evaluating the staff and or taking necessary corrective or disciplinary action

bull Responsibility for maintaining morale or the opportunity to say a few words of encouragement to the staff especially the new ones

bull Jobs that are too technical and those that involve trust and confidence

Nursing Care Assignment

bull Functional Nursing

bull Total Care or Case Nursing

bull Team Nursing

bull Primary Nursing

Other Nursing Assignments

bull Modular Method

bull Case Management

bull Utilizing Revising Updating Nursing Service Policies and Procedures

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

bull Delegate in advance

bull Consult before delegating

bull Avoid gaps and overlaps

Matters that cannot be delegated

bull Overall responsibility authority and accountability for satisfactory completion of all activities in the unit

bull Authority to sign onersquos name is never delegated

bull Evaluating the staff and or taking necessary corrective or disciplinary action

bull Responsibility for maintaining morale or the opportunity to say a few words of encouragement to the staff especially the new ones

bull Jobs that are too technical and those that involve trust and confidence

Nursing Care Assignment

bull Functional Nursing

bull Total Care or Case Nursing

bull Team Nursing

bull Primary Nursing

Other Nursing Assignments

bull Modular Method

bull Case Management

bull Utilizing Revising Updating Nursing Service Policies and Procedures

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Matters that cannot be delegated

bull Overall responsibility authority and accountability for satisfactory completion of all activities in the unit

bull Authority to sign onersquos name is never delegated

bull Evaluating the staff and or taking necessary corrective or disciplinary action

bull Responsibility for maintaining morale or the opportunity to say a few words of encouragement to the staff especially the new ones

bull Jobs that are too technical and those that involve trust and confidence

Nursing Care Assignment

bull Functional Nursing

bull Total Care or Case Nursing

bull Team Nursing

bull Primary Nursing

Other Nursing Assignments

bull Modular Method

bull Case Management

bull Utilizing Revising Updating Nursing Service Policies and Procedures

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

bull Responsibility for maintaining morale or the opportunity to say a few words of encouragement to the staff especially the new ones

bull Jobs that are too technical and those that involve trust and confidence

Nursing Care Assignment

bull Functional Nursing

bull Total Care or Case Nursing

bull Team Nursing

bull Primary Nursing

Other Nursing Assignments

bull Modular Method

bull Case Management

bull Utilizing Revising Updating Nursing Service Policies and Procedures

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Nursing Care Assignment

bull Functional Nursing

bull Total Care or Case Nursing

bull Team Nursing

bull Primary Nursing

Other Nursing Assignments

bull Modular Method

bull Case Management

bull Utilizing Revising Updating Nursing Service Policies and Procedures

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Other Nursing Assignments

bull Modular Method

bull Case Management

bull Utilizing Revising Updating Nursing Service Policies and Procedures

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

bull Utilizing Revising Updating Nursing Service Policies and Procedures

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Supervision

bull Comes from the word ldquosuperviderdquo ndash ldquoto oversee or view directly

bull It is providing guidelines for the accomplishment of the task or activity with initial direction and periodic inspection

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Qualities of Good Supervision

bull Good technical managerial and human relation skills

bull Ability to communicate well in both spoken and written language ability to listen

bull Firmness with flexibility to adjust to the needs of the situation

bull Fairness in dealing with employees

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

bull Familiarity with hospital and nursing policies that affect patient care

bull Good decision-making skillsbull Willingness to grow and developbull Ability to accept changes and

consider them as challenges

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

bull Dignified and pleasing personality

bull Ability to motivate employees and provide opportunities for continuing professional growth and development and

bull Advocacy for nurses and nursing

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Principles of Good supervision

bull Good supervision required adequate planning and organization which facilitate cooperation coordination and synchronization of services

bull Good supervision gives autonomy to workers depending on their competency personality and commitment

bull Good supervision stimulates the workerrsquos ambition to grow into effectiveness

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

bull Good supervision creates an atmosphere of cordiality and trust

bull Good supervision considers the strengths and weaknesses of employees

bull Good supervision strives to make the unit an effective learning situation

bull Good supervision considers equal distribution of work considering age physical condition and competence

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Techniques in Supervision

bull Participatory Management

bull Leading

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

LEADING

bull TO GUIDE TO GO BEFORE AND SHOW THE WAY

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP

bull Nhelia S Bantildeaga ndash Perez RN MSNbull Northeastern College ndash Nursing Depatmentbull Santiago City Philippines 3311

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Leadership

A subject that provokes many questions

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Important Questions

ndash Why do some leaders inspirendash How do some leaders create empiresndash How can some losers come to occupy places

of great powerndash Why do some followers suddenly reject their

leadersndash Why are some followers willing to give their

lives for the leader

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

WHO COULD BE A LEADER

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Or You can be

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

The word leadership can refer to

bull The process of leading

bull Those entities that perform one or more acts of leading

bull The ability to affect human behavior so as to accomplish a mission designated by the leader

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Leadership Qualities

1 Humilitybull It is often found in the most effective

leaders including Pope John Paul II and Abraham Lincoln

2 Integrityndash Leaders in different industries and cultures

can and do spar over the rules but integrity is the bedrock characteristic of straight dealing If you lose your integrity you lose everything

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Leadership Qualities

3 Decisivenessbull A leaders ability to step up and make

decisions even if its deciding only when consensus has been reached and its time to act

4 Take riskbull Leaders have the courage to act in

situations where results arenrsquot assured Theyrsquore willing to risk failure

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Leadership Qualities

5 Emotional resonancebull This is the ability to grasp what motivates

others and use it to inspire them into action

6 Build Teamsbull Leaders create productive teams that draw

the best from people They effectively coach teams in collaboration consensus building and conflict resolution

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Leadership Qualities

7 Self-knowledgendash This valuable trait will protect you from

overreaching

8 Passionndash Fortunately this trait is prized and

encouraged in Filipino life If you are passionate about something thats where you will lead

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Leadership Qualities9 Convictionbull All leaders everywhere

believe in what theyre doing

10 Dedicationbull Dedication means spending

whatever time and energy on a task is required to get the job done rather than giving it whatever time you have available

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Leadership Qualities11 Magnanimitybull A magnanimous person gives

credit where it is due It also means being gracious in defeat and allowing others who are defeated to retain their dignity

12 Opennessbull Openness means being able to

listen to ideas that are outside ones current mental models being able to suspend judgement until after one has heard someone elses ideas

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

13 Energetic

Possesses a striking physical personality

14 Objectivity

possesses a sense of purpose and direction

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

15 Linguist

has the power of ready speech

16 Intelligent versatile and has a sense of humor

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Other Qualities

bull Performance

Demonstrates success in carrying out the duties of the leadership position or the duties necessary to successfully complete the project andor activity

bull Vision

Demonstrates ability to provide direction for the organization

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

bull Initiative

Demonstrates ability to take the lead in meeting organizational goals

bull Commitment

Demonstrates reliability and dedication to accomplish the goals and objectives of the organization or the unique service objectives related to service learning Dedication and implementation and organization of community service events

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

bull Character

Use of good judgment reflected in all activities Performance vision and initiative above the norm in service activities Character may also be revealed by an individualrsquos ability to overcome physical andor environmental handicaps

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders

bull Intellectual technical and administrative skills

bull Integrity honesty ability to work with others

bull Tact and emotional stabilitybull Ability to win the support and loyalty of

fellow-workersbull Good human relationships with co-

workers

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

What leadership style work best for me andmy organization

bull There are many leadership styles from which to choose

bull Different styles were needed for different situations and each leader needed to know when to exhibit a particular approach

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Basic Leadership Style

bull Autocratic

bull Bureaucratic

bull Laissez-faire

bull Democratic

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Autocratic Leadership Style

bull bull The classical approachbull bull Manager retains as much

power and decision making

authority as possiblebull bull Does not consult staff nor

allowed to give any inputbull bull Staff expected to obey

orders without receiving any

explanationsbull bull Structured set of rewards

and punishments

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

bull Greatly criticized during the past 30 years

bull bull Gen X staff highly resistant

bull bull Autocratic leadersbull bull Rely on threats and

punishment to influencestaffbull bull Do not trust staffbull bull Do not allow for

employee input

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Not all bad

bull bull Sometimes the most effective style to usebull bull Whenbull 1048713 New untrained staff do not know which tasks to perform or which procedures to followbull 1048713 Effective supervision provided only through detailed orders and instructionsbull 1048713 Staff do not respond to any other leadership stylebull 1048713 Limited time in which to make a decisionbull 1048713 A managerrsquos power challenged by staffbull 1048713 Work needs to be coordinated with another department or organization

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Should not be used

bull bull When

bull 1048713 Staff become tense fearful or resentful

bull 1048713 Staff expect their opinions heard

bull 1048713 Staff depend on their manager to make all their decisions

bull 1048713 Low staff morale high turnover and absenteeism and work stoppage

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Bureaucratic Leadership Style

bull bull Manages ldquoby the bookumlbull bull Everything done

according to procedure or policy

bull bull If not covered by the book referred to the next level above

bull bull A police officer not a leader

bull bull Enforces the rules

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Most effective

bull When

bull 1048713 Staff performing routine tasks over and over

bull 1048713 Staff need to understand certain standards or procedures

bull 1048713 Safety or security training conducted

bull 1048713 Staff performing tasks that require handling cash

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Ineffective

bull When

bull 1048713 Work habits form that are hard to break especially if they are no longer useful

bull 1048713 Staff lose their interest in their jobs and in their co-workers

bull 1048713 Staff do only what is expected of them and no more

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Democratic Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as participative style

bull bull Encourages staff to be a part of the decision making

bull bull Keeps staff informed about everything that affects their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibilities

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

The Leader

bull A coach who has the final say but gathers information from staff before making a decision

bull bull Produce high quality and high quantity work for long periods of time

bull bull Staff like the trust they receive and respond with cooperation team spirit and high morale

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

The Democratic Leader

bull Develops plans to help staff evaluate their own performance

bull bull Allows staff to establish goals

bull bull Encourages staff to grow on the job and be promoted

bull bull Recognizes and encourages

achievement

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Most Effective

bull bull Whenbull Wants to keep staff informed about matters that affect

thembull Wants staff to share in decision-making and problem-

solving dutiesbull Wants to provide opportunities for staff to develop a high

sense of personal growth and job satisfactionbull A large or complex problem that requires lots of input to

solve bull Changes must be made or problems solved that affect

staffbull Want to encourage team building and participation

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Democratic leadershipshould not be used when hellipbull bull Not enough time to get everyonersquos input

bull bull Easier and more cost-effective for the manager to make the decision

bull bull Canrsquot afford mistakes

bull bull Manager feels threatened by this type of leadership

bull bull Staff safety is a critical concern

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Laissez-Faire Leadership Style

bull bull Also known as the ldquohands-offuml style

bull bull The manager provides little or no direction and gives staff as much freedom as possible

bull bull All authority or power given to the staff and they determine goals make decisions and resolve problems on their own

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

An effective style to use hellipbull bull Staff highly skilled

experienced and educated

bull bull Staff have pride in their work and the drive to do it successfully on their own

bull bull Outside experts such as staff specialists or consultants used

bull bull Staff trustworthy and experienced

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Should not be used

bull bull Staff feel insecure at the unavailability of a manager

bull bull The manager cannot provide regular feedback to staff on how well they are doing

bull bull Managers unable to thank staff for their good work

bull bull The manager doesnrsquot understand his or her responsibilities and hoping the staff cover for him or her

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Other Leadership Styles

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theorytrait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs

bull The hierarchical effectbull A key aspect of the model is the hierarchical

nature of the needs The lower the needs in the hierarchy the more fundamental they are and the more a person will tend to abandon the higher needs in order to pay attention to sufficiently meeting the lower needs For example when we are ill we care little for what others think about us all we want is to get better

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

As we constantly are predicting likely futures we create expectations about future events If things seem reasonably likely and attractive we know how to get there and we believe we can make the difference then this will motivate us to act to make this future come true Motivation is thus a combination of

Valence The value of the perceived outcome (Whats in it for me)

Instrumentality The belief that if I complete certain actions then I will achieve the outcome (Clear path)

Expectancy The belief that I am able to complete the actions (My capability) Of course you can have an unpleasant outcome in which case the motivation is now one of avoidance

Expectancy Theory is also called Valence-Instrumentality-Expectancy Theory or VIE Theory

Expectancy Theory

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

DescriptionA behavior will increase if it is followed by positive

reinforcement It will decrease if it is followed by punishmentOperant Conditioning is thus lsquolearning by consequencesrsquoResearch

Skinner put rats and pigeons in a box where pressing a lever resulted in food being dispensed From accidental knocking of the lever they quickly learned to deliberately press it to get foodExample

Parents often try to balance praise and punishment To be effective they should punish only behaviors they wish to extinguish--they should not punish for not doing what should be doneSo whatUsing it

If you want someone to work harder do not punish them when they do not workmdashreward them when they do If you want them to stop smoking make it unpleasant when they do rather than pleasant when they refrain

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Equity Theory

DescriptionPeople are happiest in relationships where the give and take are about equal If one person is getting too little from the relationship then not only are they going to be unhappy with thismdashthe person getting the lionrsquos share will also be feeling rather guilty about this imbalance This is reinforced by strong social norms about fairnessIn short-term relationships we tend to trade in things such as loaning small sums or buying beers In longer-term relationships the trade is more emotionalOverall though it is still better to be getting more than lessmdashalthough you could feel better about the relationship the benefits you get from it can buy you compensatory happiness elsewhereExampleMen who have been pulled away from their family by their work sometimes try to even the scales with expensive holidays This does not work well as they are trying to trade (short-term value) money for (long-term value) emotion

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

The TransformationalLeadershipbull bull Make change happen inbull bull Selfbull bull Othersbull bull Groups andbull bull Organizationsbull bull Charisma a special

leadership style commonly associated with transformational leadership extremely powerful extremely hard to teach

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Transactional Leadership

bull bull Emphasizes getting things done within the umbrella of the status quo

bull bull In opposition to transformational leadership

bull bull ldquoBy the book approach - the person works within the rules

bull Commonly seen in large bureaucratic organizations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Creative Leadership

bull Ability to uniquely inspire people

bull To generate shared innovative responses and solutions

bull To complex and readily changing situations

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Corrective Leadership

bull Empowers staff to facilitate collaborative and synergism

bull Working with and through other people instead of bowing to authoritarianism

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Change Leadership

bull bull Endorses alterationbull bull Beyond thinking

about individuals and individual organization single problems and single solutions

bull Rethinking systems to introduce change on parts of the whole and their relationship to one another

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Intelligence Leadership

bull To navigate the future by embracing ambiguity and reframing problems as opportunities

bull A proactive stance in taking their organizations into uncharted territory

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Multicultural Leadership

bull Fosters team and individual effectiveness

bull Drives for innovation by leveraging multicultural differences

bull Teams work harder in an atmosphere of understanding and mutual respect

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Pedagogical Leadership

bull Paradigm shift from leaderteacher centered orientation to an interactive connective organizational system using a democratic learning and communicative style

bull An alternative to instructional leadership by enabling the learning and intellectual growth of those led

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Servant Leadership

bull A practical philosophy focusing on people who choose to serve first and then lead as a way of expanding service

bull Servant leaders are servants first with the object of making sure that other peoples highest priority needs are being served

bull Leaders put the needs of their followers first these leaders rare in business

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Bridging leadership

bull Fostering synergy and reinforcing behavior and motivation through the use of communication to create climate of trust and confidence

bull Projection of confidence on the face of a difficult

challenge

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Purposeful Leadership

bull Leader and the community share a common purpose to develop or provide the drive authority and commitment to undertake projects

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Varying Leadership Style

bull bull Three factors that influence which leadership style to use

bull 1 The managerrsquos personal background What personality knowledge values ethics and experiences does the manager have What does he or she think will work

bull 2 Staff being supervised Staff individuals with different personalities and backgrounds The leadership style used will vary depending upon the individual staff and what he or she will respond best to

bull 3 The organization The traditions values philosophy and concerns of the organization influence how a manager acts

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

Determining the BestLeadership Style

bull Should leaders be more task or relationship (people) oriented

bull bull Leaders have a dominant style one they use in a wide variety of situations

bull bull No one best style - leaders must adjust their leadership style to the situation as well as to the people being led

bull bull Many different aspects to being a great leader - a role requiring one to play many different leadership styles to be successful

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

To lead you must first be able To lead you must first be able to follow for without to follow for without

followers there can be no followers there can be no leadersleaders

YOU CAN DOWNLOAD THIS PPT PRESENTATION AT wwwslidesharecom

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88

• DIRECTING
• Directing
• Elements of Directing
• Principles of Delegation
• Slide 5
• Matters that cannot be delegated
• Slide 7
• Nursing Care Assignment
• Other Nursing Assignments
• Slide 10
• Supervision
• Qualities of Good Supervision
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Principles of Good supervision
• Slide 16
• Techniques in Supervision
• LEADING
• EFFECTIVE LEADERSHIP
• Leadership
• Important Questions
• WHO COULD BE A LEADER
• Or You can be
• The word leadership can refer to
• Leadership Qualities
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• Slide 28
• Slide 29
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• Slide 32
• Other Qualities
• Slide 34
• Slide 35
• Essential Qualities of Nurse Leaders
• What leadership style work best for me and my organization
• Basic Leadership Style
• Autocratic Leadership Style
• Slide 40
• Not all bad
• Should not be used
• Bureaucratic Leadership Style
• Most effective
• Ineffective
• Democratic Leadership Style
• The Leader
• The Democratic Leader
• Most Effective
• Democratic leadership should not be used when hellip
• Laissez-Faire Leadership Style
• An effective style to use hellip
• Slide 53
• Other Leadership Styles
• Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variable Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making
• Similar in some ways to ldquoGreat Manrdquo theories trait theory assumes that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders But if particular traits are key features of leadership how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership
• Maslowrsquos Hierarchy of Needs
• Slide 58
• Slide 59
• Slide 60
• Equity Theory
• Relationship theories (also known as ldquoTransformational theoriesrdquo) focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers These leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task Transformational leaders are focused on the performance of group members but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential These leaders often have high ethical and moral standards
• The Transformational Leadership
• Management theories (also known as ldquoTransactional theoriesrdquo) focus on the role of supervision organization and group performance These theories base leadership on a system of reward and punishment Managerial theories are often used in business when employees are successful they are rewarded when they fail they are reprimanded or punished
• Transactional Leadership
• Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process In participative theories however the leader retains the right to allow the input of others
• Creative Leadership
• Slide 68
• Corrective Leadership
• Change Leadership
• Intelligence Leadership
• Multicultural Leadership
• Pedagogical Leadership
• Servant Leadership
• Bridging leadership
• Purposeful Leadership
• Varying Leadership Style
• Determining the Best Leadership Style
• To lead you must first be able to follow for without followers there can be no leaders
• Slide 80
• Slide 81
• Slide 82
• Slide 83
• Slide 84
• Slide 85
• Slide 86
• Slide 87
• Slide 88