N.H. Seemayer· W. Hadnagy (Eds.)

Environmental Hygiene II

With 99 Figures

Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York London Paris Tokyo Hong Kong Barcelona

Prof. Dr. NORBERT H. SEEMAYER Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene at the University of Dusseldorf Auf'm Hennekamp 50 4000 Dusseldorf 1, FRG

Dipl.-Biologe WOLFGANG HADNAGY Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene at the University of Dusseldorf Auf'm Hennekamp 50 4000 Dusseldorf 1, FRG

ISBN-13: 978-3-642-46714-1 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-46712-7 DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-46712-7

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the mate­rial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recita­tion, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in other ways, and storage in data banks. Duplication ofthis publication or parts thereof is only permitted under the provisions of the Ger­man Copyright Law of September 9,1965, in its current version, and a copyright fee must always be paid. Violations fall under the prosecution act of the German Copyright Law.

© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1990 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1990

The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.

213113145(3011 )-543210 - Printed on acid-free paper

In the last one hundred years, especially in the past 3 deca­

des industrial development, urbanization and traffic have been

expanding at an increasing rate. As a consequence, thousands

of natural and man made chemicals are released into the en­

vironment.

Since humans are exposed to these potentially noxious agents

through environmental pollution, the screening of environ­

mental chemicals continues to be of high priority allover the

world.

The accelerated growth of knowledge in the field of environ­

mental hygiene makes it possible to discuss not only aspects

of biological and medical significance but also strategies of

control and prevention of environmental contamination.

The aim of the "2 n d E u r 0 pea n M e e tin g 0 f

E n vir 0 n men tal H y g i e n e" held in Dilsseldorf,

May 31 - June 2, 1989 was to bring together scientists from

various fields of environmental research in order to encourage

communication and contact between the scientific community,

public institutions and industry. This volume is based on

papers presented at this Meeting.

The intention of this volume is to present our current know­

ledge on procedures and approaches for detection and evalua­

tion of environmental chemicals and assessing their potential

for health risks in humans.

We would like to take the opportunity to thank the speakers,

participants and all those who took part in organizing the

Meeting. We are grateful to the "Medizinisches Institut filr

Umwelthygiene" in Dusseldorf, especially to the Director

Prof.Dr. H.-W.Schlipkoter for patronage of the Meeting. We are

also grateful to the contributors of this Volume and to the

Staff of the Springer-Verlag, particularly to Dr. Dieter

Czeschlik and Mrs. Antonella Cerri for their support.

Norbert H. Seemayer

Wolfgang Hadnagy

Contents

INTRODUCTION ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1

The Medical Institute of Environmental Hygiene at the University of Dusseldorf: A center of environmental research ..................................... 3 H.-W. Schlipkoter

MUTAGENIC AND CARCINOGENIC ACTIVITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHENI c.ALS •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 5

Mutagenicity of diesel exhaust soot dispersed in phospholipid surfactants ••• ~............................... 7

W. Wallace, M. Keane, S. Xing, J. Harrison, M. Gautam, and T. Ong (With 3 Figures)

The role of non-genotoxic mechanisms in carcinogenicity by airborne particulate pollutants ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11

W. Hadnagy and N.H. Seemayer (With 2 Figures)

Genotoxicity of airborne suspended matter determined by in vitro and in vivo short-term assays •••••••••••••••••••••••• 17

G. Motykiewicz, J. Michalska, J. Szeliga, M. Konopacka, A. Tkocz, W. Hadnagy, M. Chorazy, and N.H. Seemayer (With 2 Figures)

The use of the DNA repair host mediated assay for the detection of genotoxic activi~y'of benzo(a)pyrene, 2-nitrofluorene and airborne particles in vivo ••••••••••••• 22

G.A.H. Heussen and G.M. Alink

Systemic genotoxic effects of N-nitrosodimethylamine S.Y. Brendler, P. Schmezer, K.-J. Hutter, A. Tompa, and B.L. Pool-Zobel (With 2 Figures)

26

Combination effects of N-nitrosodimethylamine and S02 •••••• 30 P. Schmezer, R.G. Klein, U.M. Liegibel, W.J. Zeller, and B.L. Pool-Zobel (With 5 Figures)

Mutagenic activity of particulates out of electrostatic precipitators in municipal waste incinerators •••••••••••••• 34

M. Nogueira, H.-J. Moriske, and H. Ruden (With 2 Figures)

Induction of sister chromatid exchanges by food dyes A.B. Fischer, D. Muller, and F. Wellhausen

38

VIII

Rat tracheal epithelial cells in culture: A model system to study environmental toxins and carcinogens •••••••••••••• 42

P. Nettesheim (With 5 Figures)

Attempt at chemical transformation of fetal human respiratory tract epithelial cells ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 46

M. Emura, M. Riebe, and U. Mohr (With 1 Figure)

Enhancement of cell transformation and induction of sister chromatid exchanges as test systems for detection of seasonal and local differences in genotoxicity of airborne particulates ............................................... 50

N.H. Seemayer, W. Hadnagy, and R. Tomingas

SPECIFIC EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 55

Mutagenicity of carcinogenic metal compounds: Molecular mechanisms ••••.•••••••••••••.•..•.•..•....•••.•.• 57

D. Beyersmann, A. Hartwig, and A. Kortenkamp

Interaction of different chromium species wi th nucleosides ........................................... 61

H.J. Wiegand, H.M. Bolt, H. Ottenwilder, and TH. Wolf

Lead(II) interferes with the repair and processing of UV- induced DNA damage •••••••••.••••..•..•.••••••••.••••• 65

A. Hartwig, R. Schlepegrell, and D. Beyersmann (With 2 Figures)

The combination effect of cadmium and X-rays on structural chromosome aberrations in peripheral lymphocytes ................................................ 69

G. Stephan and U. Oestreicher (With 1 Figure)

Cytotoxicity of chromium compounds: Comparison of in vitro and in vivo tests •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 73

H.H. Popper, M. Ratschek, E. Grygar, W. Weybora, G. Wiespainer, o. Wawschinek, and E. Ingolic (With 5 Figures)

Antagonism of tetrandrine to neuronal and smooth muscle calcium channels: Comparison with heavy metals ••••••••••••• 77

H. Wiegand, S. Uhlig, and S. Meis (With 2 Figures)

SPECIAL "BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS" FOR SCREENING ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 81

Heavy metal resistance of bacteria as biological indicator for environmental pollution •••••••••••••••••••••• 83

B. Thriene, K.-H. Weege, and S. Schulz (With 2 Figures)

Urinary and faecal excretion of metabolites after various modes of administration of polycyclic aromatic

IX

hydrocarbons (PAH) to rats ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 87 J. Jacob, B. Brune, G. Grimmer, U. Heinrich, E. Mohtashamipur, K. Norpoth, F. Pott, and R. Wenzel-Hartung (With 6 Figures)

Effects of carbendazim on the mitotic activity of the small intestine ............................................ 91

M. Aufderheide, M. Kohler, S. Hammann, and M. Riebe (With 3 Figures)

Acute toxicity testing of irritant substances in the chick embryo yolk sac blood vessel system •••••••••••••••••• 95

M. Rosenbruch and A. Holst (With 2 Figures)

Description of a granulocyte activating mediator from quartz- and coal mine dust exposed human monocytes/macrophages: New aspects in pathogenesis of pneumoconiosis .......................................... 99

E.R. Maly, N.H. Seemayer, H. Behrendt, N. Manojlovic and F.-E. Maly

Responses of human lung fibroblasts to ozone ••••••••••••••• 104 D. Mayer and w. Ebert (With I Figure)

Selenium and tumorgrowth ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 108 S. Haubenwallner, E. Marth, and J.R. Mose

MONITORING OF INDOOR/OUTDOOR AIR QUALITy ••••••••••••••••••• 113

Indoor/outdoor pollution ratio in urban and rural areas (related to some chemicals) •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 115

G. Gilli, E. Scursatone, R. Bono, and E. Guerrini (With 2 Figures)

Indoor air pollution during vacuum cleaning: Analyses of chemical and biological components ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 119

H.-J. Moriske, H. Neumann, I. Block, I. Trauer, and H. Ruden (With 1 Figure)

Determination of hazardous compounds in indoor air: Field studies .............................................. 123

S. Waldner-Sander (With 3 Figures)

On the preventive concentration limits for asbestos aerosols in ambient and indoor a~r ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 127

K.R. Spurny (With 2 Figures)

Vehicular traffic and airborne particulate patterns in urban and mountain areas in northeastern U.S.A ••••••••••••• 131

E.V. Orsi, J. Panek, A. Cannon, D. Wolfe, and T. Perkins (With I Figure)

x

ASSESSMENT OF EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL CHEMICALS IN MAN •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 135

Occupational and environmental exposure to various aldehydes: Representative assessment of mixed exposure by personal air-sampling with a specific method •••••••••••• 137

N. Binding and U. Witting (With 3 Figures)

Investigation of the validity of quantitative determination of cadmium and lead in human hair by atomic absorption spectroscopy •••••••••••••••••••••••.•• 141

K. Sebastian, Th.W. Kaulich, L. von Karsa, K. Botzenhart, and F. Schweinsberg (With 4 Figures)

Urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid - an improper screening parameter for occupational and environmental lead exposure .............................................. 145

U. Witting and N. Binding (With 2 Figures)

Cross-sectional epidemiological studies on arsenic excretion in urine of population in areas with different air pollution .............•...........•.......... 149

Th. Eikmann and S. Michels

Breath and blood levels of benzene and other volatile aromatic hydrocarbons - Effect of urban air pollution and cigarette smoking ..................•................... 153

U. Ewers, H. Hajimiragha, E. Jermann, I. Freier, and A. Brockhaus (With 2 Figures)

Effect of chronical toluene exposure on sister-chromatid exchanges and circulating immune complexes ••••••••••••••••• 157

E. Harps, U. Turhan, C. Kuhlmann, N. Mayer, and E.H. Pfeiffer (With 2 Figures)

Occupational exposure to cadmium: Cytogenetic findings in relation to exposure levels ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 161

A. Forni, F. Toffoletto, E. Ortisi, and L. Alessio

Chromosome analyses of persons handling cytostatic drugs with and without safety cover •••••••••••••••••••••••• 165

U. Oestreicher, G. Stephan, and M. Glatzel (With 1 Figure)

EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON HEALTH EFFECTS BY ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 169

Air pollution, respiratory diseases and virus infections in infants .........•••...••...•.•.•.•••..•.•.... 171

M. Haider, M. Kundi, M. Neuberger, G. Kellner, and Th. Popow-Kraupp (With 1 Figure)

Environmental pollution and school children •••••••••••••••• 175 L. Pelech, R. Dolgner, B. Rosicky, and H.-W. Schlipkoter

XI

Air pollution inhibits the secretion of saliva IgA ••••••••• 177 E. Marth, V. Bencko, W.D. Sixl, H. GroBmann, and J.R. Mose

Indoor air pollution by formaldehyde in new and old buildings - Health of children: Epidemiological study ...................................................... 181

U. Thielebeule, I. Farkas, Chr. HulSe, and P. Rudnai

INFLUENCE OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS ON MACROPHAGE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION •••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. 185

Controlled in vitro approach of low concentration N02' Effects on human alveolar macrophage functions ••••••.•••••• 187

C. Voisin, C. Deroubaix, C. Aerts, and B. Wallaert (With I Figure)

Alveolar macrophage damage by dusts in vitro is correlated with arsenic, lead and antimony contents ................................................... 191

H. Gulyas, M. Labedzka, R. Geertz, and G. Gercken (With 3 Figures)

Dust induced alterations of human macrophages ••••••.•.••••• 195 H. Behrendt, N.H. Seemayer, A. Happel, and R. Tomingas (With I Figure)

Effects of quartz and asbestos on alveolar macrophages: Interspecies comparison and cell biological studies •••••••• 199

A. Seidel, U. Nieder, S. Patzold, J. Schimmelpfeng, A. Schmidt, and w. Wilczek (With 3 Figures)

Comparison of the effects of a high Tc superconducting material (YBa2Cu307) and quartz (Si02) on bovine alveolar macrophages ....................................... 203

W. Wilczek, E. Drosselmeyer, and A. Seidel (With 5 Figures)

Influence of different aldehydes on the chemiluminescence activity of rat alveolar macrophages •••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••.•••••••••.• 207

G. Schroers and F. Tilkes (With 6 Figures)

AEROSOL INHALATION STUDIES ON DEPOSITION AND CLEARANCE ••••• 211

Magnetic measurement of macrophage activity in human lungs ••..•.....••...........................•........ 213

w. Stahlhofen and w. Moller (With 2 Figures)

Effect of ambient air on a particle clearance parameter of canine alveolar macrophages ••••••••••••••••••• 217

W.G. Kreyling and M. Neuner

Lung clearance mechanisms of soluble and insoluble compounds •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 221

G. Oberdorster

XII

Postnatal exposure to airborne pollution and heavy metal levels in hearts and lungs of mice ••••.•••••••..••••• 225

E.V. Orsi, M. Bavlsik, C.C. Orsi, and O.M. Baturay

Human airway diameters derived from aerosol inhalation studies: Effect of inhaled drugs on airway dimensions ....................................... 229

Ch.F. Schiller-Scotland, J. Gebhart, H. Lintl, G. Scheuch, R. Siekmeier, and H. Kronenberger (With 5 Figures)

ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICALS AND LUNG CANCER •••••••••••••••••••• 233

Lung cancer induction by silica in rats, but not in mice and hamsters: Species differences in epithelial and granulomatous reactions •..•....••.........••..•••.•.•••..•. 235

U. Saffiotti

Investigation of irritating properties of inhaled CrVI with possible influence on its carcinogenic action ..................................................... 239

U. Glaser, D. Hochrainer, and D. Steinhoff (With 2 Figures)

Proposal for a classification of inhalable fibers according to their carcinogenicity •••....••.......•.•.•.... 246

F. Pott

NEW HEALTH ASPECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS ••••••••••• 251

Environmental allergy ...................................... 253 H. Behrendt

STRATEGIES AND POLICY OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ••••••••••••• 257

Environment and health A. Basler

Air pollution control and the work of the National

259

Centre for Air Pollution Prevention in the GDR .•.••..••..•• 263 B. Thriene (With 1 Figure)

Environment and health data in Europe as a tool for risk management: Needs, uses and strategies .••.•••••.•••••• 267

R.M. Stern

SUBJECT INDEX ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••• 271

Contributors

You will find the addresses at the beginning of the respective contribution

Aerts, C. H!7

Alessio, L. 161

Alink, G.M. 22

Aufderheide, M. 91

Basler, A. 259

Baturay, O.M. 225

Bav1sik, M. 225

Behrendt, H. 99, 195, 253

Beneko, V. 177

Beyersmann, D. 57, 65

Binding, N. 137, 145

Block, I. 119

Bolt, H.M. 61

Bono, R. 115

Botzenhardt, K.

Brend1er, S.Y.

Brockhaus, A.

Brune, H. 87

Cannon, A. 131

Chorazy, M. 17

141

26

153

Deroubaix, C. 187

Do1gner, R. 175

Drosse1meyer, E. 203

Ebert, W. 104

Eikmann, Th. 149

Emura, M. 46

Ewers, U. 153

Farkas, 1. 181

Fischer, A.B. 38

Forni, A. 161

Freier, 1. 153

Gautam, M. 7

Gebhart, J. 229

Geertz, R. 191

Gercken, G. 191

Gilli, G. 115

Glaser, U. 239

Glatze1, M. 165

Grimmer, G. 87

GroBmann, H. 177

Grygar, E. 73

Guerrini, E. 115

Gulyas, H. 191

Hadnagy, w. 11,

Haider, M. 171

Hajimiragha, H.

17, 50

153

XIV

Hammann, S. 91

Happel, A. 195

Harps, E. 157

Harrison, J. 7

Hartwig, A. 57, 65

Haubenwallner, S. 108

Heinrich, U. 87

Heussen, G.A.H. 22

Hochrainer, D. 239

Holst, A. 95

HulBe, Chr. 181

Hutter, K.-J. 26

Ingolic, E. 73

Jacob, J. 87

Jermann, E. 153

Karsa von, L. 141

Kaulich, Th.W. 141

Keane, M. 7

Kellner, G. 171

Klein, R.G. 30

Kohler, M. 91

Konopacka, M. 17

Kortenkamp, A. 57

Kreyling, W.G. 217

Kronenberger, H. 229

Kuhlmann, C. 157

Kundi, M. 171

Labedzka, M. 191

Lercher, P. 257

Liegibel, U.M. 30

Lintl, H. 229

Maly, E.R. 99

Maly, F.-E. 99

Manojlovic, N. 99

Marth, E. 108, 177

Mayer, D. 104

Mayer, N. 157

Meis, S. 77

Michalska, J. 17

Michels, S. 149

Moller, W. 213

Mose, J.R. 108, 177

Mohr, U. 46

Mohtashamipur, E. 87

Moriske, H.-J. 34, 119

Motykiewicz, G. 17

Muller, D. 38

Nettesheim, P. 42

Neuberger, M. 171

Neumann, H. 119

Neuner, M. 217

Nieder, U. 199

Nogueira, M. 34

Norpoth, K. 87

Oberdorster, G. 221

Oestreicher, U. 69, 165

Ong, T. 7

Orsi, C.C. 225

Orsi, E.V. 131, 225

Ortisi, E. 161

Ottenwiilder, H. 61

Piitzold, S. 199

Panek, J. 131

Pelech, L. 175

Perkins, T. 131

Pfeiffer, E.H 157

Pool-Zobel, B.L. 26, 30

Popper, H.H. 73

Popow-Kraupp, Th. 171

Pott, F. 87, 246

Ratschek, M. 73

Riebe, M. 46, 91

Rosenbruch, M. 95

Rosicky, B. 175

Ruden, H. 34, 119

Rudnai, P. 181

Saffiotti, U. 235

Scheuch, G. 229

Schiller-Scotland, Ch.F. 229

Schimmelpfeng, J. 199

Schlepegrell, R. 65

Schlipkoter, H.-W. 3,

Schmezer, P. 26, 30

Schmidt, A. 199

Schroers, G. 207

Schulz, S. 83

Schweinsberg, F. 141

Scursatone, E. 115

Sebastian, K. 141

Seemayer, N.H. 11,

Seidel, A. 199, 203

Siekmeier, R. 229

Sixl, W.D. 177

Spurny, K.R. 127

Stahlhofen, W. 213

Steinhoff, D. 239

Stephan, G. 69, 165

Stern, R.M. 267

Szeliga, J. 17

Thielebeule, U. 181

17,

175

50, 99, 195

Thriene, B. 83, 263

Tilkes, F. 207

Tkocz, A. 17

Toffoletto, F. 161

Tomingas, R. 50, 195

Tompa, A. 26

Trauer, I. 119

Turhan, U. 157

Uhlig, S. 77

Voisin, C. 187

Waldner-Sander, S. 123

Wallace, W. 7

Wallaert, B. 187

Wawschinek, o. 73

Weege, K.-H. 83

Wellhausen, F. 38

Wenzel-Hartung, R.

Weybora, W. 73

Wiegand, H. 77

Wiegand, H,J. 61

Wiespainer, G. 73

Wilczek, W. 199, 203

Witting, U. 137, 145

Wolf, Th. 61

Wolfe, D. 131

Xing, S. 7

Zeller, W.J. 30

87

xv