~

s .a'VD 11ng Ji

for decades. He further ol..rved thatthe South produces half of this nation'shardwood lumber (nearly four billionboard feet each year) and manufac-tu~ about 45% of the nation's hard-.wood plywood (more than one billionsquare feet a year).

In the keynote address, John C. Bar-ber, Director of the Southern ForetExperiment Station, observed thathardwoods on Southern pine sites havegenerally been considered liabilitiesbecause of low quality, small size, andslow growth. Typically they representresidual trees from pine harvestingoperations. But in the lon, run. thesehardwoods will likely prove to be anasset because their large total volume

By PETE

On March 10 of this year, 240 indus-trialists and researchers from bothprivate and public sectors gathered forthree and a half days in Alexandria,Louisiana, for intensive discussionsaimed at increasing utilization of smallhardwoods. The symposium, "Utiliza-tion of Hardwoods Growing on SouthernPine Sites", was jointly sponsored bythe Southern Forest Experiment Sta-tion, U. S. Forest Service, and the Mid-South Section of the Forest ProductsResearch Society.

The symposium was timely becauseindustrialists are beginning to realizethat th- haJ'dwooda constitute a verylarge under-utilized resoun:e. For everycubic foot of Southern pine now stand-ing, there is 0.8 cubic foot of hardwoodon the lame sites. More than 95 percent of the hardwood volume on thesesites is comprised of 22 species, n ofwhich are oak. Much of the volume isin small trees; for this and other rea-sons, profitable utilization is difficult.

The symposium commenced with afour-hour general session, followed by(7 papers related to improved process-~ and 18 papers characterizing thesehardwooda as industrial raw materialFollowiDl' are abstracts of the ~-tations.

.Pet8r Koch is Project L8d8r. SoCIthena For-_t Experi_t Station. For8t BerYl_USDA,Pinevll!., Louisiana.

I 3.6";

SAwi_g PAUenI. U/h~by .quare-edgedpallet ~eckboo.ro. C4" be ripped fTOmthe cefttnli portiOt~ of ot"taQona.1 C4'~t8,aRd b~l-edged deckboArd. cut /TOmouter portioM. By thu patte'nl., lumbe,-recov-rv can be AI much AI 14 bOClrd

f.etper cubic foot of log.

Erperime1tt41 commnciAl latnal rooC ."eaT: (Top left)-Rmne TX-l600 Mn1e"ermounted on a CO7&ve"tionaf four-wheel-drive' articulaud loader. with hinged gripclo.eo. on tree to be Mrouted. (Top right)-View of grip in open po.ition with.heaT Tetrllcted. (Bottom left)-Grip c~; i" opeFUtiOJ.. the knit/a grip the tre."em at ground lev.t (Bottom righC)-Grip cloHd aftd tubular .heaT fuU1/ .rtmdM20 inche.. Step. that bear 4gainn tOil wrlacc. during last nine' inche. of ertetl$ionore visible on oppoaite outeT .idea of the .heaT tube. Side' of th. tube i. indap-cte"'t-Iy drive'" through iu 20-inch .tmke b1/ a nr-inch hydrnuUc CJ/Un4.er hou.ed in

the verttca.l colKflUt.

JUNE 1. 1975 13

ng

t KOCH.

William M. Bair, chairman of theMid-SOuth Section of the Forest Prod-ucts Rsearch Society, opened the sym-posium. MOderator William R. Ganser,Jr., in his introductory remarks, notedthat economic utilization of hardwood.growing on Southern pine sites is amajor problem that bas defied ~1utionr"~c'- , - . "

j

I

removed from oak rdots and winter-cuthickory bolts.

To conclude the general session, JohnM. Blackford and James A. Parker de-scribed a me&chandising deck capableof processing one to two stems of hard-wood (20 to 40 feet in length) perminute into pulpwood, cross-tie logs,and saw-logs. Installed cost of theequipment is about $150,000, including$50,000 for a drum chipper to diSpose ofcull butt pieces. The rosser-headbarker in the lay-out cost an additional$25,000, installed. .

ProceS5ing SessionsIn a review of harvesting systems in

the Southern pine region, James A.Altman noted that stump-to-stumpshortwood logging with a bob-tailedtruck is labor-intensive but probablythe cheapest system for harvestingcordwood. Long-log logging and whole-tree chipping systems require less laborbut reore capital and management skill.Altman presented formulae showingthat logging costs per cord are nega-tively correlated with tree diameter andstand density.

John R. Erickson explained how asystem of nip rolls coupled with screenscan remOve most of the bark frommixed hardwoods chipped entire andthen steamed. After processing, suchchips should contain only three to fiveper cent bark by weight (oven-drybasis). The cost for debarking is esti-mated at $1.50 to $2 per green ton ofbarky chips for production-sized plants.

Richard E. O'Brien, Tom Richardson,and Kent B. Nerbonne (with W. N.Thompson) described exPerience withdrum debarkers, ring debarkers, androsser-head debarkers in processingmixed hardwoods. Hickory cut in the

and wide distribution can provide rawmaterial fo.' nt!\V products and new in-dustries. Hurvest and utilization of thisresource will improve softwood supplie$through. product substitution and byreducing costs of stand rehabilitationand conversion to pine.

Paul A. Murphy, also of the SouthernForest Experiment Station, describedthe resource. Of about 138 million acresof pine sites in the South, 53 per centare covered with forests containing pri-marily hardwoods; only in the easternGulf States are the majority of pinesites dominated by pine types. Hard-wood volume on pine sites totals about54 billion cubic feet, and is increasing.More than half of this inventory isoak, and 45 per cent is in trees lessthan 11 inches dbh.

A photographic review of identifyingfeatures of the 22 species was presentedby C. A. Brown and Harold E. Grelen;and Donald D. Hook described theirphysiology. Winter silhouettes of eachspecies were viewed with considerableinterest by the loggers and sawmiUers inthe audience.

Samuel J. Coughran said that RomeIndustries' new tree puller can harvest35 per cent more wood (basis of oven-dry wecight) from each tree than can beobtained by conventional felling meth-ods. In mixed hardwood stands withstems not exceeding eight inches, themachine can fell and bunch about 1.5trees ~r minute.

Ralmond J. Smiltneek describedprogress by Techwood, htc., in design-ing a debarker fOr hardwood root-woodand bolt-wood. The machine is com-prised of a rotating drum in whichsteel balls are impacted against thetumbling wood. ht short test runs,nearly 100 per cent of the bark was

dormant season is probably the mostdifficult species to debark; each of thethree systems can succt!SSfully debarkhickory if equipment is correrotlyspecified and applied.Stntctural exterior ftakeb04rd

The staff of the Southern Forest Ex-periment Station's Wood Utiliiation Re-search Project described the shaping-lathe; headrig. Now in the final stages of.commercialization, this machine is a keyto utilizing small mixed hardwoods forpallets and industrial lumber. It is par-ticularly adapted to short logs of irregu-lar contour, since it relies for work-piece position on end-chucks ratherthan through-feed chains or rolls.Smoothness of machined surfaces ap-proaches that of millwork. In con-trast to other headrigs, this version canreadily produce rounds, he~ons,octagons, and trapezoids as well assquare or rectangular cants. It lendsitself to the manufacture of pallet partsand other industrial lumber, togetherwith posts and rails for fencing. Latheresidues in the form of flakes can be theraw material for a new major industrymanufacturing exterior structural flake-board, competitive in price and func-tion with sheathing grades of plywood.Other likely uses for lathe residues in-clude manufacture of pulp, medium-density particleboard, and molded com-posites of foamed resin and mntch-sizewood particles.

Richard N. Jorgensen concluded thethree-hour session on stru<.-tural ex~terior particleboard by reviewing U.S.experience in application of this newproduct.Posts, cross-tift, 11M pallets

Charles J. Gatchell described factorscontrolling the market for guard-railposts of red oak and Southern pine. The~egree of application is dependent onsuccess in getting them specified byState and Federal highway departments.

John P. Howe noted that U.s. rail-roads must soon substantially increasetheir purchases of cross-ties if road-beds are to be maintained adequately.Fifty million ties are peeded per year,whereas less than 20 million have beeninstalled annually in recent years. Howedescribed a system of manufacturing 7-by 9-inch ties from pairs of 4.5- by 7-inch cants laminated with three pairs ofJfl-inch spiral steel dowels. Track testshave been favorable. Because the two~piece ties can be made from logs assmall as 8.5 inehes in diameter. timbersupplies are adequate. It is likely thatthe system will be increasingly used.

E. George Stem, William B. Nelson,Jr.. J. N. Brown, and Walter B. Wallinall spoke on various aspects of manu-facturing and marketing pallets. Ap-proximately 14 per cent of the lumbercut in the United States is now usedin pallets and containers, and consump-tion is increasing. Although the palletbusiness is highly competitive, usage ofI:ardwood lumber will increasec and newsources are needed. The newly de-veloped shaping-lathe headcig shouldsubstantially increase the efficiency withwhich pallet lumber is manufactured.

"-. ~ ;.~~ --Comm«Tciat t/ersion of the sMping-l4the head-rig, including log deck, ~teringdeuice, charger and take-away CO'/I.t/eyor for machined cants. Flakes are blown fromthe cutterhead hood for CO'/I.t/eying to flake board plant. Desigt~ feed rate is six logsper minute. Smoothty machined cAnts have tile shape and dimens;ons of reptaceablecams mou,l.ted o,~ the toorkpiece spittdle. The 4O-inch-long 4" by 4" cant shown, ha.sbeen cOfitpletely machined aftd is poised just prior to chuck withdrawal and dis-

c'~arge to the take-away belt. (Photo from Stetson-Ross, Secttte.)

SOUTHERN LUMBERMAN16

~ \..'~

All species of Southern hardwoOOs canbe u ill ized.SawmiUing and chippi)ig

Chandler W. Jones described Kim-berly-Clark Corporation's experience atWayneaboro, Georgia, in convertingSouthern hardwoods with a double-taper chipper-canter. This chippinghe8drig feeds at 100 feet per minute onhardwood. It is in its start-up phase andto date has produced as much as 125,000board feet of pine and 67,000 board feetof hardwood per eight-hour shift Itcosts about $250,000, and has a uniquefeed-works arrangement for openingtwo faces parallel to the bark and atright angles to each other. It appeanto have partially solved one of the mCJStdifficult of all sawmiUing problems-application of a chipping headrig torandom-length hardwoods of varyingdiameters from 6 to 20 inches. Studiesindicate that the lumber recovery fac-tor should be about eight board feet percubic foot of log in-put and that inmost cutting programs the double-taperp.lttem probably yields more lumbert1w1 other patterns of break-downs.

Some considerations in convertingsmall Southern hardwoods with mul-tiple high-strain bandmilis were dis-cussed by F. Edwin Allen and DavidSeffens. The mill described has foursets of six-foot twin bandsaws, eachcarrying saws 12 inches wide. Each sawis driven by a 200-horsepower motor.On logs averaging 12 to 13 inches indiameter and 14 feet long, hourly pro-duction is about 15,000 board feet

from such chips. The fibers, which re.quire about 5 to 10 hp days per ton (drybasis) to produce, are useful in a widerange of fiberboard products. Additionof steam under preuure to the refiningzone increases the completeness of de-fibration. Over the years. machineshave been designed with .ever-inc~as-fig power. The largest a~ for refinergroundwood (i.e., fiber for paper) andcarry disks 50 inches in diameter orslightly larger. They are driven bymotors of 2,CNX) to 10,CMM) horse~werand can produ~ in ex~ of 100 tonsof fiber for paper (oven-dry basis) per24-hour day from mixed hardwoodchips. Fiber for paper requires sub-stantially more energy to refine thanfiber for board products.

Arthur B. Bush noted that mixedSouthern and Eastern hardwoods arebeing increasin,ly used in roofing felt,insulation boaJ'd, medium-density fiber-board, and hardboard. Long-term fore-casts indicate substantial growth inoutput-ParticuJarly in medium-densityfiberboard for use as furnitu~ panels,and hardboard for siding and otheruses.

Otto SuchslaDd. George E. Woodson.and Robert R. Stevens explored in sub-stantial depth the eJlects of species andprocessing variables on properties olmedium-density fiberboards. They con.cluded that mixed Southern hardWoodscan yield a highly satisfactory product.Inclusion of bark into the boards some-what diminishes their modulus of rup-ture and modulus ol elasticity. The

Experience in starting up a computer-controlled carriage' and band headrigcutting Southern hardwoods was re-counted by Robert W. Worley. Thesawmill operates with 11 men on themill fioor. As it has been operating foronly a short time, reliable productionfigures are not yet available. In review-ing the function of the linebar resaw inmills cutting small Southern hardwoods,Robert K. Detjen noted that additionof such a resaw will usually increasecapital cosU and work force only 10per cent, while doubling output

Roy L. Sage summarized techniquesby whlcl1 hanlwood cants Ulree feetin length can be ripped into pallet lum-ber wiUl circular ganc-saws cutting a3/16-inch kerf and feeding at 80 feet1..:r minute. Production per 8-hour shUt(:\ . by .'. and . by 6'. is about 80,000board feet.

A new process for chiPPinc smallhardwoods into pulp-chips or fingerlingsfor rinI flaken w. described by JohnR. Erickson. For fingerlings, specificcutting energy i8 about nine honepowerminutes per cubic foot of hardwoodchipped. The equipment is not Y8t inc:ommercial production, but develop-n:ent is well advanced.FibnboaTds

W. M. McNeil, formerly of BauerBros., and Duane Keclr. of Sprout Wal-dron and Co., Inc., diac:ussed effects ofmachine parameters on disk-refinedfiber from Southern hardwood chi...Machines are available that give near100-per cent yield of mechanical fiber

Spun h.. developed. n- typehe.tlR9 .y.tem ."d l.r981 clrcul.t.1119 system with more .01 of

.Ir for f..ter drylll9. Thlt h.. .bled u. to do . 9Ood q...llty of

drylll9 '" 48 houn 01\ 8/4 pill'lumb... Thi. equlpmellt c.n b.imt.lled In p t ki.. buildl~or . complete turnkey lob. III

=' r- -~->Comple" dryi"9 systems .nd 24-hovr service have ballt . rep.-t.tion for Spe.rs thr0"9hout the South where m.ny 1"lt.lI.tlonsof our equipment .t well known firms d.y in .nd d.r oaf, ,..rin .nd y..r out pro.e the economy of . SPHn lob. Why !lotwrite for. lilt of outstanding Inst.lI.tl- .nd our pl." fortr.ining yovr op...ton. We'll gl.dly fell YO8 wily Spe.n worbfor you .t lowost cost.

J. V. TRAGESER - -"

AUCTIONEERS - APPRAISERS 457-3005JAVA CENTER, NEW YORK 14082

Serving The Woodworking Industry Nationwide

A & J LUMBER - BARTON, MD.

Old R_'- 14-Soulll of ""on, M.ryl.nd. (kriOft is So..III...t of

C..mb.rl.nd, M.ryl...d, .pprozim.t.ly '8 mil...)

"WATCH FOR AUCTION SIGNS"

SATURDAY JUNE 21 - 11:00 AM

No limit-No R...rv_M.chin.ry .nd Eq..lpm-

NOTICE: AIJ Lumber i. ..1Iih9 eq..ipm.nt ...rp.., to its preseftt ...d.,

.nd .ome con"9nments.

. 14-12,000 lb. Tree Kint .. w.i.. 8 2 "- T- Kint I-'"n (I,'" ~I,~ 8 % "- 'reile"

. Sth -. .i- _or -Of 8 ., 73 ,... .--

. 1,000 I~. Tree Ki.. .. CIO 0 0101 8 Trail_WI 110' lra"-

8 ,~ 1- --. JD440A St""r 8 ., 2ft ... 1--

. 65 f... ,..~- .-, 8 T 8 JD.3SO Cr_I.. ..- 8 ~ i. ." . ,... Hili-.

. --,CONSIGNMINTS Wll.COMt 'I n:n)lK: r nr .-.01 ~ .

1I""",,ln. .""Ilabl. to ,...UII..I ADDlTlo.AL (QUIPMEMT WILL 8E l'.U AU PIIrrt..- _II . 6Ir I-

LISTED IN SALt i.ill Ita)' ," ..1.. Pa)lIlOllt for .n It -_c._ia~.

W,iro .. C.II A.rto-n too ...oi&Jerw' -. ..-Itl- _.c... , lo'. I,...ro r 1 ,.r ..-m-nr .,., KtrICT II..

'~IM _lob . ..1'-1 .- -J V RN TRAGISI - ot MedII. 1tIftl.-&t1n:: u.. .- "'

1' I ~ wh"'" II... "'nk WIll -",.. pa1~

IN.It,i" Aurli~ _t.

-- .

, CONSTRUCTION

- COMPANY, INC.,.0. lOX 768 I rolDYCf. AIUNSAS 71742 I 'HONE $01-3$2-.11'2

JUNE 1. 1975 17

'.... '

at 2801 Marshall Court. P,tadisun, Wis-consin 53705.

Sucbsland-Woodson data showed thathl~t.pr~s~.:cJ panel:; can be made to ha\~a density profile identical to panel,;cured '\vith high-frequency electricalel\t!rgy.DI'!ltltg

Harrv A; Raddin summarized tech-niques"for drying hardwood flak~ andfibers, and John F. Lutz reviewedm811ufacturing, drying, and use of hard-wood veneers.

The drying of hard\\'ood lun1ber wasdiscussed at length. John L. Hill pro-vided models for predicting moistureand, straining gradients in red oak.Eugene M. Wengert reviewed proCt}-~ures for air. drying, accelerated air-drying, and intermediate and high-tem-perahlre kilning of 4/4 tlu-ough 8/4Southern pine lumber. Observations onvarious drying methods for Southernhardwoods were provided by StephenHanover, Ro~rt C. Gilmore, and RoyM. Carter. Fin~y, Bernard K Shunkrevie'\ved procedures for drying hard-wood timbers, cross-ties, and posts.CompQBites

Alan A. Marra described a new prod-uct-moldable wood-foam compositesmade of matchstick-size hardwood par-ticles and urethane resin. The procashe has developed is near coIt1n1ercializa-tion; and he revie\ved manufacturingtechniques, properties, and markets.

Chung-Yun Hs~ summarized experi-mentation resulting in a sheathing panelwith hardwood flake core and pineveneer faces. Such panels can signifi-cantly extend supplies of veneer andshould be competitive in price andfunction '\vith conventional Southernpine or Doglas-fu plywood sheathing.Pulping

Y. S. Chao described the experiencesof Olinkraft in pulping mixed Southel'I1hardwoods chipped entire. In propor-tions up to 15 per cent of the fu.~,such barky chips did not adverselyaffect pulping procedures or propertiesof rhe kraft corrugating medium.

A review of the techniques for mak-ing mechanical and semi-chemical pulpfrom Southern hardwoods was providedby John N. McGovern. He noted thatmarkets for such pulps are likely to in-crease and that properties of the pulpsare being improved through research.

Herbert A. Schroeder reviewed theuse of Southern hardwoods for chemi-cal pulps, and outlined areas in whichhardwoods hold distinct advantages overpines in terms of pulping rate andchemical recovery, pulp properties, 811dprocess adaptability tv use of whole-tree chips. Of all kraft pulp made inthe South, 25% is derived from hard-\\'oods. Bleached kraft pulps ~ccount for79% of hard\\'ood pulp manufacture.Unbleaclted kraft production currentlyamounts to only 7%, but incream useof hardwoods in linerboard furnish isexpected to double this proportion.Semi-chemical pulps will continue toac<;ount fur aboul14% of hardwood pulpproduction, owing to their use in cor-rugalin.~ medium. The papemlakers'strung interest In hardwoods was evi-

dent in tlleir excellent response to anindustry-\vide questionnaire.

Don:lld F. Durso ~mpared normalprocedures for making cellulase deriva-tives from dissolving pulp with a newprocess for direct preparation from de-fibrated South~m hardwoods.

Characterization SessionsEighteen papers were devoted to a

comprehensive description of pine-sitehard\v<l<>d.i as 811 industrial material

Anatomy was delineated by F. G.Manwiller, Fred W. Taylor, and RichardJ. Thomas. Dean W. Einspahr reportedon bark properties of importance tofiber products, and Julian R. BeckwithIII described ,,"ood colQrs.

In a session on physical and mechani-cal properties, Elvin T. Choong revie,vedinformation on permeability and equilib-rium moisture content of 22 species,Manwiller provided data on specificgravity and moisture content, andRobert L. Ethington and B. Alan Bendt-sen reported on wood strengths. Sorp-tion isotherms of wood and bark weredescribed by Christian Skaar andKwami I. A. Okoh; a second paper bythese authors reported electrical resis-tance of wood.

Chemical characterization of pine-site hardwoods was the subject of threereview papers-by J. K. N. Jones onhemi-celluloses, by John M. Harkinon lignin, and by John W. Rowe on ex-tractives. In addition, Manwiller re-ported chemical analyses, and EugeneZavarin described the biochemistry ofterpenoids.

Resistance of pine-site hard\voods totermites and decay was the subject ofpapers by Fairie Lyn Carter in col-laboration with Terry L. Amburgey andby Rodney C. De Groot in collaborationwith Francis l McCracken.

Information Ret.ri",.alIn one of the most significant and

interesting presentations of the sympo-sium, Arthur B. Brauner, editor of theForest Products Research Society, de-scribed the workings of the Society'snew Abstract Information Digest Ser-vice (AmS). This system is powerful,quick, economical. and simple to oper-ate. Through use of AIDS, a subscribercan retrieve information on any subjector species in the world literature onwood utilization. Typical inquiriesmight include:

. What is known about the dullingof knives when machining particle-board?

. What articles review the concept ofcomplete-tree utilization?

. How can one accelerate the kiln-drying of red oak?

. How are fibers produced for me-dium-density fiberboard?

. What is a good technique for stain-ing rough-sa\vn Southern pine sid-ing?

Access to the system is simple andmay be accomplished in a number ofways to suit tl\e needs of the user. Forfurther information, th.~ reader is ad-v~ to correspond with Mr. Brauner.

Co,1Mll,oi..n"At the banquet follo\vin~ the technical

sessions, Richard F. Blom4uisl, presi-dent of the Forest Products I~archSOciety, traced the history of th~ Societyand predicted that it wo~ld continue tobe a major factor in development ofthe forest products industry.

After the formal sessions closed, about60 of the symposium participantf; touredthe laboratories of the Forest £'roductsUtilization Project of the Southern For-est Experiment Station. The to!.ir andthe symposium ended at noon March 14.

No proceedings from the symposiumwill be issued, but it is hoped that mostpapers will be published indi,iduallyinthe Forest Products JOt'mnt, WoodScience, or in a variety of trade journalssuch as the SOUTHERN LVXBERMAN. Afe'R' wil be printed as univer..ity bul-letins. Ultimately, all of the informationpresented, plus a goOd deal of additionaldata, will be published by the SOuthernForest Experiment Station as a U.S. De-partment of Agri~lture Handbook. /'

o---~~/~. c

Direct Seeding WorkshopsATLANTA, Ga., April 1S.-The

Southern Forest Institute. with head-quarters in Atlanta, is planning a seriesof area meetings in the South to pro-vide "an arena for discussion" of thegeneral subject 01 direct seeding.

Answers will be sought to such ques-t:ons as: "Is direct seeding one of thetools a forester should have availablein his ~ of tricks, Could direct seed-ing be part of the answer to meeting,the Third Forest goals? How effectivehas direct seeding been in certain areasof the South? How expensive is it todirect seed? What are ~e limitationsof direct seeding?"

At these area meetings these andmany other questions will be explored,with time to examine reports, surve>-sand research that has bee:t done ondirect seeding. Each of thest' meetingswill be a "workshop", with some timefor input from those in att&ndance.

Date and place of these three meet-ings have been announced as follows:Area I, May 29-30, Sheralon-BiloxiMotor Irm, Biloxi, Miss.; Area. n, May15-16, Sheraton Beach Motel, PanamaCity, Fla.; Area 1lI, June 26-27, Rode-way Inn, Asheville, N. C.

0 -Track-Type Loaders

Caterpillar Tractor Co. has recentlypublished a brochure entitled, "Cater-pillar Track-Type Loaders," This six-page, four-color piece gives a completeand up-to-date listing of machine speci-fications and attachments lor the sixtrack loader models offered in theproduct line.

Advantages and benefits of the manyfeatures of the Cat track luader line areal~ high-lighted.

Copies of the bro\~hure (FormAEDC6035) are availabl~ at your locolCaterpillar dealer.

SOUTHERN LUMBERMAN18