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SAADC20I l. 2011. Strategies and Challenges for SustainableAnimatAgriculture - crop Systems:Volume III: Proceeding. 844 pages.
First Edition: 700 copies
Year 20Il
JAOPRAYA PRINTING Ltd.312 Soi 66/1, Charan Sanit Wong Rd., Khet Bang Phlat, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
The individual contributions in this publication and any liabilitiesarising &om them remain the responsibility of the authors.
The publisher is not responsible for possible damages, which couldbe a result of content derived from this publication.
-i-
List of Reviewers (cont.)
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Komsan Amnueysit
Assoc. Profl Dr. Panrapee Amnueysit
Assist. Prof Dr, Warisa Sintaweewarkul
Assist. Prof. Dr. Thanongsak Mamom
Assist. Prof. Phinidda Cha-umphol
Dr. Jamlong Mitchaothai
Assist. Prof. Dr. Walaipom Tonpitak
Dr. Pongsiwa Sotthibandhu
Dr. Doungjit Kanungpean
Dr Duangjai Rieanrakwong
Suppalak Kaewkwan
Dr. Jetsada Rungpupradit
Dr. Jitbangjong Wiengcharoen
Dr. Danai Sangthong
Thanakom Pojprasath
Thuchadapom Charkhun
Dr. Sunpetch Sophon
Rachakris LerLpatarakomol
Tassanee Trairatapiwan
Dr. Supawadee Manatrinon
Daorung Sila-on
Dr Siwapom Paengkoum
Dr. Anan Chaokaur
Dr. Narin Preyavichy apugdee
Assist. Prof. Riltichai Pilachai
Anan Petlum
Walailuk Kaewwongsa
Assist. Prof. Dr. Phassakon Nuntapanich
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Opart Pimpa
Dr. Siuisak Khampa
Rajamangala lJniversity of Technology Lanna
Rajamangala University of Technoiogy Larrra
Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna
Mahanakorn University of Technology
Mahanakorrr University of Technology
Mahanakom University of Technology
Mahanakom Universigr of Technology
Mahanakom University of Technology
Mahanakorn University of Technology
Mahanakorn Llniversigr of Technology
Mahanakorn Universi[' of Technology
Mahanakom Universrty of Technology
Maharrakorn University of Technology
Mahanakom Universrty of Technology
Mahanakorn University of Technology
Mahanakom University of Technology
Mahanakom University of Technoiogy
Mahanakorn University of Technology
Mahanakom University of Technology
Silpakom Universit_v
Silpakorn University
Silpakom University
Silpakom University
Silpakorn University
Udon Thani Rajabhat University
Udon Thani Rajabhat University
Udon Thani Rajabhat University
Ubon Ratchatani Rajabhat University
Prrnce of Songkla Llruversiry, Surat Thani Campus
Mahasarakham Rajabhat University
-h-
List of Reviewers:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Joongsoo Chang
Dr. G6bor M6szaros
Dr. Astrid Koeck
Assoc. Prof. Boonlom Cheva-Isarakul
Assist. Prof. Dr. NoPadon Pirarat
Dr. Prapansak Srisapoome,
Dr. Nittaya Chaiyanate
Korea Nationd Open UniversitY
University of Natural Resources and Applied LifeSciences
University of Guelph
Emeritus from Chiang Mai University
Chulalongkorn University
Kasetsat'c University
Burapha University
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chalong Wachirapakom Khon Kaen Universiry
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chainarong Navarrukraw Khon Kaen Uruversity
Assist. Prof. Dr. supom Katawatrn Khon Kaen university
Assoc. prof. Dr. Wisittipom Suksombat Suranaree University of Technoiogy
Assist. Prof. Dr. Rangsan Panpai Suranaree Universrty of Technology
Assist. prof. Dr. Pramote Paengkoum Suranaree Universrty of Technology
Dr. Amonrat Molee Suranaree University of Technology
Assist. prof. Dr. Smintom Boonanuntanasarn SuranareeUniversity of Technology
Assist. prof. Dr. Chareeya Yimrattanabovorn Suranaree University of Technology
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Songsak Chumpawadee Mahasarakham University
Assist. Prof. Dr. Anut Chanttatikul Mahasarakham Universitv
Dr. Khanitta Ruangwittayallusom Mahasarakham University
Dr. Chakrapong Chaikong Mahasarakham University
Assist. Prof. Dr. Chalermpon Yuangklang Rajamangala Universiry of Technology Isan
Assist. prof. Dr. Kraisit Vasupen Rajamangala University of Technolory Isan
Dr. Sasiphan Wongsuthavas Rajamangala University of Technology Isan
Assist. Prof. Dr. somchit Guntaprom Rajamangala universrty of Technology Isan
Assist. Prof. Dr. Chumnamwit Promkote Rajamangala Universrty of Technology Isan
Assist. Prof. Dr. Jakrit Yaeram Rajamangaia University of Technology Isan
Dr. Kaewta Sootsuwan Rajamangala Universrty of Technology lsan
Dr. Smerjai Bureenok Rajamangala University of Technology Isan
Dr. Onanong Poungchompu RajamangalaUniversity of Technology Isan
Dr. Chalurrtom Vichasilp Rajamangala University of Tecbnology Isan
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Contents
Contents
Message from the President of the SAADC 2Al1 "" " """' "" a
Message from President SAADC International Advisory Committee.. """"'bMessagefiomthePresidentoftheSAADC?OI| "".".""""""'cAcademic Committee Chairman's Message..... ' - ' "" " """"' dlnternational Advisory Committee.. "" """ """""' e
List of Reviewers. .........-....
SUSTAINABLE I ORGANIC
-OP0004- Development of srstainable livestock production systems in Serbia..... '.'..... "2
Petrovic, P.M., M.M. Petrovic, V. caro Petrovic, D. Ruzic Muslic, M. zujavic,
Z. Tomic & N. Maksimovic
-OP0005- How to improve the Brazilian dairy chain through productivity indicators to get asustainable supply chain?
Okano, M.T., O. Yendrametto & O.S. Sarrtos
-Op0008- Improving linear type traits to improve production sustainability and longevity in purebred
Sahiwal cow............ """' 11
ilubey, A. & S. Mishra
-OP001{F Potential of dairy cattle development in Boyolali Central Java, Indonesia........... .. ..... .'. 16
Hidayah, N., B. Guntora, E. Sulssfti & Y' Suranindyah
-OP0012- Social integration and socio-economic gains of farmers' associations with cattle dispersal
program in Dolores, Quezon, Philippines """"""'22Dacil{a, R.G.
-OP0013- The survey of the production cost and marketing channel for the beef in Taiwan . . . . . . .. . . .29
Leu, S.Y. &M.C. Lee
-OP0l05-Esttmationofeconomicvaluesforsomeimportanttraitsmnativeblackgoatinlran.......40
Votsnkhah, M.
-OP0116- Perception of retailers and consumers in marketing chain of chicken meat toward virus
H5N1 (Avian influenza) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia "' """"""'45Putra, R.,4..R.S1 & B. Gttntoro
-OP0t17- Seasonal physiological activity of genital system in local sheep and goat in Kurdistan
Region """"49Banuary, M.S.Q.
-OPgf 2G. The feasibility of self-supported and partnership enterprises in broiler rndustries ............ 53
Purnomo, 5.5., A.Id. Fuslt, E. Gumbira-Sa'id & MachJud
-OP0122- Welfare assessment in tie-stall dairy farrns' """"""57Popesctt, 5., C. Borda, R. Stefcn & E.A. Diugan
-OP0123- Determination of hair follicle characteristics, density and activity of Iranian Cashmere goat
breeds
Ansari-Renani, H.R., Z. Ebadi, S. Moradi, I{.R' Baghershah & M.Y. Ansari -
Renani
-l-
-pp1002- Size Differentiation of Fingerlings of Two African Catfishes: Clarias gariepintts and
Heterabrunclzus longifilis and Ther Cross Breeds """"""""" """""""" " 131
Ataguba, G'A-, P.A. Annune & F.G' Ogbe
-pp101+ Micronuclei profile: an index of chromosomal aberrations in freshwater fishes (Synodontis
clqrius xrdt)reochtomis niloticus) """"""""""" 135
Okonhno, J'C-, M.O. Obiakor & P. C' Nnabude
-pp1038- Improving shrimp survival rate by Noctiluca-ktlling bacteria strain BS2 .. " ' 144
Keawtav)ee,7., K Fuknmi & P. Songsangiinda
VETERINARY
-Op2003- Blood metabolite stah,rs and immune response of indigenous sheep related to saponin intake . .. 1 5 1
Astuti, D.A., A.S. Baba& 1.W.7" Wibawan
-pp2004- Evaluation of Malaysian village chickens for resistance to Salmonella enteritidis by
analyzing three candidate gel€s """' 156
Tohidi, R., I.B. Idris, J-M. Panandqm & M'H' Bejo
-OPZAO:,- The effects of dietmy L-arginine concenffation on growth performance and rncidence of
diarrhea in diarrhea weaned piglets-....'.'....." "' "' 161
shi, x. & L. Qin
-pp2001- Chromosomal aberration and pathological alteration after coppff oxychloride fungicide
intoxicationinrabbits..... "" "" """"167
Saad, M.F., A.M. Saeed & A.M.H. Ahmed
-PP201G Disease detection model for cattle from fluid intake behaviour -..... "" """ 172
Kiran, K.P., S. Chaudhury, S. Kar& R' Premalatha
-PP5033- An experimental study on co-infection of AIV and IBV in broilers.... """"" 178
Seif, 5., K. Asasi, A. Moharnmadi & M' Pottrfalah
-pp5047- plasmodium gallinaceum infection in the Silver Pheasant (Lophura nycthemera jonesi) tn
Banglamung Wildlife Breeding Centre, Thailand"'.' ." """"" 183
Nokkaevl, w., s. Kaewkwsn, K- Aeumsa-ard, N. Juntuck & J. wiengcharoen
-pp504& High prevalence of antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in rabbit zoo, Suphanburi
provrnce" Thai1and..... """"' """"""'187
Wiengcharoen, J, W' Nokkaetv, S. Kaewkwan & T' Parnlak
-pp5l00- Sequence comparison of avian infectious bronchitis virus 51 glycoprotein of the Iran
se'rotype with eleven variant........ "" 191
Nosrati, M', M' Tahmorespoor, A'M' Hashemi & Y' Shamshitgaran
-pp5l02- prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius from canine clinical
sarnples...... "" ."""""" 195
T'onPitak, W. & C. Somklien
FEED TECHNOLOGY / DAIRY PRODUCTION
-Op3l06- Silage characteristics and acceptability of elephant grass and cassava peel silage by
ruminants in southwest Nigeria ...... """ """ ""201
Olorunnisamo, O-A'
-lll-
-OP3107- Effect of PEG and KMnOa on in-vitro fermentation and rumen degradation characteristicsoftanninrichtree fodders ........,...,...2l.7
Senevirsthne, N.D., V.P. Jayav,ardsna, T. Nishida & J. Takohashi
-OP3119- The effect of high quality feed supplement addition on production performance of earlylactating dary cows.. ....211
Astuti,4., A. Agus &.f.P.S. Budhi
-OP3123- The role of rice straw as feed for sustainable beef cattle production in East Java Province,Indonesia ......................2]l7
Marjuki
-OP3124- Brown midrib resistance {BMR) corn exploration rn Yogyakarta and Central of JawaProvinces ......................2Zl
Soetrisno, D., B. Suwigytyo & B. Suhartqnto
-OP3126- Fermentation of solid tempe waste using Aspergillus rciger and gelatinization liquid tempewasteusingthreekindsofsolublecarbohydrate.................. ....224
Laconi, E.B. & D.A. Astttti
-OP3131- A srirvey on antibody changes after vaccination by NDV lived vaccines Bl & lasota inchukar paridages.... .......228
Ghalehgolab-Behbahan, N., E. Peymani, G.R. Moazeni-jula, M. Ebrahini,A. Rqhimion, F'. Moazenijula, S. Zaker-Bostonahod
-OP3134- Effects of mono sodium glutamate wastewater added wrth soil potential microorganism anddifferent phosphor source on kargkong {Ipomoea reptans} and,marze (Zea mays) as forages . " 234
Karti, P.D., M.H, Salundik & D.K. Bayang
-OP3136- The application of brscuit feeding for sheep .."......239
Retnani, Y.
-OP3137- Soybean oil supplementation in dietary concentrate for reproductive performance ofpostpartum beef cows... ....................244
Guntaprom, 5., C. Navanukratv, C. Amporn, S. DounSynawong, T. Phichitrasilp& J. Yaerqm
-PP3009- Effects of the timing of initiation of glucogenic diet on performance of transition Holsternda:ry cows ....................248
Norouzi Ebdalabadi, M., R. Vqlizadah, A.H. Moussavi, M. Danesh Mesgaran &M. T'ahmoorespottr
-PP3011- Using ureatreated com silage as a roughage source to feed intake and milk yield on lactating
W., W. Chmvtoom, W. Pongrnchai,
cows...........
Kaewwongsa,A. Hsrinsalie
-PP3015- The role of OVM supplementation (optimum vitarnin & mineral) on milk production andmilk composition of dairy cows inthe transition period......... .....................256
Abhtari, A.lvI., M. Khalili, N. Landy
-PP3016- Change in vaccenic acid (TVA; t11-C18:1) level in milk durrng the lactating penod andCLA endogenous synthesis from TVA rn MCF-7 cell.......... ... ...................260
Ok, ,1.J., T. Wang K.H. Lee, J.H. Hwang, J.N. Im, Y.C. Jin, S.B. Lee &H.C. Lee
-PP31f 7- Effect of air temperature of a tower heat-dryer on in vitro digestibilrty of orgaruc matter andmetabolozable energy contsnt of brewer's grain........... ...........264
Danesh Mesgaran, M., H. Jahani-Aziz{thadi, M. Majtahedi, E. Abdi
The 3'd Internatiotal Conference on Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countrie s (SAADC2LI ] )July 26-29, 20ll Nsklnn Ratchasima, TI{AILAND
-oP2003-
Blood metabolite status and immune response of indigenous sheep relatedto saponin intake
Astuti, D.A.t'*, A.S. Baba2& I.W.T. Wibawan3
rFaculty of Animal Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680 Indonesia,zFaculty ofScience,Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603 Malaysia, 3Faculty
of Veterinary Mcdicine, ilogotAgricuitural University, Bogor 1 6680 Indonesia
Abstract
Saponin is a secondary compound which found some tropical browse plants. It is widelyknow that saponin may be triggered immune response in animals. The aim of the currentsfudy was to evaluate the effect of saponin contents in the tropical browse plants on bloodrnetabolites and immune responses in indigenous sheep. Sixteen male growing sheep (averageBW of 20 kg) were fed four experimental diets in Compietely Randomized Design. Theexperimental treatments were cornbined with seventy percentage of native grass and thirfypercentage of each the tropical browse plants (Gliri.cidia sepiunt (GS), Moringa oleifera (MO)and Aftocsrpns heterophyllus (AII)), while the diets contained only native grass was servedas control. Dry matter, protein and saponin intake were observed. Blood metabolites includingtotal protein, albumin, globulin and immunoglobulin-G were deterrnined using ELISA.Phagocytosis and ciearance test were done by challenged Staphylococus aureus using totalplate count method and evaluated descriptjvely. Dry matter and protein intake weresignificanfly increased (P<0.05) in sheep fed with GS and AH. Feeding AII was showed thehighest the intake of saponin. The experimental treatrnent did not affect the albumin andglobulin concentrations in the serum, whereas the levels of total protein in the serum weresignificantly higher in animals fed MO and AH. The highest Immunoglobulin-G level wasobserved in animal fed MO which was saponin intake at the values i5 g h-rdt. Phagocytosiscapaci6, (360150 cell) and clearance test (2.8 cfu/ml) ehallenge by Stapilococus duleusbacteria also supported that the saponin intake in the ration containing Moringa olederacould improve immune response for the indigenous sheep. The results suggest thatsupplementation of Moringa olei/bra in the diet with A.75 g kg-1814'-r saponin intake can beused to maintain blood metabolites and healthy status of indigenous sheep.
Keywords: immune response, blood metabolites, indigenous, phagocytosis, clearance test
*Corresponding author: D.A. AstutiE-mail add ress: [email protected]
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ffi Tn: ,.'1t*"**ional Canference cn SustainatleAnimal Agncultare for Developing Countri es (sAADC2al I)
July 26-29, 20ll lf&}x:n Ratchcttima. TI{AILAND
Introduction
In most parts of humid tropical countries, browse may constitute an irnportant foddercomponent to meet the rnaintenance requirements of ruminants, especially for farmers whopractice extensive or semi-intensive farming. A number of browse plants (include legurnesand herbs) may also contain chemisal compounds, protein, fibei, mineral and vitaminconcentrations adequate for the maintenance requirement of grazing anirnals (Aganga andMosase, 2001). Problem with tropical browse plants is thai they- have high content ofsecondary compound like saponin. The secondary compound piesent in flants provideprotection against predators, pathogens and invaders because of tfieir antimiciobial activity.Saponin which have active compound, in such doze, can stimulate immune response of theanimals through increase the antibody. Offering thess plants in regulated amounts assupplements to gtass diet (Reynolds ard Adediran, 1988) may yield bettir intake, utilization,improve blocd metabolites and healthy status. Saponin content in lerak (Sapindus rarak) canmodify lipid metabolism, hematological status and inrproved of ruttf* performance byimproving daity gain and health status (Astuti, et al., ZOOSI. Hence, in iivo studies thataddress nutrient intakes, blood rnetabolites and subsequently on growth and health, would bebest used to evaluate the feeding values of plants rich in- uncharacterized secondarycompounds.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the blood metabolites status and immuneresponses of indigenous sheep fed native grass mixed with tropical browse plants whichcontaining high levels of saponin. Those tropical browse plants contained .uponin (Anoringaoleifera, Gtiricidea sepium and Anocarpus het,erophylllrs) which usually offered to tleanimals mixed with native grass should be evaluated for feeding practice managernent. Theexperiments designed in the present study was used to obtained siientific bases on existingfarmers practices in using tropical browse plants (legume and herbs) in improvement of smallruminant nutriti on sfr ategies.
Materials and Methods
Sixteen male of growing sheep (av. BW 20 kg) were divided into four treatments andrnaintained in individual cages. The treatrnents were nA% native grass as control group;70Yo native grass plus 30o/o Gliricidia sepium (GSi; 70% native grass plus 30% Miringaaleifera O4O) and TAYo native grass plus 30a/o Artocarpus heterophyllus (AH) Concentrationof saponin was detennined by method of Hiai et al.(I976) *d iound'in grass, Gliricidiasepium , Moringa oleiJbra and Anacarpus heterophyltus were 23A%; 4.91%: 4.65yo md5.97oh, respectively.
A one-week feed adaptation period was allowed before measurement of daily intakes(DItl, protein and saponin). Therefore nutrient ingkes were measured for 7 weeks andconclude by blood sarnpling. During the last day of the experimental perios,, blood sampleswere taken from the jugular vein. Immediately, the sample were measured blood metaboiitesconcentrations such as total protein, albumin and globulin using general procedure of KITdiagnosis, while Lnmunoglobulin-G level was analysed using ELISA method. A set of prvitro blood test for immunity responses, phagocytosis capacity (Wibawan and Lammler,1994) and cleararce test were clarified using total plate count method (ISO 2152S-l:2000)by challenged with Stapilococu.s aureus bacteria (108 cfir/ml). AIl data were analyzed usingCornpletely Randornized Design with four treatments and four replications, exceptphagocytosis and clearance test data. Duncan Multiple Range Test was used to separatefreatment mean (Steel and Torrie, 2003). Significant differences between treatments wereconsidered when P<0.05
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The 3'd International Conference on Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Developing Countries (SAADC2}[ l)July 2&29, 201I Nakhon Ratchasima. THAILAND
Results and Discussion
Result showed that during two months feeding-trial, dry matter and protein intakes of ration
containing Gliricidia sepium and Ar"tocarpus heterophyllus were showed the highest compare
to two other treatments (P<0.05). Meanra;hile, the highest consumption of saponin was
observed in the animal fed the ration containing Artocarpus heteraphyllus (P<0.05). The
lowest protein $I gld) and saponin consumptions were found in control ration (P<0 05).
Normaliy, protein requirernent for local growing sheep (10-20 kg of BW) is around more than
T5 - 135 g h-1.6-i (Harjanto et al. 1993). The animals which only give total native grass were
suffered irom the protein deficiency, because of very low protein intake. Supplementation
with 30% of Gli.ricidia sepium and Artoc{trpus heterophyllus in the ration resulted in an
increased total dry matter intake around 20Yo and 1904, respectively. Dry matter intake (DivII)
for 10-20 kg of l,ocal sheep was around 500 - 1000 g h-t dt, or for about 4% - 5% of BW(Tomaszweska et al. 1993; Astuti and Sastradipradja (1999). This study also showed that dry
matter intake of sheep were started from 500 - 6i0 g h-1 d-r, or was about 4.5% of BW.
Supplementation with 30 Vo af Moringa oletfera in sheep ration resulted 54 g protein
intake aod saponin intake was around 15 g h-l dr or equal with 0.75 g h-' 6-t (average 20 kg
BW). This siiuation cause increased of semm protein and immunoglobulin-G significantly.
Serum protein and immunoglobulin-G were indicator of healthy status.
Table 1. Intake and blood metabolite parameters (*SD) of sheep fed with tropical forages.
Parameters Conhol GS MO AH
lntake:Dry matter (g/d)Crude protein (g/d)Saponin (g/d)Blood metabolites:Total protein {.mg%)Albumin (me%)Globulin(mg%)
506*28b41+2.37d1i+0.66d
6.4*A.A2"b42.8+2.550.40$1.10807*14"
610$17u 501*0.64b 604*24^
72+2.52" 54+0.i5" 62*3.15b
18*0.86b l5+0.25" 20*1.80u
6.2+0,2Ab 7.0*0.56" 7.27*0.17'44.45*0.90 48.92+3.89 46.87+3.15
49.9WA.76 52.01t2.70 49.57+1.67
890+19b 923+6u 881+19bigGMeans t" the sar"e row followed by different letters are significantly different (P<0.05).
GS : Gliricidea sepium; MO - Moringa oleifera; AH: Artocarpus heterophyllus.
DM, CP and saponin were analysed at Bogor Research centre (2009)
A1l experimental diets did not affect on the concentrations of serum albumin and
globulin. fhe totat serlrm protein concentration in |v{ori.nga aleifera and Anocarpus
Ttercrophyltrus rations were significantly higher (P<0.05) than the control and Gliricidia,sepium ireahnents. The concentrations of immunoglobulin-G were significantly increased
(p<0.05) after supplementation of the plants. The highest value was found in the sheep fed
Moringa oleilbra {reahnent (Tabie 1). A11 values were within the physiological ranges (Sasser
et al.,-1985; Tizard, 19SB). In the current sfudy, the consumed high protein in Gliricidia
sepium treatrnent did not relate to the total serum protein level. Mathius (1991) reporled that
secondary compound af Gliriciclia sepiwm (i.e. prussic acid and coumarin) miglrt disturbed ofnutrient utiiizaiion. However, the supplemented 30% Moringa oleifera in the ration, with 0.75
g.kg.BW-1.d1 saponin intake could improve protein and immunoglobulin-G serum
concenfation.
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The 3'i International Conference on Sustainable Animal Agriculture for Deveioping Countries (SAADC20I I)hly 26-29, 2011 Nskhon Ratcha*ma,T'IIAILAND
Tabel 2.Dataof phagocytosis capacity and clearance test (cfu/ml).
Parameters Control MO AHGS
Phagocyt cap.l50cellClearence test (cfu/ml
347+134.05
Data in vllro study of phagocytosis capacity and clearance test using sheep serum
according to the treatmenti r.s,rlt that ration containing Monnga oleiJbra had better potential
to impr&e immune response, descriptively. The Mortnga aleifera treabnent showed tliatgupu"iq, of phagocytosii to the Stapilococus eureus bacteria was 360i50 ceil, means that
te.r"ocyt" from-the treatment could phagocl'te 360 of bacteria. However in the same
treatment, the result of clearance test was 2.8 cfulml, this means the lorvest growth colony ofbacteria was happen ed in Moringa oleifera treatment. Capacity of piragocytosis is defined by
total bacteriu **ti which is swollen by 50 cell of leucocyte. Clearance test is one of method to
evaluate bacteria growth by coturt the colony between control and treatrnent test. The lower
amount of bacteria colony gfowth, the best treatment we get. Ration containing Moringa
oleifera u,ith a certain doze of saponin (0.75 pprn) tenden have good effect to the animal
immgne response as expressed by high of hnmunoglobulin-G and protein serum
concentration and also supported by data of phagocytosis and clearance test. Astuti et al.
(2008) reported that sheep raised under the hopical forest management fed by sole grass only
had low concentration of total protein. It is recommended that sheep need some tropical
browse plant in their ration.
Conclusions
Suppleraentation of 30olo Moringa oleifera in the ration with 0.75 ppm of saponin intake was
the best choice for improving serum protein and immunoglobulin-G of indigenous sheep.
Acknowledgement
This study was funded by Directorate General Higlrer Education of Ri flrough the Research
Grant no 48ll 3 .24.4 I SPWBG-PSN/Z009
References
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Astuti, D.A. and D. Sastradipradja.l999. Energy metabolism in relation to grazing activity ingrowing priangan sheep as affected by rations. Indonesian J. Trop. Agric. Vol. 3
Astuti, D.A., D.R. Ekastuti, Marwah and Suryani. 2008. Blood profil and hematological stahlsof local sheep under the rain forest area Walat-Sukabumi. J. Ihnu Ternak UNSYAH.Vol. 1:2008.
Harjanto, B. and A. Djajanegara. 1993. Nutrient requirement for small ruminant in Indonesia.Anirnal Research centre, Bogor.
ISO 21528-1. "Microbiology of food animal feeding stuffs-Horizontal method for thedetection and enumeration of enterobacteriaceae" 2000.
Mathius, LW. 1991. Gliricidia sepium as a feedstuff for the ruminant. Wartazoa l{4): 19-23.
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