WORK BOOK

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Contents

page

To the Student

Organising Your Learning: Introduction

1 UNIT 1 Learning and teaching English6 Organising Your Learning: Dictionaries

7 UNIT 2 The family12 Organising Your Learning: Vocabulary13 Organising Your Learning: Grammar

15 UNIT 3 Prejudice20 Organising Your Learning: Speaking (1)

21 UNIT 4 Entertainment going out26 Organising Your Learning: Writing

27 UNIT 5 The Third World32 Organising Your Learning: Reading (1)

33 UNIT 6 Health and medicine38 Organising Your Learning: Speaking (2)

39 UNIT 7 Crime and law enforcement44 Organising Your Learning: Listening

45 UNIT 8 Political ideas

50 Organising Your Learning: Reading (2)

51 UNIT 9 Animals

56 UNIT 10 Unusual beliefs, the occult

61 UNIT 11 Environmental problems

66 UNIT 12 Motoring, cars

71 UNIT 13 Travel, holidays

77 Answer key

To the StudentThis Workbook has four main aims:• to develop the suggestions made in your

Coursebook about organising your learning• to offer further practice of the language presented

in your Coursebook• to introduce and practise related vocabulary and

grammar points• to provide further work on writing, pronunciation,

and registerThe exercises can be done in class or as set homework,and a key is provided so that you can correct foryourself any exercise which you do on your own.

Organising Your Learning:Introduction

1 Why go on studying English?Your English is fairly good now. Most likely youmanage quite well when you speak and hear it. Sowhy do you want to go on studying? Look at thereasons for advanced English study below. Which ofthem are true for you? Are there any other reasons notmentioned here?• pure interest in the language, and the culture(s)

associated with it• a specific need to use English well in a particular

situation• a long-term need for English in your work• a desire to speak English as the 'international

language'• a need for English in your studies• to pass an EFL exam (why?)

2 What are your strengths in English?All learners are better at some things than others inEnglish. Grade your own performance on the skillsbelow, using the following:VG: very good G: good QG quite goodNVG: not very good• expanding your passive vocabulary (what you

understand)• activating your passive vocabulary (using it)• using grammatically correct English: in writing

and speaking

• using an appropriate register, or style of English,depending on the situation

• speaking with little accent• speaking fluently, with little hesitation• writing• understanding what you hear• understanding what you read

3 What are your priorities?Bearing in mind the needs you considered inexercise 1 and your strengths and weaknesses, what doyou most need to work on in your English?

4 Studying alone or in a groupNo course or language class can entirely reflect yourpersonal priorities, so it is essential to organise yourown learning outside the classroom.Note the advantages of studying in class or working onyour English outside class time.

in class

outside

5 Organising work outside the classroomThe Organising Your Learning units in this Workbookand in your Coursebook provide suggestions anddemonstration activities for working on your Englishoutside the classroom. These range from fluencyactivities, to file management, to ways of making themost of your dictionary. You may well have otherideas of your own. Whatever shape your self-directedlearning takes, the following basic rules are important:

• set aside a regular, realistic time for study oractivities, and plan what you will do

• keep a record, even a simple one, of what youhave done

• always be aware of the purpose of what you can do,and how this relates to what you want to achieve

Good luck and enjoyable learning!

UNIT

Learning and teaching English

be used to doing

1 The sentences below are marked to showsentence stress. For example, in a evening isstressed, in b used is stressed. Say the sentences toyourself, stressing the correct syllable.

a I'm used to eating late in the 'evening.b I'm 'used to teaching individual students.c They're'used to working in groups.d They're used to 'cold weather.e I'm used to teaching individual 'students.f She's 'used to risking her life.g I'm 'used to eating late in the evening.h They're used to lying in 'bed all morning.i They're 'used to cold weather.j She's 'used to the sight of blood.k I'm 'used to driving long distances without rest.1 They're used to working in 'groupsm She's 'used to getting up early.n She's used to risking her'life.

2 Match each sentence below with a sentence inexercise 1.Example:8 We didn't get to the restaurant till I lpmt but that

was OK.

g I'm 'used to eating late in the evening.

1 She won't mind starting work at 6am.2 Paris to Athens in three days should be no

problem-3 The students find all this individual work a bit

dull.4 She won't worry about being sent off to cover the

war.5 Penguins find summers in the zoo a bit

uncomfortable.6 The students work together really efficiently.7 Working in an office will seem rather dull and

safe, I expect.8 We didn't get to the restaurant till 1 lpm, but that

was OK.9 They won't like getting up at dawn in the army!

10 She won't be shocked, working in the casualtydepartment.

11 Penguins don't mind the English winter a bit!12 No problem, I've given a lot of private lessons.13 These early suppers in England are really strange.14 I'm not sure about teaching such a big group.

Check on page 77.

1

UNIT 1

Language register: not... any more and no longerto speak of changes

3 Sentences A and B below talk about the samechange of situation, but B is more formal.A: Bob Smith doesn't workhere anymore.

B: Mr Smith is no longer employed by the company.

Convert the following sentences in the same way,using the words in brackets. Do not change theform of the words. The first is done for you.

a Alice doesn't live here any more, (resides, address)

Alice no longer resldee at this address.

b He doesn't respect what his parents believe in anymore, (respect, beliefs)

c We don't mind them being here any more,(objection, presence)

d I'm not interested in all that any more,(interest, that matter)

e He doesn't want to go on living any more,(desire, continue)

f There's no reason why he should feel that way anymore, (reason for, him, such an attitude)

g I'm not going to take the job any more,(intention, the position)

h People aren't hopeful any more that they can sortout the crisis without a war. (there, hope, crisis,resolved peacefully)

i This structure isn't difficult for me any more,(presents, difficulties)

Check on page 77.

2

Emphasis: neutral and strong adjectives

4 At twelve points in the dialogue below, adverbsqualify adjectives. Sometimes the adverbs andadjectives don't match, because one of them is toostrong or too weak. In. these cases, replace one ofthe words, and write the new combination below.Where adverbs and adjectives do match, write OKbelow. The first two are done for you.

A: Gosh, mother, I'm 1 absolutely exhausted, aren'tyou? I can't remember the last time I walked so far.It really is 2 fairly amazing how difficult it is to geta bus whenever it snows.

B: Amazing? I should say it is 3 utterly deplorable.4 Absolutely annoying, in fact. The bus companyshould do something about it. It is 5 fairlyincredible that elderly people should have to walkin ice and snow in such weather.

A: Young people, too! What about me? I'm6 absolutely freezing!

B: Take that poor old lady over there, for example.She looks 7 absolutely scared that she's going to slipup and fall down.

A: Still, I must say I'm 8 utterly pleased we wentshopping today. If we hadn't we would probablynever have found Dad's present. I bet he'll be9 extremely delighted with it. All right, I know youfound it a 10 rather strange colour, but I think it'snice.

B: It is not strange, dear, it is 11 absolutely ugly. And Ican't imagine your father in a hat, anyway. He'lllook 12 very ridiculous, I'm sure.

A: Well, as long as it keeps his head warm, I'll behappy.

1 OK

2 absolutely I utterly amazing

3

4

5

6

7

8

UNIT 1

9

10

11

12

5 Fill in each gap in the following dialogues with anadverb + adjective combination.

a Dinner guest: Mmm, this pie is

Modest hostess: Thank you, yes, it is

isn't it? It's my own recipe, you know.

b A: You really must see the new Mel Brookes'

comedy. It's __ !

B: I'm not a Mel Brookes fan really. I mean, he's

, I suppose, but he doesn't make

me laugh much, I must say.

c A: Look, listen to me, it is that

this letter is posted today.

B: Oh come on, calm down, I know it's

that they should know soon, but it's not

that urgent, surely?

Check on page 77.

Emphasis: adjective collocations

6 Adjectives like exhausted are quite strong on theirown. However, some 'neutral' adjectives, like tiredcan combine with other words to make strong,emphatic combinations, or 'collocations'.Using your dictionary, match words on the leftwith words on the right to form collocations.Some left-hand words can be used more than once.

wide tiredstone asleepblind stiffraving rightfast awakebored slowfilthy colddead rich

maddeafdrunk

Check on page 77.

7 Fill the gaps with expressions from exercise 6.

a Dinner's on the table, come and eat or your food

will be, _________________ .

b The children were ,and within

minutes of going to bed they were.

I couldn't sleep though, no matter how hard I

tried. I stayed.

c 'Oh yes, they're , they've got a

house in the Bahamas, a flat in Paris, and a castle

in Scotland. That's where they keep Uncle Angus

locked up, by the way.'

'Why? Is he a bit strange?'

'Strange? is more like it!'

d I agree with him entirely, he's -

e What a tedious film; I was from

beginning to end.

Check on page 77.

3

UNIT 1

Emphasis: similes

8 Similes with an adjective or a verb like stubborn as

a mule and She works like a slave can also he used

for emphasis.

Each picture can combine with one of the words

below to make a simile. Match the pictures and

words and write the simile beneath each picture.

quiet light blind smoke eat pretty

drink (alcohol) old clean sleep

Check on page 77.

4

Emphasis: strong verbs

9 As with adjectives, some verbs are stronger than

others. For example, she's struggling to understand

is stronger than she's trying to understand.

Using your dictionary, replace each verb in italics

with a more emphatic verb from the list.

The first is done for you.

a The car left the road on a sharp bend and feU into

the sea. plunged

b The drawer was jammed shut but he managed to

pull it open.

c The thieves took her bag and ran off with it.

d I absolutely dislike that man.

e She threw her glass at the wall . . .

f . . . , where it broke into a thousand pieces.

g We searched the country, and finally found the

sort of house we were looking for.

h He asked her to forgive him, but she refused to.

i He pushed me out of the way in his hurry.

j The kite rose into the air as the wind caught it.

k The police suddenly came i n , . . .

1 . . . hurried up the stairs....

m . .. and began knocking on the door.

n I promise I'll never do it again.

o Don't give up, Pm sure they'll find her soon.

p Don't look at the man just because he looks a bit

strange!

q He walked in, very annoyed, and asked to see the

manager.

r Unfortunately it poured with rain, which spoilt the

picnic.

hurl grab hammer burst wrench race soarshatter stare shove swear demand loathebeg scour despair ruin

Check on page 77.

Explaining purpose and function

10 Complete the sentences in your own wordsusing one of the following forms: infinitivein order to so that for (people) to (do) for doing

a Some teachers ask their students to work in groups

they can talk freely.

b Some teachers ask their students to work in groups

opportunity to talk freely.

c A language lab is good _____ pronunciation.

d Our school has a language lab we can

practise our pronunciation,

e I go to the language lab practise my

pronunciation.

f Phonemic script is how words are

pronounced.

g Phonemic script is used see how words are

pronounced.

h Dictionaries print words in phonemic script

. students how words are pronounced.

i She writes words up on the blackboard her

students can see how they are spelt.

j She writes words up on the blackboard

show how they are spelt.

k It's useful to have dictionaries in the classroom

look words up in.

1 Make sure your written work is as good as you can

make it your teacher can see where you

really have problems.

Check on page 77.

UNIT 1

Adding information and explaining purpose

11 Each sentence below makes two recommendations.Rewrite the sentence using the expression inbrackets, and add a clause of purpose with so thator in order to. The first has been done for you.

a A good language course should not only teachstudents the language, but also help them todevelop their own best way of learning.(apart from) (purpose: students can study effectively

outside the classroom)

Apart from teaching students the language, a good _

language course should help them to develop their own

best way of learning, so that they can study

effectively outside the classroom?

b Apart from participating in classroom work, a

good language student will work independently

outside class time.

(not only.. .but also) (purpose: to achieve her own

learning objectives)

c A good language school will not only support itsteachers with efficient teaching materials, but alsopay them for preparation time.(apart from) (purpose: the teachers can present anorganised programme of work)

d Apart from working hard in the classroom, a goodlanguage teacher will spend time on lessonpreparation.(not only) (purpose: to be able to present an organisedprogramme of work)

Check on page 77. 5

Organising Your Learning:DictionariesChoosing and exploring a dictionaryBilingual dictionaries are useful when you know whatyou want to say, but don't know the word in English.However, they can also lead you astray, if you use anEnglish word as if it meant the same as its 'equivalent'in your own language in every context.A monolingual learner's dictionary avoids thisproblem, and will tell you more about usage.It is worth spending some time finding out whatinformation a dictionary can offer you, especially ifyou are deciding which one to buy.

1 Compare two or three learner's dictionaries (theintroductions and contents lists as well as theentries). Do they contain the following?

• words included specifically because they arecommon in modern English

• clearly laid out entries, so that meanings,derivatives (e.g. childhood, childish), idioms,compounds and phrasal verbs are easy to find

• explanations in easy-to-understand English• helpful example sentences• information about grammar, pronunciation, style

(formality/informality), US/British differences• separate sections on grammar, punctuation,

prefixes and suffixes, important abbreviations,Christian names, place names, nationalities,measurements, abbreviations

2 Clear layout is especially important with very longentries, which may contain several meanings, plusphrases, compounds, and phrasal verbs.

a Look up the following words as they are used inthe sentence contexts. If you can, use twodictionaries. Which one is quicker?

1 He looks as if he's high on something.2 He was speaking in such a high voice.3 We're low on sugar.4 I thought he was looking a bit low.b Look up the following, comparing dictionaries

again if possible.1 She's lying low at the moment, (phrase)2 I feel like a Chinese takeaway, (compound)3 He took to her straight away, (phrasal verb)

6

3 How words are pronounced should be made clearby your dictionary. It should include a table,showing all the sounds in phonemic script, withexamples. A good idea is to record your teachersaying the example words, so that you can listen tothem from time to time.

4 Using your dictionary, match the following wordswith their phonemic transcriptions on the right.

a longingly

b yawning

c flame-thrower

d jumbled

e lotion

f chocolate

g fearless

h frightful

Check on page 77.

5 Word stress will also be shown by a good dictionary.Mark what you think is the stressed syllable ineach word below. Check in your dictionary, thenpractise saying the words correctly.

a operation b potential c particular d automobilee knuckle f coincidence g delicacyh kaleidoscope i quantitative j psychosomatic

6 Most sounds can be written in different ways in

English (e.g. /su/ in low, alone, loan). If such asound is at the beginning of a word you hear andwant to look up, try to guess the probable spelling,and keep looking until you find your word.Write out the phonemic transcriptions below innormal script. To check your answers, look themup in your dictionary. If you don't find the word,try a different spelling. As a last resort, check onpage 77.

wish + past simple/ past perfect, or would

1 Convert the infinitives in brackets to the correct

tense, or could + infinitive..

'Oh, Mummy, I wish I (1 tell _______ ) you

how horrible he is. If I ( 2 know _____ )

what he was like, I (3 never start

) going out with him. Oh, it's all gone

wrong, I wish I (4 be ) dead!'

Don't talk such nonsense! So now you wish you

(5 never meet ) him, do you?

Yesterday you were in love. You said if you (6 not go

) to the disco with him, you (7 not go

) with anyone. Now you're wishing

you {8 never be born

_____ ). I wish I (9 keep up with

) you, you change too quickly for me.

All right, what's so bad about him, then?

'He's horrible. He laughed at me. Everything (10

be ) alright if only he {11 not

laugh ) at me. 1 wish 1(12 never buy

) the stupid dress.'

'He laughed at you in your new dress? Is that all?

Oh well, in that case . . . '

'Oh, Mummy, I wish you (13 take )

me seriously! I wish 1 {14 never mention

) it to you!'

Check on page 77.

Wish + would with clauses of purpose

2 Change each sentence below into a wish + would

sentence, including a so clause to explain purpose.

The first has been done for you.

a You don't understand what you're supposed to be

doing, because you don't listen properly.

I wish you would listen properly, so you would

understand what you were supposed to be doing

7

UNIT 2

b You always make such a mess because you don'ttake enough care.

I wish

c We can't get any sleep because of the noise you'remaking.

I wish

d We can't go to bed yet, not till they go home.

I wish

e I can't get any work done with you talking all thetime.

I wish

f Because you won't make up your mind, I can'tbook the tickets.

I wish ____________________________________

g He never fixes the car, so I have to take the bus towork.

I wish ___________________________________

h Behave yourselves, you kids, I can't hear thetelevision!

I wish________________________________

Check on page 78.

Wish + past perfect with third conditional

3 For each sentence below, write a wish + hadsentence, followed by a clause of reason with ashortened third conditional. The first one hasbeen done for you.

a You didn't tell me, so I couldn't help.

I wish you'd told me; I could have helped if you had.

b We spent a lot, so we can't take a taxi home.

I wish

c You didn't tell me you were coming, so I didn'tcook anything nice for dinner.

I wish

d I couldn't go to university, because I didn't studyhard at school.

I wish____________________________________

8

e I couldn't get a good job, because I didn't go touniversity.

I wish____________________________________

f We didn't know she could babysit, so we had tostay in.

I wish ____________________________________

Check on page 78.

Wish + would or it's high time...

4 Wish + would can express impatientrecommendation. It's time + past tense does thismore forcefully. It's high time is even more forceful.Example:I wish you would make up your mind.It's high time you made up your mind!This can't he done when wish + would doesn'texpress impatience.Example:I wish you would come to the party.It's high time you came to the party. (Wrong)Recommending a change of habit, we usually addthe verb to start.Example:I wish you would listen more carefully.It's time you started listening more carefully!Below, which wish + would sentences could bereplaced with a forceful It's time sentence? Writeout the new sentences.

a 1 wish the government would tackle inflation.b I wish you would do some homework!c I wish it would stop raining.d I wish you would be a little more patient.e I wish you children would go to bed.f I wish they would put a stop to all these strikes.g I wish you would try this cheese, it's good.h I wish you would be a bit more punctual.i I wish you would grow up and act responsibly.j I wish you would explain tilings carefully Dad!

Check on page 78.

UNIT 2

Second, third and mixed conditional sentences

5 Write second, third or mixed conditionalsentences based on the following prompts.

a I'm sure he's rich; he bought that new car, didn'the?

If __________________________

b I'm such a fool; that's why I didn't leave him longago.

If_

c I lost my address book, so I can't ring them up.

If ________

d This government doesn't know what it's doing; it'sincreased interest rates!

If______________________________________

e Tilings are bad for business because interest rateswent up.

Things

f My marriage broke up because I was maderedundant.

My

g Nobody will give him a job because he hasn't gota fixed address.

Perhaps s o m e b o d y _

h He can't save any money because he hasn't got ajob.

If

i He can't rent a place to live because he hasn't gotany money.

If_____________________________________

j He's in this mess because he came to London.

He_____________________________________

Check on page 78.

Word stress and vowel reduction

6 Four-syllable words can be stressed in one of thefollowing ways. The big dot shows the syllablewhich carries the primary stress.

Say the words to yourself. Which of the stress-patterns do you think is/are the most common inEnglish?Words in column 5 look like four-syllable words,but in normal speech one of the syllables is soreduced that it disappears. Using your dictionary,sort the words listed below into the 5 columns.

1 2 3

figurative fortuitous outmanoeuvre

4 5

oversubscribed secondary

satisfying secretary literary sentimentalnevertheless hesitation schizophrenia formidablesubsidiary underexposed extravagant reasonablesaturated notwithstanding preservative impossibleimpractical unrestricted insensitivedisenchantment disotderly polytechnic

Check on page 78-Were you right about the most common stress patterns?

Phrasal verbs

7 Replace the words in italic with one of the phrasalverbs in Section E of your Coursebook.

a How do you relate to your parents?b The marketing manager proposed some very

interesting ideas.c Look, I'm counting on you for this lift tomorrow,

so don't disappoint me, please!d Her son has the same personality as her.e I used to like honey, but I have stopped liking it.

9

UNIT 2

f Most criminals escape punishment for their crimes.g I really had to reprimand her this morning.h Can you share books today? There aren't enough

for everyone to have one.

a e

b f

c _________________ g

d h

Check on page 78.

8 Fill the gaps with a phrasal verb from Section E.

a The Ferrari had tyre problems, and

the Maclaren.

b After a tyre change, however, it soon

it again.

c Look that's enough! I am not going to

you talking to your mother like that!

d He's still very strange, I don't think he's

. the shock of it yet.

e 'There's no water.' 'We'll just have to

baths, then.'

f I can't stand winter. I'm already

spring to arrive,

g I can't explain everything. You'll learn more if you

it _____ for yourself.

h Many big companies their

executives remaining single, preferring them to

marry.

Check on page 78.

10

9 Below are the root verbs from four phrasal verbs.Beside each there are two or three meanings. Lookup each root verb in your dictionary and find aphrasal verb for each of the meanings. Write theparticle or particles on the line after the root verb.

a Grow slowly become more enjoyable orattractive to (someone)

become more grown up and stop

doing (something)

b Fall quarrel (with someone)

become strongly attracted to

someone

laugh almost uncontrollably

c Catch understand (something), orrealise something is happeningcatch someone making a mistake,or trick them into making one

d Get _____ cause something to be understood;make people understand

avoid a law, or difficulty, orrestriction

be successful and make progressin your life and career

Check on page 78.

10 Use one of the phrasal verbs you discovered inexercise 9 to complete each sentence below.

a She's very ambitious, you know, really keen to

b Jack and Jill have , I think. I

haven't seen them together for a long while.

c Grammar exercises should try to help students,

not them_______ ,

d It's a funny-tasting wine at first, but I think you'll

find it you.

UNIT 2

Professional people earn a lot. Put on the other hand

they have to work hard for their money. Take the case

of GFs, for example. Taking Into account their morning

and afternoon surgeries, and their visiting rounds,

they work far longer days than most people.

b • developing countries/capacity/create wealth/butcrippled/debt

• Brazil• largest/economies/world/but/huge export

earnings/used/pay/interest/foreign debt

c • apparently/difficult/reasonably-pricedaccommodation/London/short notice

• German students/letter/London/Unit 1• having/ Euston station/1 lpm/still/found/place/

stay/half-an-hour's/Yellow Pages

d • European young people/tending/stay/home/have/easy life/instead/own

• German law student/The stay at home kids• four-room apartment/yet/cook/,/mother/washes/

clothes/him

11

e The children had been missing school secretly for

days before their parents

what was happening.

f I used to like pop music, but I've

it now.

g You should have seen how ridiculous he looked;

we just _____ when he came in.

h It was love at first sight. They

each other the day they met.

i To teach grammar, it's not enough to understand

it; somehow you've got to it to

your students as well.

j Well, there are certain regulations, but I'm sure

you can them with the help of a

good accountant.

Check on page 78.

Supporting a statement: guided writing

11 Below are four sets of information. Each setcomprises:• a generalisation• an example• supporting informationWrite sentences using the examples andsupporting information to support thegeneralisations. Use two or three sentences asnecessary. The first one has been done for you.

a • professional people earn a lot/but/hand/workhard/their money

• GPs• taking/account morning and evening surgeries/doing their rounds/work far longer day/mostpeople

Organising Your Learning:VocabularyTeaching yourself vocabularyThe vocabulary sections in your Coursebook aim toteach you new words and expressions, and exposure toEnglish will expand your passive vocabulary.However, continuously expanding your activevocabulary is something you will probably have towork on yourself by a process of conscious learning.This section will give you some ideas.

1 Sources of new vocabularyIf you are studying in Britain, you are surrounded byEnglish. However, your long-term learning will mostlikely be done in your own country. Which of thefollowing sources of new vocabulary are available toyou there?books newspapers magazinesEnglish-language videos BBC World Serviceradio English-language TV programmesnative speakers other proficient speakers of EnglishsongsWhich do you actively use for expanding yourvocabulary? What are the advantages of each?

2 Selecting vocabulary to learnCriteria for choosing items to learn are very personal,but it seems to be true that choosing words forourselves makes them easier to learn. Try to pick up afew items whenever you read or listen to English.

3 Recording vocabularyA proper file (or small 'Filofax') is best for storingvocabulary, because pages can be added where you likeor thrown away when they are no longer needed.Items can be recorded with all or any of the following:a translation (but be careful, as with bilingualdictionaries!)an explanation (not too long)a phonemic transcription (if the pronunciation istricky)an example sentence, making the meaning andfeatures of form clear (e.g. Prevent he didn't want tostay, but I prevented him from leaving) How do yourecord the items you collect?

12

A single word-list will soon become too long to workon and review. Instead, open a variety of smaller lists,according to, for example, topic (e.g. rock music,sport, finance, winter) the type of item (e.g.compounds like landscape, landlord, landmark) itemshaving a common aspect of meaning (e.g. gasp, stare,amazing, beyond belief)Lists like these are more effective because:

• items on short lists are more prominent• items on meaningful lists are linked, and

remembered together• reviewing can be more methodical• a topic list with very few items shows there is a gap

in your knowledge• in deciding where to list a new item you think

more about its rneaning(s)• when reviewing, you can have ideas for new lists,

and duplicate or transfer existing items to them. Indoing this, you think again about the meaning ofitems, and consolidate your learning. The bubblepuzzle opposite shows how this can work.

Bubble puzzleThe bubbles opposite contain eight lists. The wordoverthrow is common to bubbles B, C and D, so itappears on all three lists. The bubbles are linked in achain by other words which are common to more thanone list. For example, bubbles F and G are linked byto fall for someone.

Place the vocabulary items given in the correctbubbles. Items linking bubbles will appear on each list,in positions shown by the arrows.

a throwback to fall ill fiance overdraftto break up poll to throw out to pay offovercoat nuclear waste to overturnto fall to pieces rate of interest fiascoconstituency bizarre budget deficitto overtake MP fall-out to fancypower station

Check on page 79.

b New lists are suggested by several of the items inthe bubbles. What lists might include thefollowing?

MP to fall ill H-bomb overtake overcoat

Check on page 79.

4 Reviewing, retention and consolidationMake a regular time for reviewing your word-store,and exchange ideas with other learners. Below aresome suggestions.• Arrange your lists with the words in one column,

and the definitions etc in another. Cover eachcolumn in turn and test yourself on what is in theother.

• Write problem items on a separate list, and givethis special attention.

• Put problem items on cards with the item on theback and an example sentence (with a gap for theword) on the front. Work through the packtesting yourself. Put ones you know on one side.Peep at the ones you get wrong, and put themback at the bottom of the pack, until you haveremembered all of them.

• Write problem items on slips of paper and stickthem on your wall where you will keep seeingthem.

• Pick four or five items at random, and write asentence containing them all. Associating itemsin a sentence context makes them easier to recall.

• Try to find 'mediating words' which (ink theEnglish item with its equivalent in your language.For example, an English learner might find donatea helpful link between give and the French worddormer, or that camping was helpful in recalling ocampo, the Portuguese word for countryside.

• Teach words to fellow learners and ask them totest you on your lists.

• Use items you are fairly sure about in extendedwriting for your teacher.

Organising Your Learning:GrammarSetting a grammar research agenda

At more advanced levels, it is sometimes difficultto see where you can make improvements in yourEnglish, even though you know it isn't (quite) perfect.This can make you feel you can't progress any more.

One solution to this problem is to use yourcorrected written work to help you analyse yourperformance in English. Probably the only time your

13

teacher can give your English her undivided attentionis when marking and correcting your extendedwriting. Use this attention, and treat your returnedhomework as a basis for grammar research.

Another idea is to ask your teacher (or others, ifyou are in Britain) to correct you as you speak, or tonote down important errors and give you feedbacklater. Alternatively, record yourself speakingunrehearsed, and listen critically to the recording.

Genuine (not careless) errors show you what youneed to research and practise. Study the errors, and setup an ongoing agenda of problem areas to be tackled,either with your grammar or by asking your teacher oranother student. In this way, you know you're makingprogress, because every problem you deal with meansanother improvement in your English.

Exercises1 The following twenty sentences are genuine

examples of English from advanced students. Eachcontains one or more errors, underlined. Correctthe errors.

a There are by far too many qualified lawyers,for this it's hard to find work.

b I went to an Italian-speaking school, to that mymother could help me with my work in case Ineeded it.

c I'm glad to hear that some of that I said was ofinterest.

d I'd rather you correct my errors, please, and can'tit be a good idea to do a dictation every week?

e Certificates prove you're really good jn something.f It seems sometimes almost impossible to keep pace

with the others.g It's the first time I have to correct my own writing.h I don't see any reason to go again with the class to

the computer room.i That is easy to be understood.j When I'll be back in Switzerland I'll have a

holiday, and after 111 enter university to study law.k I'm not used to wtiting neither in English or in

Italian.I After this, I could go to university, whereas I did a

secretarial course instead.m After graduated, I had spent 3 months in Paris to

14

perfect my French that I have studied for theprevious 6 years.

n At the following weekends I hope to see as muchas possible from England.

o I just have finished my studies in Germany.p In case of needing advice, can I ask you after

lessons?q Whatever we'll do I'm sure it will be useful.r I rather talk than studying always grammar,s I arrived back to Spain and began working in a

multinational company which head office was atmy home town.

t I never had seen a so beautiful place as that.

Check on page 79.

2 Below are fifteen areas for further grammarresearch, based on the sentences. {Some of thesewill be dealt with in your Coursebook). Besideeach item, write the letter(s) of the sentences inexercise 1 in which the relevant errors appear.

word order

future tenses

sequences and time expressions

logical connectors

prepositions

in case

too, enough, so, such

relative clauses and what clauses

punctuation

the first time

adjective and i n f i n i t i v e .

present tenses in futuresubordinate clauses

modals

rather

neither/nor

present perfect/past simple

Check on page 79.

UNIT

Prejudice

Ability in the pastcould, couldn't, could have, able to, had managed to

1 In the following story, convert can + infinitive toan appropriate past form, affirmative or negative.

My first English lesson

It was a rainy evening, and it was a long time since the last car had passed. We were trying to hitchhike from Salonika to

London, because we (1 can afford) . the bus. We'd only got fifty miles that day, our third, and I (2 can see) _ _ _ _ us

getting to the Austrian border that night. The previous night had been spent in a misty dripping wood, with nothing to eat

or drink. Jackie (3 can sleep) a bit, but I hadn't slept at all. Perhaps I (4 can do). , if I hadn't been so worried.

Suddenly we saw a car's headlights coming towards us. We rushed down to the edge of the road, hoping we (5 can make)

it stop. We (6 can see)______it wasn't going very fast. The driver didn't see us at first, but the car was going so slowly

that we (7 can run) alongside it waving for a few seconds, and finally we (8 can make) it stop. The driver said

something we (9 can understand) Never mind, he was smiling! It was a tiny car, but we (10 can get) our stuff

inside. Great! But after a few minutes, the car turned up a narrow track, and stopped. We all got out into the rain. He smiled,

and spoke again, before walking away into the darkness. I (11 can believe) it. We were in an even worse position than

before. If only I (12 can speak) the language!

We (13 can make out) ______ small houses nearby, but no lights. If someone had been about, we (14 can offer) them

money to take us in, perhaps, but there was no one. I (15 can feel) water trickling down my neck. There was a haystack

nearby. That might offer shelter! We started digging into it, but after a few minutes all we (16 can achieve) was the

virtual destruction of the haystack. Not (17 can make) any shelter at all for ourselves, we huddled in the rain, thinly

covered by wet hay, our misery complete.

We heard a voice. A boy was leaning over a fence, smiling and beckoning to us. We followed him to a nearby house, of a

15

Check on page 79.

Compound words

2 Use your dictionaries to discover compound wordswhich have the following meanings.

up compoundsg improve, raise to a higher quality (verb)h sudden total change in a lifestyle, (noun)1 the cost of maintaining a property

(noun)j rebellion by ordinary people (noun)k tense, irritable or nervous (adjective)1 improvement, especially in terms of

statistics (noun)

3 Put one of the above compounds into each of thegaps below.

a I earn quite a lot, but my _____ are so high that I

never seem to have any spare money.

b Take it easy, what are you so about?

c Moving abroad is going to mean a real in

our lives.

d To be a successful political party, we must throw

away ideas and become truly modern.

e That's a nice you're wearing.

f The government spent millions on our

nuclear capability.

g Good news! There's been a slight in our

sales figures.

h Young British people often behave and dress in

ways intended to shock older people.

i The _____ was repressed by troops.

j Unable to afford the _____ of their country

houses, the British 'upper classes' often open them

to the paying public.

k People in villages are often cut off when

there is heavy snow.

1 This is a rough ______ of my plan, not a detailed

proposal.

Check on page 79.

UNIT 3

very simple, rustic appearance. He led us inside, and with the words 'mother' and 'eat' pointed to a shy, tough-looking lady,

and a table. We sat, and presently the boy brought bread, salt, tomatoes, and hot milk. 1(18 can weep) with relief! The

boy sat with us and tried to start a conversation. I (19 can understand). that he had once studied English at school, but

he (20 can continue) with his studies.

They had decided that we should have his mother's bedroom. We tried to refuse it, but they insisted very firmly, and were

clearly proud (21 can offer) it to us.

We slept well, and after breakfast, the boy asked politely if 1(22 can give). him an English lesson, before we went

- early that morning he (23 can arrange) a lift to the nearest town for us. So for an hour or two I tried to teach him

something, and I think I (24 can help) . him a bit. As we were leaving they gave us a bag with bread and tomatoes in,

to eat on the way. We (25 can hardly find) words to thank them, but the boy said they were happy (26 can offer)

us their hospitality.

out compoundsa out-of-date (adjective)b combination of clothes worn together

(noun)c regular expenditure (noun)d strange, bizarre, very different from the

normal (adjective)e a statement of the main facts or points

(noun)f remote and private, far from other places

(adjective)

Prepositions

4 Put prepositions in the gaps in the following letter.

UNIT 3

Dear Friend

Your concern for the people of South Africa has been and continues to he 1 vital

17

importance in their struggle against apartheid. It has helped to sustain them 2 decades of

brutal repression and through the long night of poverty and deprivation. You have given

tangible solidarity, 3 which many thousands 4 people - men, women and children -

would, be utterly destitute and the gaols in South Africa even more crowded than they are

today.

But there is a new situation. Organisations and people are unbanned and able to operate.

Censorship has been lifted and human rights organisations are anxious to take 5 much of

the work that, for the past forty years, has been done by Defence and Aid. It will take some

time 6 these structures to be fully effective - estimates are 7 least one or two years.

Meanwhile the work of Defence and Aid remains crucial.

We must not fail in this last lap of the struggle; we cannot abandon so suddenly the

thousands of people who depend 8 us. The situation demands more, not less, support. To

fulfil only the existing commitments, based on our present caseload, a minimum of £550,000

per month is needed.

Legal Defence

1990 has seen a sharp rise 9 the number 10 political cases. We hope that this

number will decline but there is no sign of this yet. The notorious Internal Security Act is still

being implemented and people continue to be arrested and detained. Reports of torture and

assaults in prison continue.

The latest figures from IDAF are of a 4,333 caseload involving 34,686 individuals - and

many of those in prison have families that need support.

There are still 50 people 11_ sentence of death whose cases are 18 review. If their

sentences are confirmed, money will be needed for their appeals. IDAF has successfully funded

the appeal of the Delmas Three, and the death sentences have been quashed. This is a hopeful

precedent. Currently under review is the case of the Upington 14 - the case in which the

accused were sentenced 13 death 14_ being part of a crowd where a murder took

place. The court found only one of the 14 guilty 1 5 _ the murder but the other 13 were

sentenced to death 16 the grounds 17 'Common Purpose'. . . The needs are

UNIT 3

overwhelming and, for the first time 18 . our history, IDAF, because of lack of funds, has

been compelled to refuse to take 19 the greatly increased number of cases involving

charges of Public Violence which arise 20 the situation in the townships. There are also a

large number of related civil actions 21 the police for death and injury. Our inability to

fund these cases is a cause 22 deep regret. We cannot emphasise too strongly how

urgently your support is needed if we are not only to continue but to increase the humanitarian

support we have worked to provide . . .

We have always felt that because of Britain's close political and economic links 33 South

Africa we have a special responsibility in this area of great human need. The people of Britain

have been wonderfully generous 24 their recognition of this special need and special

responsibility,

We urge you to maintain and extend your support at this crucial time 25 apartheid has

finally been relegated to the past, and South Africa is truly democratic and free.

We look forward to hearing from you.

With our best wishes

Sincerely yours

Check on page 80.

Language register in making complaints

5 Below are two dialogues. Each concerns the samecomplaint in a restaurant, but in one the customerand the manager are polite to each other, and inthe other they are extremely rude. The dialogueshave been mixed together and everything put inthe wrong order. Paying attention to thepoliteness of the language, decide which partsbelong to each dialogue. Write the letters in thecorrect order in the grid below.

a Manager: Not at all, sir. One moment, sir, andI'll bring the menu.

b Manager: Just let me look at the ribs, all right?It's you who's making the trouble. Well, theylook all right to me. What's wrong with them?

c Customer: You're the manager, I suppose.d Customer: Yes, please. Thank you very much,

and I'm sorry to cause any inconvenience.

e Manager: Well, sir, I'm sorry you feel that way.Naturally, I'll be glad to return them to ourkitchen. Can I offer to bring you the menuagain?

f Manager: I am, sir. What can I do for you?g Customer: These spare ribs are no good, there's

no meat on them,h Manager: One steak. It'll take as long as it takes.

We're very busy.i Customer: What's wrong with them? Look, I eat

here a lot, and I'm telling you they're rubbish.Just look at them! There's no way I'm payingfor that!

j Manager: Good evening, can I be of any help?k Customer: Don't tell me I'm talking rubbish. Are

you looking for trouble or something?1 Manager: Hello.m Customer: Well, it's about these spare ribs. There

doesn't seem to be very much meat on them,I'm afraid.

18

UNIT 3

n Customer: Good evening. Sorry to bother you,but are you the manager?

o Manager: Hmm. Well, sir, I must say they seemvery similar to the spare ribs we usually serve,but . . .

p Manager: Yeah, what do you want?q Customer: You see, I do actually eat here

regularly, and they definitely don't seem to bethe same quality as usual. Not quite as meaty.

r Manager: Look, just keep your voice down, willyou? OK, I'll take them back. What do youwant instead?

s Customer: Give me a steak, and hurry it up, Ihaven't got all day.

t Manager: Rubbish. Let's have a look at them.u Customer: Certainly. I don't like to complain,

but as you can see...v Manager: I'm sorry to hear that, sir. May I see

them?

Polite dialogue

Rude Dialogue

6 By reference to the dialogues, convert the impoliteexpressions below to their polite equivalents.

Fhe first one has been done for you.

a What do you want?

What can I do for you ?

b There's no meat on them.

c You're the manager, I suppose.

d OK, I'll take them back.

e Just look at them!

f What do you want instead?

Writing an evaluation: guided writing

7 Study the information about flats in London onpage 157 ofyourCoursebook.

a Note the way connecting expressions are used inthe following evaluation of the first flat.It's true that it's got some advantages. It's self-contained, to start with, and there's quite a bit ofspace, considering there are two bedrooms, a sittingroom — even if it is a small one - a kitchen and abathroom. You've also got the use of a big garden.So it would be a comfortable place to live,compared with some places. On top of that, it's got aTV, which is good if you're going to spend timeindoors. On the other hand, it's a long way from thecentre - in fact it's even a long way from thetube station - and it hasn't got a telephone. Soyou'd tend to be a bit isolated, and probablywouldn't have much of a social life. What's more,at £100 a week, it's not cheap.'

This is basically a negative evaluation, because theproblems are mentioned last. The speaker is notrecommending the flat.

b Rewrite the evaluation, putting the information ina different order so that the final judgement ismore positive. The following skeleton will help,but you must provide the connecting expressions.

some problems long way centre

tube station telephone isolated social life

£100 self-contained space two bedrooms

sitting room kitchen bathroom

garden TV comfortable some places

Check against the possible answer on page 80.

c Choose one of the other flats, and write twobalanced evaluations, one in favour of it and oneagainst.

19

20

Organising Your Learning:Speaking (1)How do you say . . . ?You probably still find that in certain situations or at

certain points in conversations you just don't know

the English way of saying what you want to express. In

these situations, do you:

I give up trying to say it?• express your meaning in another way, by using a

greater number of simpler words, or a structure

which doesn't say exactly what you mean?

• translate from your own language word-for-word, (producing some very peculiar English)?

Whatever your reaction, you would probably like to

find yourself in fewer of these situations, and find the

exact structure, word, or expression when you need it.

One way of setting about this positively is to carry asmall notebook with you whenever you can, andquickly note down the problem when you meet it, orshortly afterwards. Alternatively, some learners,especially those studying in their own countries, find itfun to imagine conversations, and identify potentialproblems in this way. If you do this regularly, you willquickly build up a list of things you want to know. Thelist can be in the form of:

• situations (e.g. 'What do I say when . . . ? ' )

• questions in English (e.g. 'What's a polite way ofsaying.. .? ')

• words, structures or expressions written in yourown language, in clear contexts, to bereformulated in English.

Ask your teacher or fellow learners to help you. If youare studying in Britain, perhaps your host family canhelp. When you have found answers to your questions,write example sentences or mini-dialogues in your file,and have these checked as well.

Exercises1 An advanced learner of English has noted down

the following situations and wants to know whatis usually said. Any ideas?

a I've been chatting politely to someone I don'tknow, say in a bus, and now it's my stop. What doI say as I leave?

b Someone I know has failed an important exam. Imeet them in a public place and want tosympathise. After saying 'hello' and so on, how doI start?

c I'm annoyed because I've come to a terrible party.'I regret having come' is too formal, so what do Isay to the person I'm with?

d I keep meeting the same acquaintance in ashopping centre - it's now the third time intwenty minutes. What can I say in a light-heartedway, because it's almost getting embarrassing?

e How do I recommend a film, for example, veryenthusiastically?

Check on page 80.

2 A student studying in Britain asked the followingquestions. Can you answer them?

a 'I wish I knew,' means I'm sorry that I don't know,now, in the present. What do I say if it wassomething I wished yesterday? 'I wished I knew' or'I wished I had known.'

b I was invited to dinner and took some flowers forthe hostess. She seemed pleased, but she said 'Oh,you shouldn't have.' I didn't understand. Did shemean I'd done something wrong?

c 'It didn't live up to expectations,' means thatsomething wasn't as good as expected. Could I say'English weather didn't live up to my fears',because it wasn't as bad as I'd feared?

Check on page 80.

UNIT

Entertainment, going out

Gerunds and infinitives

1 Convert the verbs in brackets to gerunds orinfinitives with to. The infinitives may becontinuous (to be doing) or perfect {to have done).

Add prepositions or pronouns where necessary.

a Before (1 leave). , Simpkins advised (2 be)

careful with Benson. He told me Benson

meant (3 have) my job and he was a man

who wouldn't hesitate (4 betray) his

colleagues by (5 undermine) . them behind

their backs. This seemed (6 be) a little

hypocritical, since that was exactly what Simpkins

appeared (7 do) Benson.

b Women resent (I be) treated as if they

were any different from men, and naturally refuse

(2 accept) sexist behaviour on public

transport, such as that of men who attempt (3 offer)

their seats. Men who insist (4 act)

in this outmoded way will find that modern

women do not permit (5 do) so. Far from

(6 be) thanked (7 be) considerate,

male persons guilty of such flagrant sexism will be

severely criticised (8 patronise) women.

c 'The company cannot afford (1 continue)

with its present policies. My proposal would

succeed (2 save) it, by {3 enable)

{4 increase) our efficiency. We would

finally manage (5 decrease) . our labour

costs, without (6 reduce) our production.

I regret (7 say) that this would entail

(8 make) half our workforce redundant,

but the situation obliges (9 take) strong

measures.'

d 'He promised faithfully (I give) a lift, and

never showed up. And then, when I saw him the

21

UNIT 4

next day and accused (2 let down) , he

pretended not (3 offer) {4 give)

me the lift in the first place! He simply denied

ever (5 say) anything about it. And even

when I proved that he had done, he tried to get out

of it (6 claim) _ _ _ _ not (7 remember)

(8 do) it!'

Check on page 81.

as being + adjective

2 We can express our opinions and impressionsusing as, followed by being and an adjective aftercertain verbs. Being can also be omitted.For example:1 remember him as (being) a very considerate man.

Convert the following sentences, using as and theappropriate fonn of the verb in brackets.

a I think he's essential to the success of the deal.(see)

b She said he was unworthy of serious consideration,(dismiss)

c He gives the impression of being rather arrogant,(come)

d I think he's the best in his field, (regard)

e He seemed rather nervous, (strike)

f I've never had the opinion that he was mean,(think)

g Witnesses say the man is tall and heavily-built,(describe)

Check on page 81.

22

as plus gerund or infinitive

3 Some phrases ending in as can be followed only bythe gerund, and some only by the infinitive. Somemust be followed by a finite verb (with a subject).Convert the verbs in brackets to gerunds,infinitives, or finite verb-phrases.

a He keeps healthy by taking sensible decisions, such

as (refuse) to overeat or drink alcohol.

b As soon as (arrive) in Rome, I'm going out

for a big meal and a bottle of wine,

c I think smoking cigarettes is the same as (burn)

your money.

d But to bum my money wouldn't give me as much

pleasure as (smoke) does.

e She left early 50 as (arrive) at the airport

in plenty of time.

f To me, watching sport on TV is as good as (watch)

it live.

g Much as (admire) his courage, I really

think he should give up boxing.

h As far as (know) , we're not doing

anything this Saturday.

i The coffee was so sweet as (be)

undrinkable.

j As well as (windsurf) , he likes to waterski.

Check on page 81.

The infinitive: other uses

4 The infinitive can be used: to give instructions, tospeak formally of arrangements, with nothing andnowhere (passive infinitive), to speak ofimpossibility, and (usually with see or find) tospeak of discoveries.

For example:You are to say nothing, (instruction)

Parliament is to open tomorrow, (arrangements)The key was nowhere to be found, (impossibility)She woke to find that the sun had almost set.(discovery)Rewrite the sentences below, completing the sentencestems and using the infinitive. In the brackets, writethe function which the infinitive is performing. Thefirst one is done for you.

a Stay here until you're called.

You (instruction)

b There's a royal visit to Canada next month.

The Queen ( )

c Don't leave this room for any reason.

Y o u _ _ ( )

d No action is possible to change the situation.

There's ( )

e She turned and saw her car disappearing into thedistance.

She turned to ( )

f His execution is tomorrow.

He ( )

g We couldn't see him anywhere.

He was ( )

h When she arrived, the city was in turmoil.

She arrived ( )

Hyphenated expressions: ill/well

5 Use your dictionaries to find expressions using illor well which could describe the following;

a an opinion or judgement which has a solidfoundation in facts

b a rich personc someone who feels uncomfortable, not relaxedd an unwise action which it was a mistake to doe a person who has a smart, neat appearance in

generalf an action which was supposed to do good, but

perhaps didn't

UNIT 4

g a person who speaks in a polite wayh a decision which is destined to bring troublei a vague, imprecise feeling which you can't identifyj an office or flat which has good equipment or

furniture

6 Use expressions from exercise 5 to fill the gaps.

a I was shown into a 1 office. Behind a large

desk sat a 2 young man: impeccable

haircut, tie perfectly in place, neatly-clipped

moustache, you know the look. I'll never achieve

it, I know. Such elegance is only for the 3 ;

it just costs too much. I sat there, feeling 4

in my shabby suit.

He looked up: 'allo, siddown, I'll be wiv yer in a

sec, OK?' I was surprised. By his appearance, I'd

expected him to be 5 .

b She didn't know why, but she had a pessimistic

feeling about the expedition. It was certainly

1 enough: the desire to save an endangered

species was something everybody supported. She

just felt it was somehow 2 she knew in her

bones that something was going to go wrong. And

as we now know, these 3______ fears proved to be

4 , in the end. There had been no

planning, no thinking through. It was a crazy,

5 venture from start to tragic finish.

Check on page 81.

Language register in invitations

7 The language in the following dialogues is ofteneither too polite and careful or too familiar anddirect. Underline the parts that are too direct witha continuous line, and the parts that are toopolite with a dotted line.

23

UNIT 4

1Jenny: Jonathan, Robin and I were wondering if

you and Helen would like to come roundfor dinner sometime.

Jonathan: OK, why not, no problem. When?Jenny: We were thinking of Friday.Jonathan: I should imagine there would be no

objection to that. Naturally I shall have toask for confirmation from my wife, but tomy knowledge we have no concrete plansat this time.

Jenny: Excellent. I wonder if you could possiblygive me an answer tomorrow?

Jonathan: Yeah, maybe. I'll see what I can do, butI'm not promising anything, OK?

2Alan: Hello, Ken?Ken: Yes. Alan.Alan: Hi. Sorry to bother you, but I was wondering if

there was any chance of you coming for a drink?Ken: I can't really. Dinner will be served in a matter

of minutes. There is a possibility that I will befree a little later. Would that be convenient?

Alan: All right. About 9 o'clock?Ken: Fine. Shall I just see you in the pub?Alan: No, I'll pop round and pick you up.Ken: OK see you then. About 9.Alan: Right you are. See you.

3Francis: Hello, Liz?Liz: Good evening,Francis: It's Francis. Francis Blake.Liz: Ah, good evening, Mr Blake. What can I do

for you?Francis: Do you want to come out with me tonight?Liz: What?Francis: For dinner, I'll pay.Liz: No way. Why on earth should I want to go

out with you?Francis: Some other time then? When would suit

you? Are you free tomorrow?Liz: I'm terribly sorry, Mr Blake, but I'm afraid I

have a previous engagement. I do apologise.Francis: Oh, that's a shame. How about Thursday?Liz: Look, I've had enough of this. The answer is

no, OK? Goodbye.24

8 Rewrite the following extracts from the dialoguein a more appropriate style.

a OK, why not, no problem. When?

b I should imagine there would be no objection tothat. Naturally I shall have to ask for confirmationfrom my wife, but to my knowledge we have noconcrete plans at this time.

c Excellent. I wonder if you could possibly give mean answer tomorrow?

d Hi. Sorry to bother you, but I was wondering ifthere was any chance of your coming for a drink?

e Dinner will be served in a matter of minutes.There is a possibility that I will be free a littlelater. Might that be convenient?

f Do you want to come out with me tonight?

g For dinner. I'll pay.

h Look, I've had enough of this. The answer is no,OK? Goodbye.

Check on page 81.

Positive and negative connotations

9 It often happens that two words have very similarbasic meanings, but have different connotations.For example, both slim and skinny mean not fat,but slim sounds positive and skinny sounds negative.In the two paragraphs below, there are twentyplaces with a choice of two similar words. Oneword in each pair is positive-sounding, the othernegative-sounding.

Using your dictionary, first decide which words arepositive and which negative.Then rewrite passage a twice, first using the wordswhich give a positive impression of Jones and hisflat, and secondly those which give a negativeimpression.

Rewrite passage b twice, first giving a positiveimpression of the new president and a negativeone of the ex-president, and secondly giving anegative impression of the new president and apositive impression of the ex-president.

a We looked round Jones' 1 cosy/cramped

apartment, with its 2 cheap/inexpensive furnishingsand 3 gaudy I cheerful colours. He was a 4 skinny/slim, 5 pale/pasty-faced man with 6 a proud/anarrogant, 7 cocksure/'self'-confident air.

a i

ii

b He is more likely to make 8 bold/rash decisions

that the previous president. His staff will find him

9 an abrasive/a forthright and 10 strong~wiUed/domineering person to work with, and his views

more 11 simplistic/straightforward than those of his

predecessor. However, he is a very 12 shrewd/

UNIT 4

devious man, and in order to achieve the highposition he now holds, he must have showngreater 13 flexibility /lack of principle in private thanwas usually expected from his more 14 principled/rigid predecessor. At home, I think we can expecta more 15 frugal/penny-pinching style ofgovernment, and probably 16 firmer/morerepressive law-and-order policies. In foreign policy,expect a greater willingness to 17 intervene/mediaemilitarily in the affairs of smaller states, comparedwith the 18 hesitant/cautious former president,who, when he did act, preferred 19 discreet/surreptitious diplomatic 20 blackmail/pressure to theuse of armed force.

b i

ii

Check on page 82.

25

Organising Your Learning:WritingWhat do you need to write?Unlike speaking and listening, writing is somethingyou may never need to do very much in English.Which of the following would you like to be able towrite in English?• business letters• other formal letters• informal letters• postcards• faxes/telexes• essays as part of your studies at school or university• instructions• study notes or lecture notes• messages• stories• essays in EFL examinationsYour Coursebook will help you with formal letters,with story-telling, and with the organised writingneeded for studying. This will also help you prepare forwriting as part of an EFL examination.If other types of writing are important to you, specialbooks are available on the market, particularly forbusiness and commercial writing. Also, try to get holdof examples from real life, and build up a store ofmodels. You can learn special vocabulary and stylisticpoints from these, which you can use when you write.

How can you improve?The more you write, the better you will get, as long asyou understand what you need to improve. Yourteacher can help you here by:• correcting your mistakes• rewriting parts of what you have written• helping you to correct your own mistakes and to

rewrite• giving advice about how to improveWhich of these do you think are most useful, and why?

Self-correction1 If your teacher gives you clues, telling you the type

of mistake you have made, it will help you withself-correction. Below are some examples ofcorrection clues.

26

P . . . punctuation T . .. tense G . . . grammar (nottense) S . . . spelling W . . . wrong word WO .. .word-order Exp . .. wrong expression A . . . put aword in here V. .. take a word out of this line

Study the two extracts below, (which were written byreal students), and the correction clues. Rewrite eachextract, correcting the errors.

a P I went up the path to the door it wasopen

V so I entered into the gloomy oldhouse as

G P quietly that I could, there wasn't asound

Exp, P, T as far as the ear could hear, I wasA, G listening the silence during a shortW period . ..

b WO I always had wanted to go in theSpring to

G, G Paris, therefore I was delighted forW, W, G getting your gentle invitation, thatT, WO this morning has arrived. I would likeWO very much to come . ..

Check on page 82.

2 For each extract, recommend the most importantONE of the following areas for the writer to dosome remedial work on.

Formal and informal vocabulary as (adverb) as pasttenses where to end a sentence and start a new onevocabulary expansion how connectors like so,therefore are used prepositions the order of adverbsand adverbial phrases in sentences.

Check on page 82.

The Third World

Зіпсе ̂ іїЬ рге5епї регівсї ог раз* зітріе

1 Зіпсе изшііу ге£егз Ьаск Со разе Сіте \УІСН сЬе разе

зітріе сепзе.

е.§. Не'з Ьееп сіергеззесі зіпсе Не Іозс Ьіз ]оЬ.

Зіпсе сап аЬо ге£ег со ап оп§оІП£ зісиасіоп, \УІСЬ а

рсезепс регїесс ґепзе.

е.§. Не'з Ьееп сіергеззеіі зіпсе Ке'з Ьееп ипетріоуесІ.

Кеасі ґЬе Іп£огтапоп аЬоиї сЬе ]опез £аті1у, апсі

изе Іс апсі гЬе р ю т р в Ье1о\у со т а к е 5Іпсе

зепсепсез о£ ЬоїЬ Сурез. Оесісіе №Ііетег со изе гЬе

ргезепс регґесс зітріе ог ргезепї; рег£есс

сопїіпиоиз сепзе Іп сЬе т а і п сіаизе. ТЬе Ягзс опе

Каз Ьееп сіопе £ог уои.

The Jones family moved to France two years ago.

The situation now is: Ken doesn't smoke any more but

he's very fat. He eats a lot. He's studying French

without much success.

Sue is thinner because she's on a diet now. She does

more exercise. She's looking better.

Ken and Sue go out instead of watching TV.

The children go out more, and have friends now.

They speak French fluently.

a Ken (give up) smoking (move) France

Ken has given up smoking since he moved to France.

b (get) fat (give up) smoking

c (eat) lot (live) France

d (not learn) much French (start) studying

e (lose) weight (start) diet

f (look) better (start) doing exercises

g (go) out more (move) France

h relationship (improve) (stop) TV all the time

i The children (learn) French (move) France

j (make) friends (go) out more

Check on page 82.

27

UNIT 5

2 Study the following sentences.

A: It's a long time since I've eaten a hamburger.

B: It's ten years since I last ate a hamburger.

C: It's ten years since I gave up junk food.

In A, since + present perfect simple refers to

something that used to happen regularly, then

stopped happening (eating hamburgers). It could

still happen again.

In B, since + last + past simple refers to the last

{most recent) time such a thing happened. If it

can't happen again, we use for the last time.

In C, since plus past simple refers to an event that

only happened once (giving up junk food).

For each sentence below, write another type A, B

or C with the same meaning.

a I started studying English a long time ago.

b I haven't seen him for twenty years.

c I used to go riding a lot, but that was ages ago.

d The last time the city saw such celebrations was

thirty years ago.

e He only left ten minutes ago.

f The war ended eighteen years ago.

g I haven't seen such a beautiful girl for years.

h The last time I spoke to him was a year ago, just

before he died.

Check on page 82.

28

Rises, falls and prepositions

3 Read the following editorial carefully. To make

sure you have understood it, find answers to the

questions at the end. The glossary will help you with

words and expressions.

Yesterday' s figures detail ing Britain' s gross domesticproduct in the fourth quarter make it painfully clearnot only that we 're now officially in recession (definedas two successive quarters of negative growth), but

5 that the pattern is looking ominously like a re-run of1980/81. In 1980 the economy suffered fourconsecutive quarters where the output of the wholeeconomy contracted by one per cent or more, withmanufacturing industry taking the hardest knocks.

10 Yesterday's statistics show that, in the third andfourth quarters of 1990, output as a whole declined by1.3 per cent and one per cent respectively, withmanufacturing output falling by one per cent andthree per cent. If the redundancies currently recorded

15 are anything to go by, there will be a third successivecontraction of about one per cent in the first quarter of1991.

It is important to be clear why this is happening andwhy we are having to endure an unnecessarily severe

20 recession for the second time in a decade. It is becauseministers will brook no other way of bringing inflationdown to the levels prevailing in Europe's ExchangeRate Mechanism: they continue doggedly to rely onhigh interest rates and rising unemployment alone.

25 Although it is likely that there will be a substantialreduction of 2 to 3 percentage points in the annual rateof price inflation in April... there will be no lastingreduction in price inflation until Britain's propensityto pay wage increases comes down to European

30 levels. And what progress is being made there? None.The problem is actually getting worse.Last week's figures showed no increase in the overallannual rise of earnings, which remained at 9.75 percent in December. But, within this overall stagnation,

35 average earnings in manufacturing went up from 9.5to 9.75 per cent, while other sectors remained thesame. In other words, in spite of sharply rising ;unemployment and high interest rates, companies arestill doling out wage and salary increases at nearly

40 twice the rate of our competitors in Europe.

Glossarya quarter - three monthstaking the hardest knocks - suffering mostbrook - permitdoggedly - with stubborn determinationpropensity to pay - habit of payingdoling out - giving away for nothing

Are these statements about the text true or false?a From July to September 1990, UK output

(production) rose by 1.3%b From October to December 1990, UK

manufacturing output fell by more than UKoutput as a whole,

c More reduction in manufacturing output isexpected for the current quarter (at the time ofwriting, February 1991).

d The real cause of the recession is the wayMinisters are fighting inflation.

e Ministers refuse to use high interest rates in thefight against inflation.

f There is certain to be a fall of 2 to 3 per cent ininflation in April.

g The real cause of inflation is the fact that Britishcompanies keep giving wage increases.

Check on page 82.

4 Study the following extracts from the article,output.. . contracted by one per cent or more(line 7)earnings went up from 9.5 to 9.75 per cent (line 35)there will be a . . . contraction of about one percent (line 15)there will be no . . . reduction in price inflation(line 27)

With verbs (e.g. contracted, went up), by refers tothe size of the rise or fall, while from and to refer tothe former level and the new level.With nouns (e.g. contraction, reduction), of refers tothe size of the rise or fall, while in refers to thething which is being measured. To and from canalso be used with nouns to refer to the new andold levels.

5 Study the graphs, and write sentences about them.Each sentence should be based on one of theprompts below. The first has been done for you.

UNIT 5

29

UNITS

30

d value of exports

(substantial)

(sharply)

(£5bn)

Check on page 83,

Sentence construction: word jumble

6 The words in the following sentences have beenjumbled up. Unjumhle them and write thesentences in the spaces provided. The beginningof each sentence is given. Punctuation marksfollow the words which they follow in thesentence.

a looking we long we for. which wesign driving were saw been whenhadn't the

We hadn't

b misunderstanding, no carefully, I thatshould explained so there be

I

c severe revolution, war turn attemptedled to the caused an in whichpoverty,

The war

d the sales, in increase notwithstandingthe bad. looks future company's stilt

Notwithstanding

e such should I extraordinary it that ahappened, have find thing absolutely

I

Check on page 83.

Nouns derived from . . . ed adjectives

7 Adjectives ending . . . ed often form nouns with. . . merit, but not always. For each sentencebelow, use your dictionary to help you writeanother with the same meaning, converting theadjectives to nouns and making any othernecessary changes. The first one has been done foryou.

a The bonus system has brought about an improvedservice,The cause of the improvement in the service has beenthe bonue eystem.

b I was rather disappointed by the result.

The result was

c The look he gave me was more astonished thanpleased.

He looked at me

d If you take part-time work you won't be entitledto unemployment benefit.

If you take part-time work you'll lose

UNIT 5

e The children danced around, they were so excitedand delighted.

The children danced around in

f We stared at the scene, horrified and fascinated.

We stared at the scene in

g Ordinary people became progressively moreimpoverished as a result of the adjustmentpolicies.

The adjustment policies led to the

h He pushed at the locked door, surprised andannoyed.

He pushed at the locked door in

i I was more amused than frightened by theirbehaviour.

Their behaviour caused me

') 1 gaped at him, utterly stupefied by what he hadtold me.

I gaped at him in

k They lived there contented for many years.

They lived there in

Check on page 83.

Cause and effect

8 Fill the gaps with cause and effect connectors. Thefirst letter of each word is given.

a Describing effects

A drop in consumers' spending power 1 r

in a corresponding drop in demand throughout

the economy. 2 A a r _______ , industrial

production had to he reduced, and 3 o

c _____ of this was that many workers were made

redundant- 4 O to this rising

unemployment, consumers' incomes and

5 c their spending power fell further. For

6 t r , demand continued to fall

throughout the economy, 7 c a fall in

industrial production, and in turn, more

redundancies. . .

b Explaining causes

The recent redundancies are 1 t_ . r

o______ a reduction in industrial production,

which was in turn 2 c b falling

demand throughout the economy. This

contraction in demand was 3 d to a drop

in consumers' spending power, which fell partly

4 b of redundancies, when people lost

their jobs 5 b __ industrial production was

reduced 6 a a r _____ o_ falling

demand throughout the economy . . .

Check on page 83.

51

Organising Your Learning:Reading (1)Improving your reading

Predicting

c Without reading it, photocopy a short article on atopic you know something about. Cut it up intopieces of four or five lines each, keeping the piecesin the right order. Turn each piece over in turn,read it and try to predict what will be said on thenext piece.

d Read a short story until two or three pages fromthe end, then try to predict what will happen bythe end. Write you predictions down, and checkby completing the story.

There are other ideas for reading activities in theProjects and Assignments in your Coursebook. Haveyou got any of your own?

Using your reading to teach yourself phrasesOne way of widening your range of expression,particularly in your writing, is through consciouslylearning phrases in what you read. For example, readthe text below, paying attention to the phrases inbold.'Brazil has changed a lot over the past half-decade —almost entirely for the worse. In these five years Brazilhas had ten finance ministers, ten central-bankgovernors, five doses of economic shock therapy, andfour currencies... Each of the cruzeiros in circulationtoday equals one million of the cruzeiros in circulationat the beginning of 1986. The currency's externalvalue fluctuates madly; in the month of Octoberalone, you needed anything from 550 to 1,050cruzeiros to buy $1. Real GDP in 1991 is likely to beless than it was in 1986 . . . It is likelier than not thatthe economy will shrink again in 1992. If so, that willmake for the third straight year of economiccontraction.'

If you want to practise the phrases in bold for activeuse, copy them into your file, and invent othersentences on the same pattern.Example:anything fromApril temperatures in London can be anything from0°C to l5°C.

1 Why do you want to read in English?Below are some reasons for reading in English. Areany of them true for you?

• to get information or ideas unavailable in yourown language, perhaps for study

• to read literature in the original, rather than intranslation

• because you need to read English at work• to pick up new vocabulary

Do you have another reason, not mentioned here I

2 What are you going to read?It is better only to read the sort of thing which youwould enjoy reading in your own language.You and your fellow learners can get hold ofthings to read by:

• finding a shop which sells English-languagenewspapers or books

• finding an English language library you can join• recommending, lending and exchanging books or

magazines• photocopying short texts like articles, poems and

short stories for each other. Build up a stock ofthese to keep in your classroom.Can you think of any other ideas?

3 What do you want to improve in your reading?Below are some activities which you may find useful.

Reading quickly

a If you are in Britain, watch foreign films withEnglish subtitles. Don't read word for word, butglance at each subtitle briefly as a whole,including words you don't know. Your reading willsoon become more efficient, and you will be ableto get all the meaning while the subtitle is on thescreen.

b If you are in your own country, skim a newspaperfor an article which interests you, then giveyourself a short time limit to read it all. Writedown what you think the article says, then go overit more slowly and check your first impression.

32

UNIT

Health and medicine

Making comparative structures more informative

1 Convert each sentence to another with the samemeaning, using the sentence stem given.

a This is far easier than I thought it would be,

This is nowhere

b My salary is only a quarter as high as his.

He earns four

c The tree was four times as high as a man.

The tree was

d It's not nearly as simple as people think.

It is a great

e This car is three times the price of that one.

This car costs

f Going by car isn't nearly as expensive as flying.

It's

g But flying is a lot quicker, and a great deal morecomfortable.

But going by car isn't

h I think the weather is a bit cooler today.

I don't think

i Keeping fit is much easier if you can do it in agroup.

It isn't

j I don't find travelling alone nearly as enjoyable astravelling with friends,

I find it a

Check on page 83.

33

UNIT 6

2 Fill the gaps in the following text.

Wiser Welsh still hanker for chipsVivek Chaudhary finds a region's health drive

making inroads on workers' traditional fare

Wide-ranging healthtargets have been adopted inWales 1 the beginning oflast year in a programme 2community groups andcompanies 3 the health-conscious catering manager atthe Driver Vehicle LicensingAuthority at Swansea concededyesterday: 'We could sell chipbutties all day long.'

4 the emphasis onhealthier eating, chips are5 as traditional as rugbyin this part of South Wales.

Douglas Manning has beenusing different oils, wholegrain

rice 6 reducing sugar andsalt used in cooking in the DVLAcanteen. He offers vegetariandishes and salads to workers7 agrees: 'Twenty fivepercentof food cooked here is chips.'

The Health For All InWales scheme was firstformulated as a heart diseaseprevention programme, HeartbeatWales, in 1985 and expanded inJanuary 1990 to tackle smokingstress and other problems. 'Wehave blazed a trail and the factthat both political parties aredevoting attention to a healthprogramme is a tribute to our

success,' said Dr Simon Smarl ofthe Health Promotion Authorityfor Wales, a government-backedbody leading the initiative.

8 its launch thepercentage of smokers in Waleshas fallen 9 4 per cent formen and 3 per cent 10women. Surveys show thoseeating green vegetables and saladsincreasing 11 25 per centto 45 per cent.

Professor John Catford,executive director of the HealthPromotion Authority for Walesadmits that there is room forimprovement. 'Areas like thevalleys still suffer enormous

health problems 12 tomiddle class areas. Health is13 to many other factors

and we need a strategy to tackle14 adequately.'

The DVLA canteenchoice yesterday included sixdifferent salads, as well as pieand chips. Receptionist Jill Davis,tucking into a plate of chips,agreed it was a 'bad habit'

15 only has them once aweek. The health promotion hasmade me more conscious of16 I eat. I don't 17have a chip pan at home' sheadded.

Jan Morgan eating salad,boiled potatoes and cottagecheesesaid 'I have salad every 18day. Since the health programmeat work people vary more19 they eat, but my family20 love egg and chips.!

Glossaryhanker for (headline) - want, desirecatering manager {para 1) - person responsible for theprovision of meals to employeeschip butties (para 1) - sandwiches containing chipsblazed a trail (para 4 ) - done something never donebefore, making it easier for others to followthe valleys (para 6) - the industrial, mostly working-class part of Wales

Check on page 83.

3 Colestera and Hypochondra are two smallcountries where eating habits have beenchanging. Using the graphs and the prompt words,write sentences comparing consumption ten yearsago with consumption today. Be as informative aspossible. The first one has been done for you.

KEYgreen vegetablewhite sugaralcoholdairy producefishwholemeal bread and cereals

34

UNIT 6

a people/many/green vegetables h people/near/white sugar/as

People don't eat quite as many green vegetables as

they usedto.

b people/more/white sugar i people/about a quarter/alcohol

c consumption/wholemeal bread and cereals/than j consumption/dairy produce/than

d consumption/dairy produce/deal k consumption/fish/than

e people/seven/alcohol 1 people/three/quantity/wholemeal bread and

cereals/than

f people/about half/fish

g consumption/green vegetables/than

Check on page 83.

4 Write sentences comparing the two countriesregarding the aspects of health listed below. Youwill have to be slightly more imaginative thistime.a fibre b vitamins c cholesterol d likelihoodof heart disease e alcohol-related injuriesf dental care

a

b

c

d

35

UNIT 6

e

f

Check on page 84.

Parts of the body idioms

5 Use your dictionary to help you match thefollowing expressions with the meanings below.Ten of the meanings are false.

a to put your foot in it

b to put your feet up

c to put your heads together

d on your own head be it

e to take something to heart

f I'll be glad to see the back of him

g to shut your eyes to something

h he doesn't have a leg to stand on

i it's on its last legs

j I told him to his face that

1 It's nearing the final stages (e.g. a film or a race),2 to consult and solve a problem together3 to say something which causes embarrassment4 He is so poor he can't support himself.5 You must make this decision for yourself.6 I told him that... (but I meant something else).7 to be strongly affected or upset by something8 It'll be nice to see him again.9 to reserve a table, hotel room etc

10 If anything bad happens to you, it'll be your ownfault.

11 I told him honestly and openly that...12 I'm fed up with having him around here.13 to refuse to do something which is wrong14 It's in such a bad state that it will soon stop

working.15 to reach an agreement in a negotiation16 to pretend you can't see something bad happening

36

17 to rest with your feet supported and your legsextended

18 He can't justify his action or opinion.19 to be in such a bad condition that...20 to begin walking more quickly

Check on page 84.

6 Complete the sentences below, using some of theabove expressions,

a Don't worry about the trial, the prosecution

We'll soon break their case down.

b Gosh I'm exhausted. When I get home I'm going

to for an hoar.

c He was so rude to everyone at the party that we

d I'm afraid I rather

when I asked how her husband was, but I

didn't know they were separated.

e Come on, if you've got something to say to me,

f OK, now and see

if you agree on the answers to the exercise.

g In mid 1989, communism in Eastern Europe was

already .

h He didn't mean to upset you, don't

i We can't go on

the way they treat their children, we've got to do

something about it.

j 'Look I'm going to do it my way, OK?'

'OK, OK!

UNIT6

Gladys: I agree entirely. Perhaps I'd better.Jack: Have you tried doing exercises?Gladys: Oh yes, I tried keep-fit classes, but they

didn't work any good.Jack: How many times did you go, if you don't

bother my asking?Gladys: Oh, you know, a few. Well, three or four.Jack: Well, what are you expecting? You've got to

keep it up!Gladys: Oh, I'm sure you're right, but what's the

point?Jack: Look, Gladys, if you don't mind my saying

so, I think you're being fairly negative. It'ssimple. If you don't lose weight you're goingto pass through problems.

Gladys: All right, you've got a point I agree. I tryagain.

37

Advice and suggestions

7 Below is the dialogue from Section F of yourCoursebook, except that now it contains thirtyerrors. Underline the errors and write the correctword or phrase in the space provided below.

Jack: Good heavens, Gladys, you're getting reallyfat, you know. You'd better to do somethingabout it.

Gladys: Yes, perhaps I would. Do you really think it'stoo bad?

Jack: Do you mind if I asked how much you weighin these days?

Gladys: Oh, you know, Jack, a bit more that last year.Jack: Seriously, Gladys, I didn't laugh about it, if I

were you. How much do you weigh, in fact?Gladys: About 14 stone.Jack: That's a horrible lot, Gladys. I mean, I hope

you let me say so, you are dangerously fat.How old are you, if you don't care about myasking?

Gladys: 34. What do you mean, dangerously?Jack: Well, heart attacks of course. I hate to say

that, but that's a lot of fat for one heart tocarry. I really think you do ought to loseweight.

Gladys: Yes, well, I know your point, and I have trieda few diets, but nothing seems to work. Whatdo you think I should to do?

Jack: Well, if you asked my opinion, complicateddiets don't work. How many times a day doyou eat?

Gladys: Well, I hardly don't stop, really.Jack: Well, have you tried just eating less often?

Why don't you just eat twice a day?Gladys: I've tried that, but it's not good; I just can't

resist the temptation.Jack: Well, the manner I see it, you've simply got

to resist it.Gladys: Well, it's easier saying than doing, isn't it? I

mean it's alright for you, you're thin anyway.For you it's easy to talk. The thing is, I've gotenough weight to lose that it hardly seemsworth starting.

Jack: Well, you've got to statt, if you want to knowwhat 1 think.

1 16

2 17

3 18

4 19

5 20

6 21

7 22

8 23

9 24

10 25

11 26

12 27

13 28

14 29

15 30

Check on page 84.

Organising Your Learning:Speaking (2)Improving your oral fluency

Even as an advanced learner, you probably still haveproblems when you speak in English.

Language problemsIf you are fluent, but lack vocabulary, or speakungrammatically, or can't find the right language forthe right situation, the advice in the Cyrganising YourLearning sections: Vocabulary, Grammar andSpeaking (1) will help you to solve your problems for

yourself.

Pronunciation problemsProblems of pronunciation can probably be dealt withmost effectively in class, or, if your school has one, alanguage laboratory or self-access centre with mini-labs.

Lack of oral fluency and confidenceThis may be caused by a simple lack of English. If thisis the case, follow the advice in the Organising YourLearning sections: Vocabulary, Grammar andSpeaking (1) and you should find that your fluencyimproves as you become more confident with yourEnglish.If your English is good, but you are still not aconfident, fluent speaker, try not to worry aboutspeaking completely accurately all the time. Perhapspractice in communicating is more important!Below are some suggestions for out-of-class activitiesto provide communication practice and help youimprove your fluency and communicative ability.

a Just a minute Write some topics on pieces of card,and mix them up. Pick a card and record yourselfspeaking for a minute on the topic. Listen toyourself. You'll probably sound better than youexpected! If not, try the same topic again a littlelater.

b Can I say something? With fellow learners,choose a topic-card to speak about. Only oneperson speaks at a time. When you want to saysomething, speak into the cassette recorder, thenpress 'pause'. The next speaker, perhaps replying,does the same. After a while, listen to therecording. This is also a good basis for languageresearch.

c Acting out a scene With fellow learners, watchan English-language video, and choose a scenethat is not too difficult. Write out the script asaccurately as you can, act it out together, andrecord yourselves. Compare your version with theoriginal, and do it again until you are satisfied.

d I haven't finished! If you find it hard to have yoursay in conversations, learn language forinterrupting and resisting interruption, and use it.You can pick such expressions up from otherspeakers. Later in your Coursebook they arepractised.

e Speak up! Pay attention to how loudly you speak,If you tend to speak quietly, make an effort tospeak a little louder.

f A cassette-friend Instead of a penfriend, try tofind a cassette-friend, and correspond by cassetterather than letters.

g Get out and about If you are in Britain, try tomeet British people. Why not join an eveningclass run by your local education authority? Youare sure to find an interesting course, and can setup social contacts as well.

h An English club In your own country, find out ifthere is an English Club you can join, wheremembers meet in each other's houses, and onlyEnglish is spoken.

38

UNIT

Crime and law enforcement

Crime vocabulary

a She broke the law, and the police caught her.

She ______ an o_______ , and was a .

b The police formally accused her of the crime.

She c . the crime

c She had to go to a Magistrate's Court.

She a b a magistrate.

d The magistrate decided that she had to wait forher trial in a cell.

e She was r by the

magistrate.

f She was tried in London.

She s_ t in London.

39

1 The ten sentences below tell a story. Rewritethem without changing the meaning, using theprompt words given- The first letters of somewords are given.

g She said she hadn't committed the crime.

She p

h People gave important information in court.

W gave e

i Her lawyer asked questions of the prosecutionwitnesses.

The C D

the prosecution witnesses.

j The jury decided she was guilty.

She was the crime.

k The judge decided she had to spend five years inprison.

She was five years1 i .

Check on page 85.

UNIT 7

Synonyms and antonyms

2 Synonyms are words which are the same or verysimilar in meaning. Antonyms are words withopposite meanings. For each word in the left-handcolumn, find an antonym or a synonym on theright. Use your dictionary.spiteful sporadicmiserly fearlessoppose hindergrasp misunderstandingmisapprehension kindlyfirst-hand parsimoniousintrepid understandincessant vicarioushelp support

Check on page 85.

Synonyms: the importance of context

3 Two words very similar in meaning may not beinterchangeable in every context because offactors such as slight differences in meaning,formality, grammatical considerations, and theother words which they must be used with. Useyour dictionary to pair the following words upaccording to similar meaning.

dangerous hard up hold -with shoutsensible approve of impoverished prejudicedwise bawl pale wan harmful biased

Decide which of the words can go in the gapsbelow, and write your answer. If you think morethan one word fits, write both.

a 'Hello, darling!', she _ _ _ , waving from across

the street.

b The people here are so _____ against foreigners!

c He looked a little tired and. as if he'd been

ill.

d The villagers lived miserable lives, trying

desperately to make a living.

40

e I don't think it would be very to drive,

after all I've drunk.

f Smoking is a dirty and habit.

g I vote for them because I their ideas.

h The referee was accused of being in his

decisions.

i I don't young people drinking so much.

j 'Come here, soldier!' the sergeant .

k I wish I could help you out, but I'm a bit

myself.

I I think it might be to go now. Wait till

the trouble's over.

m I bought a blue sweater.

n He's a nice, little boy. He'll do well at

school, I'm sure.

Check on page 85.

Ellipsis and substitution: rewriting dialogues

4 Some of the sentences in the following dialoguesound strange because everything is said in full.Rewrite them, shottening them where possiblethrough ellipsis and substitution.

A: Do you suppose they got home safely?B: I expect they got home safely. Well of course they

got home safely. Why shouldn't they have gothome safely? Don't you think they got homesafely?

A: I certainly hope they got home safely. But Paulwas drinking so much.

B: I was drinking a lot, too.A: Yes, but you didn't have to drive home.B: Paul didn't have to drive home. Rose had to drive

home.A: Well, if they are home, why haven't they rung to

say they are home? They would have rung to saythey were home, if they were home, you know.

B: They don't always ring to say they are home.

UNIT 7

Check page 85.

Ellipsis with the infinitive

5 After some verbs, it is usual to omit the entireinfinitive in short answers. After other verbs, onlythe root verb can be omitted.Examples:'Can you play the piano?' - 'Well, I'm learning.'

'We don't always eat meat for dinner, but we tend to.'

Shorten the following sentences by deleting theroot verb and wherever possible the to of theinfinitive.

a 'Will you succeed?' 'Well I certainly intend tosucceed!1

b They wanted me to resign, but I refused to resign.

c It wasn't necessary to go, so I didn't bother to go.d I'd love to come but I can't afford to come.e I can't be sure that he touched the other car, but

he appeared to touch it,f 'Will you visit them again?' 'We hope to visit

them again.'g I tried to get through, but failed to get through.h It wasn't easy to persuade her, but I finally

managed to persuade her.i She didn't hit him, but she threatened to hit him.j She thinks I don't want to see her, but I'm longing

to see her.k She didn't like him, she only pretended to like him.1 He doesn't want me to go, but I've decided to go.

Check on page 85.

Primary and secondary stress6 Sort the words below into the columns according

to stress. Use a dictionary.a

forthcoming

b underwear

substandard outspoken breathtaking fancifulfoolhardy outrageous foreknowledge repulsivedisgusting overdraft fraternal interestinguprising outpouring substructure lightheadedexhausted disfigured constructive outbuildingimplement sensible

41

A: They said they would ring to say they are home.

B: They might have forgotten to ring.

A: No, they wouldn't have forgotten to ring. I know

them.

B: I also know them. Oh, all right. Do you want me

to call them?

A: Would you call them?

B: Of course, dear . . . Ah. No reply, dear.

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

A

B

Say the words substandard and exhausted to yourself. Inboth, the second syllable carries the main stress, butthe first syllable in exhausted is much more reducedthan the first syllable in substandard.Say the words breathtaking and sensible to yourself. Thefirst syllable carries the main stress in both, but thesecond syllable in sensible is much more reduced thanthe second syllable in breathtaking.Sort the words in columns a and b into the four newcolumns below.

1 • • • 2 • • •

substandard exhausted

3 4breathtaking sensible

Check on page 85.

When you have checked, practise saying the words toyourself. To emphasise the contrast in pronunciation,reduce the unstressed syllables in columns 2 and 4until they almost disappear.

Derivatives

7 Use your dictionary to fill the gaps in thefollowing groups of sentences with derivatives ofthe words given below each group. There are twoderivatives for each word. The first is done for you.

a That was a very 1 questionable decision by the

referee, which is sure to cause some debate.

As 2 a woman in her high position, she

42

UNIT 7

has a Rolls Royce and a chauffeur.

In refusing political asylum, the Government has

treated the refugees absolutely 3 .

His daughters jane, Jacky and Jill are aged eight,

six and three 4

His attitude towards the boss was so 5 . that

he ended up losing his job.

The flat is unfurnished except for one or two

kitchen 6

The police are utterly 7 about accepting

bribes; they do it openly.

You can't always expect 8 obedience from

your children.

shame respect fit question

b The search was 1 : we didn't find a thing.

1 wouldn't say he's shy. 2 is a better word, 1

think.

I'm new to the job, so could you give me a few

3 about how to set about it?

I don't think this is a very 4 line of inquiry.

It's not going to get us anywhere.

The Minister was asked some rather 5

questions, which he answered badly.

She expressed serious 6 about the new

policy.

I start to feel 7 if I stay in the same job too

long.

Feeling 8 after their sleep, they continued

their journey.

rest fruit point reserve

Guided writing: sentence combination

8 The following text has fourteen sentences.

Sentences 1, 7, 8, and 13 are missing. Combine the short sentences

below to produce the missing sentences, and write them in the spaces

provided. Use the clue words in the order in which they are given.

CUCUMBER THIEF PUT IN COOLERG A R E T H P A R R Y

2 Carl Lancaster, aged 30, had successfullyheld up a garage brandishing a plastic bag

3 with a 'long object in it'. Two days laterhe tried to rob the same garage with thecucumber.

4 He chose a London taxi as his getawayvehicle, but this was blocked in theforecourt by angry customers.

5 He escaped down a subway, flingingaway the bag with the cucumber in it.

6 Police later found him hiding in busheswhere he claimed he was relievinghimself.

said prosecuting counselMiss Tracy Ayling.

9 Mr Lancaster and the unwitting taxidriver then drove to the Shell petrol stationin nearby Old Street where he got out and

approached thecashier with thecucumber10 held inside a plastic bag. Mr Lancaster

told him:'If you don't give me a lot of11 money, I will shoot and kill you.' The

terrified man gave him £60.12 Judge Patricia Coles QC said: 'It

undoubtedly was not a joke.. . I accept itwas not a real gun, but that really in thefinal analysis is not the point.

13

14 The least sentence she could pass wasconcurrent terms of Vk years for eachrobbery.

Sentence 1

A robber held up a petrol station

He used a cucumber

He was given 3.5 years yesterday to think about the

crime

The judge said the crime was 'at the lower end of the

robbery scale'

The judge said the crime was no joke

A . . . who . - . with . .. crime, which the . . . but - . .

Sentence 7

His trial was at Knightsbridge Crown Court

In his trial he was convicted of the two robberies

During his trial, the jury heard how Mr Lancaster first

hailed the taxi and then drove to a greengrocer's shop

His purpose was to buy the cucumber and a bunch of

bananas

Mr Lancaster lives in Mora Street, Shoreditch,

UNIT 7

East London

During . . . , in which . . . , the jury . . . Mr Lancaster,

o f . . . , first

Sentence 8

He offered the taxi driver a banana

He was driven to his flat

He changed his clothes

He put on a pair of dark glasses

After . . . , h e . . . , where . . .

Sentence 13

I accept this is at the lower end of the robbery scale

This is a serious matter

These courts are required to comply with sentencing

policy

While I . . . , and . . .

Check on page 86.

43

Organising Your Learning:Listening

1 Listening skillsThe skill of listening can be broken down intosubskills, according to what we are listening to and toour reasons for listening. The two most-used skills arethose of extensive listening (listening for the generalidea, not details or individual words) and intensivelistening (listening hard because individual words areimportant, or for some other reason).In your own language, would you listen extensively orintensively to each of the following? Why, in eachcase?

a an airport announcementb a boring talkative neighbour whom you meet at a

bus-stopc the news on TVd someone who speaks your language with an

extremely strong foreign accente a passer-by giving you street directionsf someone reading an important address to you over

the telephone

2 ExposureYour extensive listening skills will improve naturallywith exposure to English. This is no problem if you arestudying in Britain. If you are studying in your owncountry, you have to make more effort to ensure thisexposure. Which of the following could you personallydo?

a See English language films at the cinema as oftenas possible.

b Hire English language videos with or withoutsubtitles.

c Listen to songs in English.d Arrange to have English language satellite TV at

home.e Listen to BBC World Service radio.f Ask colleagues or friends who are native speakers

of English to speak only English to you.g Join an English Club. (See Organising Your

Learning: Speaking (2).

Do you have any other ideas for increasing yourexposure to English?

44

3 Intensive listening activitiesThe following are some activities you can do outsidethe classroom to improve your intensive listening.a Record the radio news, and choose an item which

interests you. Write down in your own words whatyou understand of it after one listening. Listenagain, sentence by sentence, pausing each time towrite out the sentence as well as you canremember it. Listen a third time, pausing everyfew words, and try to write down exactly what issaid. Compare the final version with your originalunderstanding of the item.

b Try to write down all the words of one of yourfavourite songs in English, listening as many timesas necessary,

c Record English language TV programmes whichinterest you, so that you can listen to them again,replaying parts when necessary.

d If you watch an English language video withsubtitles, cover the subtitles and see how long youcan go on listening and understanding withoutthem. If you start to get lost, uncover the subtitlesagain for a while.

e Listen to a short piece of a video with the TVscreen covered. Try to guess where the charactersare and what they are doing. You may even beable to guess what their expressions and posturesare. Check by playing the piece with both soundand vision.

f Watch a short piece of video with the volumeturned down. Try to work out what the charactetsare saying, by lip-reading and by paying attentionto their expressions and postures. Cover thesubtitles if there are any!

g Record a real conversation involving at least onenative speaker of English and yourself. Listen to itagain. Were there any points where you hadlistening problems? What was the reason? Try towrite down exactly what was said at that point.

Activities suggested in Projects and Assignments

throughout your Coursebook provide more listeningpractice.Do you have any other ideas? Share them with yourfellow learners and find out theirs.

Relative clauses

1 Combine each group of sentences to form onesentence, using relative clauses- Some words andcommas are given, but you must put more commaswhere necessary.

a The work of some people doesn't involve muchdriving. Even these people are often provided withcompany cars. The value of the cars is consideredas part of their income for tax purposes.

Even people

cars, the

b I don't see the point of our discussing it. You knoweven less than I do about it.

I discussing something

do.

c These new regulations will not affect some people.The annual income of these people is lower than£12,000. The regulations come into force nextyear.

These people

come

d 'The United Nations resolutions must and will beenforced. This unacceptable military occupationcontinues in defiance of these resolutions.'

The resolutions, in

enforced.

e However, other UN resolutions show no sign ofbeing enforced. Dozens of them have been passedin recent years condemning similar acts by moreacceptable governments.

However, other Check on page 86.

45

UNIT 8

Ellipsis in passive voice relative clauses

2 Expand the sentences below by writing in full theelliptical passive forms. Be careful with tenses!The first one has been done for you.

a His latest film, shot in the Sahara, is his mostexpensive so far.His latest film, which was shot in the Sahara, is his

most expensive so far.

b Until now, his last one was the most expensivefilm ever made.

c Children brought up in poverty are prone todisease.

Language register: matching exercise

3 Complete Column A and Column B with the words and expressions below. Put formal items in Column A andinformal items of similar meaning in Column B. Some spaces have been filled for you.

it took everyone by surprise lose your life no longer talk about discover occur all over the worldnot any more edifice conceal take pride in people are worried express an interest in gunI'm afraid be told about die say you're interested in someone who works for me worldwide itemrunoff a victory building amazing a great many discuss in search of firearm do

A more formalto place your complete trust in

there was widespread amazement at it

one of my employees

be informed about

46

B less formalto really trust

a win

happen

find/find out

a lot of

UNIT 8

perform

there is concern

extraordinary

abscond

Check on page 86.

Language register in relative clauses

4 The sentences below, containing relative clauses,are informal in style. Using the more formal wordsand expressions from exercise 3, make thesentences more formal without changing themeaning. All the words and expressions must beused. Remember that formality determines theposition of prepositions in relative clauses.

a They talked about the situation in Zimbola, whichpeople all over the world are worried about.

b That's the bag the gun was hidden in,

c The expedition found this amazing building,which people used to do human sacrifices in. {usethe passive voice in your answer)

d Sorry, but the thing you said you were interestedin isn't for sale any more.

hide

sorry, but

be proud of

looking for

thing

e I've just found out that someone who works forme, who I really trusted, has run off with £10,000.

f He spends every weekend in his garden, whichhe's really proud of.

g The outcome of the election, which tookeveryone by surprise, was a win for the socialists.

h Here is the diamond, which a lot of men havedied looking for.

i This meeting, which the President was told aboutby his staff, happened in New York.

Check on page 87.

47

UNIT 8

Gap-filling exercise

5 Fill the gaps in the following article. Sometimes the first tetter or letters are given.

Albania Tanks Roil to Quell ProtestsA week of disturbances in towns

1 th Albania has exposed the danger2 fa Europe's last communistregime as it tries to liberalise 3 wlosing control.

Troubles that began a week ago withstudent demonstrations in the capital Tiranaspread as 4 th along a trail ofgunpowder to Shkoder in the north and thecomfortless resort town of Sarande in thesouth. Violence was particularly markedin Shkoder and the dreary steel town5 Elbasan near Tirana, though6 yesterday the situation appearedcalmer. Government forces were7 rep to be in control with tankspatrolling the streets of Elbasan. PresidentRamiz Alia has been trying to move

Albaniaout of backwardness and isolationsince he 8 over as communist bossafter the death of the post war revolutionaryand tyrant Enver Hoxha in 1985.

At talks with student leaders last weekAlia 9 p to allow independentpolitical parties to take part in elections tothe national assembly already 10pl_for February.

Ramiz Alia 11 a told thestudents that he 12_ sacking seven13 m of the ruling politburo. It isimprobable, 14 , that gestures ofthis kind will have much 15 ef .

The regime's dilemma was brought into16 sh focus in October when the17 greatest writer, Ismael Kadare,defected while 18 a visit to Paris.

Kadare said then that he had 19 tothe conclusion that Albania's20 reg could not be reformed.21 would come only by getting22 of it.

Last week's events 23 sugchange may come violently. Albanianswere encouraged by the 24 ofCeausescu in Romania into25 theycould get rid of their 26 o harshregime. Last week both Kadare andintellectuals in Albania 27 expapprehension at the 28 pr of violentchange. The country has an old29tr____of feuds to the death between tribes andfamilies, and many scores are waiting tobe settled 30_ almost half a centuryof unremitting repression.

Check on page 87.

Compound nouns derived from phrasal verbs

6 In compound nouns derived directly from phrasalverbs the adverbial particle goes last. (e.g. to knockout - a knock-out; to fight back - a fight-back). Stressis always on the first word in the compound.For each group of definitions, six verbs are givenbelow. Using your dictionary, combine each verbwith an adverbial particle (e.g. out, up, down,over) to produce a compound noun whichmatches with one of the definitions. The first hasbeen done for you.

a something which causes delay hold up

b end of a romantic relationship

c taking of control over a company etc

d value of business done by a company

e sudden, severe repression

48

f drastic reorganisation of personnel

crack take hold break shake turn

g undignified retreat from previous claims,

admitting you were wrong

h large-scale concealment of scandalous facts

i a problem stopping you from continuing with

your plans

j a newspaper review

k multiple road crash

1 disappointment

write pile climb set let cover

m arrangement of objects, material etc

n sudden significant success in war, research etc

0 the way an organisation is arranged

p someone who likes to appear clever or impressive

q the act of mistaking one thing or person for

another

r a very successful show, for which all tickets are

sold

lay sell mix break set show

Check on page 87.

7 Use one of the compound nouns to fill in the gapsin the following sentences.

a I'm afraid there's been a . I'm D.H. Smith,

not DJ. Smith.

b The group's US tour was a huge success; every

concert was a .

c There are rumours that a multinational company

is to attempt a of British Copper, which

has an annual __ . of over £10bn.

d The discovery of the new drug is a _ , which

will revolutionise treatment of heart disease,

e In a humiliating , the administration has

admitted the previously denied involvement of

the President in the scandal, which had been

hidden in a massive operation.

f The ____^ of their marriage was unexpected.

They had seemed to be getting on fairly well.

g Police have launched a vigorous __ on drug

dealing.

h What a ! I expected something much

better!

1 In the Cabinet , many Ministers have

changed jobs, and three have been sacked.

49

UNIT 8

j Security checks at airports take time and cause

, but they're necessary.

k Fog has caused a catastrophic on the Ml

motorway, involving 142 vehicles.

1 The advertisement looked much more attractive

after they had changed the

m I thought that film was quite good, but it got a

terrible in the newspaper.

Comparison and contrast

8 Fill the gaps to complete the sentences belowcomparing and contrasting dolphins and humans.Sometimes, the first letter of a word is given.

1 dolphins, humans communicate by

making noises to each other. However, dolphins,

2 u humans, seem to have no interest in

investigating the languages of other species.

3 humans nor dolphins can breathe water.

Strangely, however, although dolphins breathe

air, they soon die if they are out of the water.

Humans, 4 , are fairly happy in

either medium.

5 humans and dolphins are believed by

humans to be highly intelligent.

Humans are social creatures, tending to live in

societies. 6 S , dolphins live in groups.

Being mammals, 7 n dolphins 8

humans lay eggs. 9 dolphins, humans can

be trained to play skilful games with balls.

10 U humans, however, dolphins are not

paid for displaying their skills.

Check on page 87.

Organising Your Learning:Reading (2)Reading for vocabulary consolidation and expansion

1 Reading consolidates vocabulary you have studied or picked up elsewhere.

Read the following text and underline words or expressions you have studied

in your Coursebook. How many did you remember?

Evidence in robbery case 'was planted by police'AWINDOWCLEANERyesterdayaccusedthree police officers in the High Court offabricating forensic evidence to support acharge of attempted armed robbery.

Milton Morris, 41, who spentnine monthsin custody before being acquitted, said theofficers took part in a 'wicked conspiracy' toimplicate him in a raid on a sub-post officein west London.

They planted fibres from his clothing ona mask and pair of overalls abandoned bythe robbers as they fled after the abortiveraid, it was claimed.

Mr Morris, who has no previous

convictions, is seeking damages formalicious prosecution from theMetropoKtanPoliceCommissionerandPCsDesmond Cooke, Stephen Deacon and LeifBailey.

The police deny fabricating evidence andclaim they had an honestbelief in Mr Morris'sguilt.

The forensic evidence - fibres from MrMorris's clothing on the overalls, his hair onthe mask and glass from the scene of thecrime on his shoes - appeared damning.

Itlinked himto the raid, Colin Challenger,his counsel, told the court. But Mr Morris, of

Chiswick, west London, had played no partin the raid and the fibres must have been putthere by the police, he said.

His arrest in November 1983 and hisprosecution and months in custody hadhad a 'profound and devastating' effect onhim, Mr Challenger added.

Mr Morris was charged with attemptedarmed robbery on 15 December andremanded in custody. He was tried andacquitted at Acton Crown Court inSeptember 1984, after spending nine monthsin custody.

The trial continues today.

Check on page 87.

2 Reading will also show you new ways to use familiarvocabulary.

You have already studied the expressions:

to be charged with (a crime)

to be remanded in custody

to be convicted

But the text demonstrates that we can also say:

a charge of (crime)

to spend (time) in custody

to have (previous) convictions

3 Use your reading to consciously acquire newvocabulary.

Set yourself a target of, say, five new words from everynewspaper article or every page of a novel which youread. These words can be recorded as discussed inOrganising Your Learning: Vocabulary.

Exercises

4 Reread the text, and find five new words or

expressions to add to your own list of Crime and Law

Enforcement vocabulary. Use your dictionary to help you.

Check on page 87.

5 Study the four lists below. Decide what is the

common characteristic of the items on each list, and

find at least one word or expression in the text which

could be added to each.

a evil, immoral, naughty

b to falsify (information, accounts etc), a forgery, to

take someone in

c cap, bow-tie, waistcoat

d catastrophic, destructive, disastrous

6 Sometimes you may want to start a new list because

of vocabulary items you come across.

In the text there are two expressions using part:

.. .the officers took part in a wicked conspiracy... (para2)

...Mr Morris... had played no part in the raid... (para 7)

Find three other uses of part in your dictionary and add

them to your list with example sentences of your own.

Language register and the passive voice

1 Rewrite the sentences below from the active voiceto the passive voice, beginning with the wordsgiven. Make any other changes which make thepassive voice sentence sound more formal.

a 'It says you can't take pictures in the museum.'

Cameras are

b 'Look, it says you've got to leave it at the desk.'

Cameras

c 'Someone's doing his house up for him.'

He

d 'They've talked her into changing her mind.'

She

e 'People are searching for the kid who's gonemissing.'

The

f 'It was crazy ever to close this window.'

This

g 'You'd better finish writing the book by January.'

The book

h 'OK, no problem with January.'

I assure

Check on page 87. 51

The passive voice with prepositions

2 The sentences below contain prepositionalphrases and verbs. Most are possible in the passivevoice, but two are not. Decide which these are,then convert the others, beginning with the wordsgiven. Pay careful attention to the position ofprepositions, and mention the agent only whennecessary.

There is no rule about when prepositional phrasesand verbs can be used in the passive voice (evennative speakers may disagree!), but you willgradually pick up a feeling for this.

a I can't stand it when people stare at me.

I can't stand

b He's fallen in love with his teacher.

His

c The whole town is talking about us.

We

d Don't worry, someone will take care of them.

Don't worry, they

e We're not going to stand for it!

It

UNIT 9

f Children hate it when adults don't listen to them.

Children hate

g A team of special investigators ought to look intothis whole takeover.

This whole takeover needs

Check on page 87.

Verbs of movement and posture

3 Below are anagrams of some of the movement andposture verbs in your Coursebook. Solve theanagrams and write in the middle column.

a ttsur f pale

b fuselhf g trowe

c gloneu , h sadh

d plotep i direst _______

e creph ______ j redawn _

4 Match the words below to the verbs in exercise 3above, bearing in mind the special meaning of eachverb. The first has been done for you.

a lazy lounge f crash ______

b directionless __ g slippers ______

c tall ______ h kangaroo ______

d bird i hurry ______

e arrogant _______ j sudden ______ ,

Check on page 87.

Idiomatic expressions with names of animals

5 Using your dictionary, match the followinganimal-based idiomatic expressions with theirmeanings below.

a to chicken out

b to make a pig of yourself

c to let sleeping dogs lie

d to flog a dead horse

e to feel like a fish out of water

f to smell a rat

1 to waste your efforts for no return

2 to sense that something suspicious is going on

3 to eat too much of something

4 to lose your courage

5 to be uneasy, in a place which doesn't suit you

6 to decide to ignore some problem which is not

causing trouble at the moment

6 Complete each sentence with one of theexpressions in exercise 5.

a Some people enjoy living abroad, and feel they

belong in the new country, but British footballers

usually in Italy.

b His wife when he started coming

home late from work every night. He had a

lover, she was sure,

c Don't start that old argument again. OK, she

shouldn't have done it, but it was a long time ago.

Just why don't you?

d Pm beginning to feel I'm trying to

teach that student anything. Do you think she

really wants to learn ?

e Oh dear, I don't feel too good this morning. I'm

afraid I with the curry last night.

f He intended to ask her out, but at the last minute

he lost his nerve and .

Check on page 87.

52

UNIT 9

Gap-filling exercise

7 Fill the gaps in the following advertisement with one word.

HOW TO TALK TO YOUR CATYour cat is talking to you. 1_______ ! - your cat is tellingyou how much she loves you. Watch! - the spcxialfriend who 2 your life has so much to say to youabout his feelings and 3 . . . if only you knowhow to listen and what to look for. If you're a cat loverlike me, and wish to better communicate with your petfor a deeper, more loving 4______ , then you'll want

to find out HOW TO TALK TO YOUR CAT.Remember- there's a lot more cat talk than 'meow1.In fact. . .

There are nineteen different ways cats say ' meow1.And each has its own special 5 ! Cats also talk inbody language - with their ears, whiskers, eyes and6 . . . with their poses and movements! YOURTALKING CAT shows you how to talk to your cat, howto 7 your cat's meows, facial expressions andoften intricate body 8 , and answers at lastfascinating mysteries of feline behaviour such as:

• Why your cat rubs you to show affection . . . andhow best to show her 9 .

• Why your cat circles in your lap before settling10 .

• Why your cat always seems to come over whenyou're reading or doing paperwork . . . and theultimate toy to distract him.

• Why your cat doesn't like to be stared at.• What kinds of toys and games your cat

likes best.And there is also a 'Cat Talk' Chart 11__ your

cat's language, so you'll know when your pet ishappiest . . . and illustrated charts of feline facial

12_ and tail positions that reveal the 13of your cat's moods and feelings.

You may be surprised to discover the warmth andstrength of the 14 of affection between you andyour cat 15 __ you understand her uniquelanguage of communication . . . when you learn thesecret of HOW TO TALK TO YOUR CAT. Orderyour copy of YOUR TALKING CAT today - now,using the handy coupon below:

© 1991 Carnell Ltd, 27 Salisbury House, London Wall, London EC2M 5PJRegistered in England No.2470149

53

UNIT 9

Verbs of facial expression

8 Read the following and find verbs of facialexpression which have the meanings given below.Underline the verbs, then write them in thespaces provided.

1 'It's not fair, I won't go, and you can't make me,'pouted the little girl. Her mother glared at herfuriously, but said nothing. The headmistressfrowned slightly with irritation, and tried again.

2 'Don't gape like that; shut your mouth at least.Haven't you ever been to a topless beach before?And please stop staring at that girl, she'll notice, ifyou're not careful!'

3 We gazed in silence as the sun slowly went downover the sea.

4 'Hello everyone/ he beamed. 'I've got some goodnews for you all.'

5 I peered into the darkened room, but couldn't seeanybody.

6 'I can't say I'm surprised that you enjoy hot dogs,'he sneered. 'After all, you're British, which sayssomething about your taste in food.'

a to look intently, because something is hard to

see

b to look at something in a steady, relaxed way

c to push your lips forward, showing that you feel

you're being treated badly

d to smile broadly and happily

e to contract your forehead in annoyance or

concentration

f to be so amazed that your mouth falls open

g to show in your expression that you feel yourself to

be superior

h to give a very intense, angry look

i to watch in a fixed way, with eyes wide open

54

9 What expression(s) might be associated with thefollowing?

a looking into the eyes of someone you love

b trying to read a bus timetable which is old and

dirty

c passing your exams

d seeing a polar bear walk down your road

e concentrating on a crossword puzzle

f a snob

g a childish person not being allowed to do

something he wants to

h someone being hypnotised

i being unable to speak, but showing your boyfriend

you are very displeased with something he has just

said

Requests and permission: gap-fill dialogue

10 Fill the gaps in the following dialogues. The firstletters of some words are given.

A dialogue between two friends at work

Colin; John, c 1 ._ f_______?

John: S_______ , what ?

Colin: Well, I've got to go into the centre at

lunchtime, and it's raining. I' d

s_______' 1I me your car,

w ?

John: Ah, well, normally I w , but it's a

b______ d today, because I'll be using

it myself. S_______ a______ t .

Colin: OK, no problem.

UNIT 9

A telephone conversation between two businessacquaintances

Derek: Derek Reynolds.

John: Hello, Derek, John Carling.

Derek: Hello, John, n to speak to y

a . W c I d _

?

John: Hi. Listen, Derek, I'm s__.

p y o , but that meeting

we arranged. W

________ to change the time?

Derek: It d When d y .

m I

John: Sometime during the afternoon, if possible.

S 2pm?

Derek: Let me see. Well, I'm supposed to be busy

then, but I could try to rearrange that, I

s .

John: W _ I ' d g if

. As I say, I'm s_________ to

o________ like this, but there's

no w_______ I c make the morning.

Derek: Don't w a________ it. I'll s

w I about rearranging

the other thing, and g_______ back to you, all

right?

Check on page 88.

Guided writing: sentence combination

11 Join each of the following groups of sentences to

form one or two long sentences, as indicated,

using the clues given below.

a Many people find the presence of so many dogs in

Britain a nuisance.

They often provide uncomplaining

companionship to people.

These people have no other friends.

This is because of age or other circumstances.

This cannot be denied.

Although .. . , i t . .. denied . . . friends

b Most people would support a moderate movement.

Its aim would be to end the use of animals in non-

medical experiments.

It would pursue peaceful means.

Some animal rights activists use wildly

inappropriate terrorist methods.

These activists only alienate the majority of the

population.

The majority of the population ask themselves if

these people are quite right in the head.

They ask themselves this with some justification.

Mos t . . . a movement. . . aim was to . . . long . . .

pursued . .. activists who . . . methods only . . .

population, justification.. . head. (Two sentences).

55

Conditionals with but for, if not for

1 Write sentences based on. the paragraph,beginning!/ it hadn't been for..., If it weren t for..., orBut for... Use the prompt words given.

We moved to this house a few months ago. It's an oldwooden house in a small town in New England. It wasmy wife's idea, not mine. I hated the idea of leavingNew York, but I'd lost my job, so it was a question ofimproving our financial situation. Hie price was reallylow, that's how come we managed to buy it. I've oftenwondered why it was so low. But I don't worry really,it's just the strange stories I've heard about the placewhich . . . well, I suppose it's nothing. I quite like theplace really. Apart from these noises at night. And theother day, when that wardrobe nearly fell on my babydaughter for no reason, and my little boy just pulledher out of the way in time. Well, accidents willhappen. Haunted? No, no! It's just those stupidHollywood films that make people believe in ghosts.

56

a wifc/move/house

b financial situation/New York

c low price/buy

d strange stories/worry

e noises/like

f my little boy/daughter/killed

g films/nobody/believe

Check on page 88.

Tenses in long second conditional sentences

2 In long second conditional sentences, verbs in themain clause, non-identifying relative clauses andcoordinate clauses are conditional. Otherwise,verbs are in the past tense.Examples:If I lost my job, I would work for whoever offeredme employment, and I would do as 1 was told.

UNIT 10

If I lost my job, I would do any kind of work that wasoffered to me and wasn't illegal, which would be aninteresting life, in a way.If I lost my job, I would sell antiques, which I wouldbuy in auctions and sell in a market.

In the monologues below, choose whether to use thepast tense or the conditional tense. Underline yourchoices.

I a 'If I were offered a job in another country, which was probably one where they wouldn't speakwould be offered would probably be ' didn't speak

English, I. would take ' it like a shot unless the salary I would he really low. In which case the conditions oftook i was

employment had to be really good, or I wouldn't take it.'would have didn't

b 'If I would have so much money that I was I in a position to stop working for good, even supposing that Ihad would be

would go on spending money as fast as I do now, I think I would buy a yacht, and my wife and I would gowent on I bought went

sailing whenever we would want . And it wouldn't matter that we wouldn't know how to sail, because wewanted didn't matter didn't know

would have a professional crew to sail it for us, if we still had enough money left. Otherwise, wehad would still have

1 would send our children on a training course (whether they would like i it or not), and they crcwedsent liked would crew

the yacht for us!'

Check on page 88.

Noun-preposition collocations

3 Complete the noun-preposition collocations byfilling the gaps below. Each line represents a word.

a 1 whole, I'm 2 of

fringe religions and cults. They do less harm than

religions usually do, to my 3 .Devotees are

4 obligation to join, after all, and if

they do give up their freedom or possessions,

5 they receive peace of mind. It

seems a fair bargain, to me.

b It is simply 1 ___________ belief rhat important

decisions taken by the most powerful man in the

world, a US president who was 2 _____ office for

eight years, were taken on 3 . of an

astrologer. Though, 4 thoughts,

perhaps nothing in politics should surprise us any

more.

Check on page 88.

57

UNIT 10

Prepositions

4 Fill the gaps in the article with prepositions.You may use each word more than once-

Krishna leaders face criminal chargesby Mark Hnsenbali, Washington

THE GENTLE image of HareKrishna disciples chanting theirway 1 American streetshides a sinister world of murder,drug running and prostitution,according 2 investigatorshunting 3 the crookedleaders of the sect. They say theyhave been acting more 4associates of Al Capone thanchildren of a benevolent easterndeity.

A federal grand jury in WestVirginia is expected to order anationwide probe 5 chargesthat some Krishna leaders haveengaged in brutal violence tosilence rivals and 6 large-scale racketeering to line theirown pockets.

There's a kind of holy wargoing on 7 the Krishnamovement,' said DonaldBordenkircher, sheriff of Marshallcounty, West Virginia, where the

Hare Krishna cult has a largesettlement.

Trouble has been brewing in thesect 8_ the death in 19779 Swami Prabhupada, the82-year-old Indian holy man whois credited 10_______ importing thereligion to North America. Severalof his saffron-robed leadingdisciples then carved the United

States 11 independentfiefdoms which competed witheach other 12 money andconverts.

Two years later, evidencesurfaced that some factions of themovement had adopted highlyunorthodox fund-raising activities.Alexander Kulik, a temple leaderin California and a close associateof the late guru, was convicted

13_ charges of distributingheroin.

The authorities said a financialfirm set 14_ under theauspices of the Krishnamovement, Prasadam Distributors

International, was used tolaunder drug dealing profits.Two of the company's officials

pleaded guilty 15 chargesof kidnapping a businessassociate whom they suspected16 embezzling cash. Thebusiness associate was eventuallymurdered.

Violence 17 rival cultmembers has intensified 18the last year. Kirtanananda SwamiBhaktipada, settlement leader,was beaten unconscious 19a disgruntled devotee whoattacked him 20 a steel

pipe.The swami, who was known as

Keith Ham while a student 20years ago at Columbia University,New York, claimed that theincidentresulted21. aclash22 materialism and theKrishna's religious devotion.

In May, Steven Bryant, a formerdevotee who had launched acampaign to expose what he

claimed were corrupt Krishnaleaders, was shot dead whiledriving his van near the sect'sLos Angeles temple.

Before his death, Bryant gavelengthy interviews to police inwhich he charged some Krishnaleaders 23 condoning childabuse and immorality, andorganising prostitution andburglary rings.

Although at first authoritiesdid not take Bryant seriously,24 his death they began toinvestigate his charges anddiscovered evidence to supportmany of them.

Thomas Dresher, a Krishnadevotee, was recently chargedwith murdering Bryant. Policebelieve a high-ranking sectmemberpaid25 the murderto silence Bryant. Dresher hadalready pleaded guilty tomurdering a second Krishnadisciple who disappearedin 1983.

Glossaryracketeering: making money from illegal businessfiefdoms: areas of influence

factions: competing groups within a movement,political party etc.

launder: convert illegally-earned money intoapparently legal money

condoning: approving of, allowing to happenauspices: approval and support

Check on page 88.

5 Having checked your answers to exercise 4, fill thefollowing gaps with prepositions.

a He was convicted charges of causing

explosions.

b Under the auspices of UNESCO, an international

agency has been set .

c He is credited the success of the

campaign.

d In the nineteenth century, Africa was carved

European colonies.

58

UNIT 10

e The accident resulted a failure of safety

procedures.

f MPs are calling for a probe the

Government's role in the scandal,

g The bank is suspected __ having laundered

drug money,

h In competing with each other customers,

the two supermarkets engaged_____a price war.

Check on page 88.

Adjective/noun collocations

6 Match the nouns on the left with the adjectiveson the right which can combine with them tostrengthen them. Sometimes, more than oneadjective could he used.

a unemploymentb the majorityc wishes bigd sensee windsf the part greatg rainh an opinion ofi a blow heavyj an opportunityk a while/an hour/ten minutes1 speeds (s) goodm a possibilityn viewso a smell/taste strongp qualityq businessr profits highs financet industryu difficulty bestv a mistakew a quantityx an accent largey lossesz an influence

Check on page 88,

7 Fill the gaps below with collocations from exercise6. Each line represents a word. The first letters ofsome words have been given.

a 'The latest trade figures are a 1 s

in favour of lowering interest rates,' she said.

'Should the Government not have the 2_

s_ to do this, it will be making a 3

m , and losing a 4 g o to

resuscitate the economy.

b He had 1 d in writing the essay. It

took him a 2 half-hour just to understand

the question, and then the 3 b p of

the evening to answer it.

c Good evening, here is the weather. 1_

w and 2 h hit most of the

country today. There is a 3 p of

heavy snow tonight, so don't drive unless it is

absolutely necessary.

d A 1 quantity of 2 h q sound

equipment was stolen today from a disco in the

West End of London. A man with a 3_

Scottish accent forced staff at gunpoint to load the

equipment into a van, and drove off at 4

. Police say there is 5

c that the man will be caught, since he was

recognised by one of the staff as an ex-employee.

Check on page 89.

UNIT 10

Go and get with adjectives

8 Go and get are commonly used with adjectives tomean become {e.g. to go pale, to get angry).

Put each adjective below into one of the columns.Your dictionary should help, if you look carefullyat the example sentence(s) it gives for eachadjective. Some adjectives can go in eithercolumn, usually with a change in meaning,

go get

pale angry

bald angry blind pale old deaf bad cold

mad wild bored drunk crazy violent

white (and other colours) thin fat nasty

bankrupt wrong insane ready tired

unfriendly cloudy difficult windy famous

rich well impossible excited wet dry

broke lost

Language register: go, get, turn and become withadjectives

9 In more formal style, become can be used with

most adjectives from the get list, but not usually

with go adjectives.

Turn is also more formal and is used especially

with changes of colour, behaviour, and weather.

Put a correct form of go, get, turn or become in

each gap below. You must use become or turn if

you think it is both possible and stylistically

appropriate.

60

a On seeing us, he bright red with

embarrassment.

b Come on, ready, we're going.

c He bald since you last saw him.

d I think you're a bit too thin, you know.

e I'm _____ tired, can we have a break?

f At this rate we're going to bankrupt in a

few months.

g Younger students quickly bored unless

there is a charge of activity.

h Everything _____ wrong. I knew it would.

i Dear Mum, everything's very well here.

j The kids are _____ too exited, and it's bedtime

in half an hour.

k He had two hit records and famous

overnight.

1 The weather was beginning to a bit wet,

so we came home.

m I believe the nights are colder.

n His hair ever so grey, hasn't it?

o I hate it when my dad ______„ mad at me and

shouts.

p Turn that walkman down, you'll deaf if

you're not careful.

q The crowd. wild when she appeared on

stage in a blaze of light.

r In autumn, the leaves brown and begin to

fall.

Check on page 89.

1 Use the prompts to produce sentences expressing a change of mind. The first has been done for you.

previous intention new fact new intention/prediction

a inform police damage paid for forget about it

/ was going to Inform the police, but now that the damage has been paid for, I guess/think/suppose Hi forget about it.

b buy dollars exchange rate up wait a while

c walk weather clouded over in after all

d they offer him job found out prison think twice

e Luis party World Cup Final TV Brazil out call off

f call doctor her fever down wait see how tomorrow

g take mortgage buy flat interest rate up have keep renting

h take job El Pagador civil war stay Britain

i write you you phoned not bother

j they baby he lost job wait

Check on page 89.

61

UNIT 11

The future, arrangements, intentions and predictions

2 The following conversation has been split into questions (in the correct order) and jumbled answers. Decidewhich order the answers go in, number them accordingly and complete them by converting the verbs inbrackets into the present continuous, the future continuous, or future simple with to be.

Questions

1 I heard you were going to move abroad. Is that 5 I've heard the traffic's bad.right? 6 What about the kids?

2 Got a job? 7 That's fixed up, the house, is it?3 That's all fixed up, is it? 8 Is it a nice area?4 Great. Nice place to work, is it, Lisbon? 9 What about money, by the way?

Answers

a Yes, we (move) straight in as soon as we arrive.b Well, I (work) . outside the centre, so it (not be). all that picturesque, but yes, Lisbon's nice.c Not especially, no. We (not live) ______ as close to the beach as we would like, but at least it's not too expensive.d Yes, I (teach) English in a small school in Lisbon.e They (go) ______ to school in the afternoons, so I (can) spend some time with them in the mornings.

And we (live) _ _ _ in a house, so there (be) ______ a garden to play in.f Yes, I (start) at the beginning of September.g Well I (not earn) very much but enough to live on quite comfortably. We (be) ________ OK.h Yes, that's right, next month actually. We (move) to Portugal on the twentieth.l Apparently, yes, but I (work) in the evenings, so I (go) ______ to work in the late afternoons. And

that's when everybody else (come) back. So I (not sit) in a traffic jam every day, I hope.

Check on page 89.

3 In the following utterances, the future forms usedare either incorrect or stylistically inappropriate(too formal or informal). Rewrite the utterancescorrectly.

a Newsreader: 'The Prime Minister is attending aspecial session of the UN Security Council laterthis week.'

b Hotel receptionist: 'Do you want breakfast in yourroom?'

c Child: 'I am to spend the weekend at my Grannie's.'

62

d 'I would ask her, but I forgot.1

e 'You won't go out in this rain just to get anewspaper, will you? Look, I'll go to the towncentre myself a bit later on, so I'm walking pastthe newsagents anyway. I'm going to get you onethen if you like.'

Check on page 89.

UNIT 11

Sound-words

4 Fill each gap with one of the sound-words givenbelow (noun, gerund, or the correct tense of theverb). Use each word once only. Where necessary,put the definite or indefinite article. The first onehas been done for you.

a The house was quiet. 1 The creaking of the old

stairs as Chalmers walked up was startlingly loud.

Inside the bedroom he turned the light on with

2 . The window was closed and the wooden

shutters were fastened, but he could still hear

3 of the gale outside. Suddenly he heard

4 of a powerful engine outside, and

5 of tyres as a car was driven away at top

speed. His car! He whirled round, just as the small

masked figure behind him brought the heavy

walking stick down with all her strength. The

stick struck Chalmers on the forehead with

6 sharp and he fell to the carpet.

7. . heavy his body made as it hit the

floor told his attacker that he was already

unconscious. As she turned away, she stepped on

his glasses, and the broken lenses 8 under

her foot. Well, what of it, she thought, he

wouldn't be needing glasses where he was going.

b He reached inside the lampshade, and drew in his

breath with 1 sharp of pain as he

touched the hot light bulb. He got a cloth, and

took the light bulb out. Holding it to his ear he

shook it and heard 2 faint . Thank

goodness, it was nice and simple; all that was

needed was a new light bulb!

c There was 1 polite on the door.

'Yes, come in, come in!' he 2 , irritably,

His butler stood before him, a man so old and thin

that he looked as if his bones 3 if you

shook him.

bark howl tinkle screech creak thudroar tap hiss rattle crunch crack click

Check on page 89.

Sentence stress and sounds: vowels

5 Say the dialogues below to yourself, and decidewhich vowel in each utterance carries the mainstress. Pair each utterance with another whichstresses the same vowel. Beside each utterancewrite the letter of the other one in the pair, andthe stressed sound in phonemic script. The firsthas been done for you.

a Shall I call round about seven? o /___/

b No, a bit after, please. / /

c How much is she earning these days?

d A fortune, apparently. / /

e You don't absolutely have to do it, you know. -

f I'll let you know soon, Jenny. / /

g Do I say, 'between' in that situation?

h No, 'among' is better. / /

i We'll send out search parties. / /

j But he could be anywhere in the country.

63

UNIT 11

k Where shall we sir? / /

1 I'm not that bothered, really. / /

m Now how shall I put this? / /

n Oh, get on with it! / /

o And were you upset when that happened?

p Wouldn't you have been? / /

q Where have you been all day? / /

r It's none of your business where I've been.

s Can I have a chat for a moment?

t Of course you can. / /

u Why don't we go by car, then? / /

v Well we could, I suppose. / /

Check on page 89.

When you have checked your answers, say thedialogues aloud, making sure you stress the rightsyllable and pronounce the vowel correctly.

Mixed structures: sentence rewriting

6 For each sentence below, write another with thesame meaning, including the word in brackets inthe form in which it is given.

a Originally, I intended to leave early, (my)

My original intention wae to leave early.

b The reason they failed wasn't lack of planning, (it)

c He believed in his own ability and this gave himconfidence, (what)

64

d There appeared to have been a fight, (looked)

e I've always liked walking in the countryside,(something)

f She was far less interested in football than I was.(as)

g Please don't do that, (didn't)

h You mustn't forget how young he is. (account)

i I suddenly realised I hadn't seen John all day. (to)

j People resented his behaviour, (rise)

Check on page 89.

Words describing light

7 Fill each gap below with one of the 'light' wordslisted at the end of the exercise. Use yourdictionary to check the meanings of the words,paying special attention to the example sentences.

a There was a of lightning and almost

immediately afterwards a deafening crack of

thunder overhead.

b She lit a cigarette. I saw her face for a moment as

the match ______ . ..

c . . . then the match went out, to be replaced by the

quiet red of her cigarette in the darkness.

d I find night driving very tiring because of the

of the car headlights coming in the other

direction.

UNIT 11

e Sometimes, when you are driving on hot days,

there seems to be water on the road ahead, as the

hot air makes a effect. I think it's called a

mirage.

f He gazed across the valley at the lights of the

distant town _ _ _ in the soft darkness,

g I love to see the sea like diamonds in the

sunlight.

h The newly polished car ___ in the bright

sunlight,

i Seen from the garden, the great ballroom was

with the light of many chandeliers.

j My candle _____ as a slight breeze blew in

through the window.

glow flash gleam glare sparkle shimmerflicker twinkle blaze flare

Check on page 90.

Sentence construction: word-jumble

8 The words in the following sentences have beenjumbled up. Unjumble them, and write thesentences in the spaces provided. Sometimes, thebeginning of the sentence is given. Punctuationmarks follow the same word that they follow inthe sentence.

a say, no be let matter persuaded, what don't theyyourself

b whole deforestation, consequence from as area soil

a uncontrolled of the erosion, suffers

As

c earth beyond did thing utterly why she such me. isa on

d companies, offered return helping refused, in one Ifor was of which him, a his job I in reluctantly

In

e glad if touch get number, you, him I'd you'll mehis for with in to let have be

I'd

f sorted shortly, calm, everything as everyone longstays should out as be

As

g Government, was he of cause downfall ofattempting to the accused the

He

h largest said built, it to ship be the ever by is far

i it what there? how long difference make get doesto it takes

j as a this which Mr Smith by conditions, wascaused unsafe accident, result arm, of an directlylost working

This

Check on page 90.

65

UNIT

Motoring, cars

Register: formal expressions to talk of probability

1 Study the following list of formal it is . . . and there

is . . . constructions. Which ones have a basically

affirmative meaning (i.e. that something

happened or will happen), and which have a

negative meaning? Which ones express strong

probability {or certainty), and which ones weaker

probability!1

It is impossible that . ..

It is possible that . ..

It is inconceivable t h a t . . .

There is no doubt whatsoever t h a t . . .

There is very little likelihood that - . .

It seems beyond doubt that . . .

There is a strong possibility t h a t . . .

It's unlikely that . . .

It is not beyond the bounds of possibility t h a t . . .

It's quite possible that . . .

Check on page 90.

2 Use the expressions in exercise 1 to form answers

to the questions below. Each time, you are given a

Yes or No as your basic answer, and a number of

stars (from six to one) to indicate the degree of

probability. You need not use all the expressions

above, and may use any more than once. The first

two are done for you.

a Were they going too fast? (yes **)

It is possible that they were going too faet

b Will the climate change dramatically in the near

future? (No ****).

There is very little likelihood that the climate will

change dramatically in the near future.

c Will the government fall this month? (No ******)

d Will the government fall this year? (Yes *)

UNIT 12

e Will Japanese car manufacturers take over theluxury car market in the next few years?(Yes *****)

f Have the hostages been taken to anotherlocation? (Yes ****)

g Will there be another global conflict in the nearfuture? (N

h Will cars be banned from all cities in the future?(Yes *)

i Are women drivers safer than men? (Yes ******)

Language register: seems + infinitive or sounds/looks as though

3 In interpreting situations, we can use seems with

an infinitive (more formal) or it looks/sounds as if/

though (less formal).

Examples:

type A There seems to have been a mistake.

From what I hear, he seems to be very

happy in his new job.

OR

type B It looks as if there's been a mistake.

It sounds as if he's happy in his new job.

Below, convert type A sentences to type Bsentences, and vice versa.

a Everything was going well, by the sound of it.

It „_____

b It looked to me as if everything had been preparedcorrectly.

Every th ing _______

j Has he left the country already? (Yes ***)

c It looks as if the situation has been brought backunder control.

The situation

k Has he left the country already? (No **)d Judging by appearances, everything seems to be

getting back to normal.

It

Check on page 90. e Judging from what he said, they seem to beheading for a divorce.

It

f It sounds to me as if they made a mistake gettingmarried so young.

They __

67

UNIT 12

g In conversation, he seemed to me to have nointention of changing his mind.

It

f It's strange that he so early.

h It sounded as if we'd been wasting our time tryingto persuade him.

We

i It looked to us as if they were arguing aboutsomething.

They

j Judging by appearances, they seemed to havecome to blows already that evening.

It

Check on page 90.

Modal verbs: sentence completion

4 Complete the following sentences, using a modalverb phrase including the correct form of the verbin brackets.

a Isn't this ready yet? It _____ hours

ago. (finish)

b You'd already done it? You mean I

? (bother)

c We'll need to stop for a break around lunchtime.

By then we for four or five

hours, (drive)

d So you left the club three hours later, you say.

That _______ after midnight, then?

(be)

e Didn't you see that car coming?

You , you silly child (kill)

Normally he stays quite late, (leave)

g It is quite unacceptable that prisoners

in such conditions, (keep)

h I wonder if I _ a suggestion?

(make)

i No, don't call then. I the

house by that time, (leave)

j It's interesting that you

that, (say)

Check on page 90.

US and GB vocabulary

5 Complete the columns with words from section Cof your Coursebook.

GB US

a ground floor

b take-away food

c liquor store

d mates

e a crossroads

f a flashlight

g the pavement

h mean

l mean

j rubbish

Check on page 90.

UNIT 12

Words borrowed from French

6 Words borrowed from French are very common in

English, some having become truly English words

(e.g. garage) while newer entrants still seem quite

foreign (e.g. duvet). US speakers invariably stress

the second syllable of these words.

Use your dictionary to match the following words

and phrases with their meanings below, and write

them in the spaces provided.

nounsdecor debut duvet melee fiance faux pas

carte blanche genre farce

adjectivesgrotesque gauche blase naive brusque

a exaggerated to the point of being ugly or

ridiculous

b a performer's first public performance

c a lot of people struggling or fighting in a confused

way

d a particular style in literature, music or art

e uncomfortable and awkward in social situations

f a free hand, permission to act freely

g a thick, warm bed cover

h casual and dismissive, instead of nervous or

excited

i an indiscreet act, socially embarrassing

j having an over-simple or a too innocent view of

the world

k something which is absurdly disorganised

1 style of furnishing and decoration

m abrupt in manner, not considering people's

feelings

n the man a woman is going to marry

Check on page 91.

7 Fill each gap below with one of the words or

phrases from exercise 6.

a The police made straight for the centre of the

in an attempt to stop the fighting.

b We'd better buy a new before winter

comes on.

c He seems very about his exam tomorrow,

but it might be tougher than he thinks.

d He made his professional against Benfica

in Lisbon. What a way for a footballer to start!

e I knew very little about the social rules of their

culture, so the occasional was inevitable.

f Rooms in our hotels have the same

anywhere in the world.

g It was rather of him to trust her,

considering he hardly knew her.

h The new manager is going to put people's backs

up with his way of dealing with colleagues.

i The police must have freedom to act as they think

right, but a democracy cannot give them a

complete .

Check on page 91.

Words borrowed from other languages

9 The commonly-used words and expressions below

come from a variety of languages, though some

have taken on slightly different meanings in

English. Use your dictionary to help you match

them to the meanings on the right.

scenario a smooth, convincing speech aimed at

persuading someone

fiasco a respected adviser or expert (slightly

ironic expression)

bravado a long story or narration

prima donna something getting louder or more

intense

69

UNIT 12

guru detailed prediction of the way asituation could develop

crescendo considered by society to be too 'bad' oroffensive even to talk about

saga failure so complete as to be ridiculousspiel a reckless, courageous attitude,

intended to impresstaboo something you are especially good atforte someone temperamental and

difficult to work with.

Check on page 91.

10 Fit one of the words from exercise 9 into each gap.

a Ugh, that's disgusting! Sorry, but mixing cocktails

isn't my .

b Once again we had to listen to the of his

failed job application.

c The election campaign was such a

the organisers were sacked.

that

d The college has invited a number of linguistics

to speak at the conference.

e What a ! How can you put up with

behaviour like that?

f Coursebook writers must take care in choosing

themes and texts, since some topics are in

many countries.

g The President's promises to resist the invasion to

the end turned out to be pure .

h In response to the of public criticism, the

national coach had no option but to resign.

i A number of can be envisaged as a result

of the revolution.

j Every time he meets a girl he fancies he uses the

same old _____ to get her interested in him.

Check on page 91.

70

I had only been driving a few minutes when I noticedthat the car wasn't right. It was making a strange noiseand every now and then it would shake so alarminglythat it seemed to be about to disintegrate. This sort ofthing ha d happened before of course - the car was fifteenyears old and was no longer the car it had been when itwas new, but it was the first time I had felt so concerned.I decided to pull over to have a look at the engine.

As I lifted the bonnet I thought I could smell burning.I looked carefully, and sure enough there were wisps ofacrid smoke coming from the engine. Not being by anymeans an expert on cars, particularly on an old wrecklike mine, I backed off to the other side of the road so thatI could think things over from a safe distance. By thelook of it, this might be serious trouble. I had to dosomething, plainly enough, but it was a bit harder to seewhat that something should be. On the other hand,perhaps if I waited a minute or two, the engine wouldcool down. I concluded that this was the most sensiblething I could do, and sat down on a rock.

Just then, I saw the first small flame above the engine.

Guided writing: rewriting a text

11 Rewrite the story below. Keep as closely to theoriginal as possible, but incorporate all the wordand punctuation prompts provided below, makingwhatever grammatical and lexical changes arenecessary.

1 . . . hadn't . .. more . . . few minutes. . . when . . .

struck . . . matter . . . car. . . . coming . . . engine, . . .

time .. . time . .. alarming shaking . . . car . . . point

. . . disintegration. . . . means. . . first time . ..

behaved . . . this way . . . . . . . fifteen years,. . . n o t . . .

more . . . never caused . . . concern before. . . . seemed

. . . me . . . wise . . . off... road . .. could . . . bonnet.

Lifting . . . . . . . noticed . . . fa in t . . . burning. . . .

carefully, . . . thought, . . . engine . . . off... smoke.

. . . I am . . . no means . . . exper t . . . cars , . . . alone

. . . wreck . . . o w n , . . . retreated . . . order . . .

the situation . . . safety . . . side .. . road- . . . looked

. . . I . . . t rouble. . . . be done, . . . plain . . . see, . ..

quite . . . should be. . . . hand, . . . possible . . .

cool down . .. few minutes. .. waited. . . . come . . .

conclusion . .. wisest. . . action . . . adopt, . . . rock,

w a s . . . this point. . . flame . . . itself. .. engine.

Check on page 91.

UNIT

Travel, holidays

Phrasal verbs

1 Replace the words in italics with phrasal verbsfrom Section E of your Coursebook, and rewritethe sentences.

a He tried to allay their suspicions about his absencewith a false explanation.

e I studied ail the information I could find on the

company before I took the job.

f Don't worry. He'll threaten you, but he hasn't gotthe nerve to really do what he threatens.

b Come on, into the kitchen, you're not going toescape doing the washing up this time!

g Don't take out insurance with the first companyyou speak to, be patient and find out all thealternatives first.

c Unfortunately, your theory is not supported by thefacts.

h It was only when the lesson began that 1 suddenlyrealised I was in the wrong classroom.

d It's not fair, you always support her when we argue.

Check on page 91.

71

UNIT 13

2 Fill the gaps with phrasal verbs from Section E ofyour Coursebook. Each line represents a word.

a Don't it , do it today!

b What it all___________________is that they

don't really like each other any more: that's the

real problem.

c Sports stars often _____ their

popularity by doing advertisements.

d I was rather to see Jack. I thought

he was in Australia.

e As soon as the kids get back from school, they

straight _____ the television.

f Take your flowers and go! Nothing can

all those horrible things you said!

g She's incredibly creative; she's always

. interesting ideas.

h I didn't want to do it, really! The others

me _ it.

Check on page 91.

3 Below are five root-verbs commonly used inphrasal verbs, with meanings beside them. Lookup each root-verb in your dictionary and find aphrasal verb for each of the meanings. Write theparticle or particles on the correct line. The firsthas been done for you.

begina set out

b

c read

d talk

consider as counterbalancing

another fact

see more in a book, attitude

etc. than is really there

speak to someone in a superior,

patronising way

discuss

g come

h

i take

k

1

persuade someone not to do

something

obtain, get possession of

happen

admit that something you said

was unfair or wrong

write down exactly what

someone is saying

deceive, trick someone

accept a task, responsibility etc.

Check on page 91.

4 Put one of the phrasal verbs you discovered inexercise 3 into each of the gaps below. Each linerepresents a word.

a Can you the address if I read it to

you?

b We've got to try and her

resigning. We need her!

c How do I getting a visa for the

States?

d Don't your students, treat

them as your equals.

e They persuaded him to the job of

secretary of the committee.

i Look, I'll this offer with my wife,

then talk to you again.

g Yes, it's bigger and faster, but that's got to be

the fuel consumption, which is

huge.

h Nowadays, genuine antiques are very hard to

unless you pay a fortune.

j

e

72

UNIT 13

i Some people try to _____ all sorts of significant

meanings their dreams.

j OK, I'm sorry, I it , I didn't mean

to upset you.

1 He was a very popular President abroad, but his

own people weren't _____ by his fine

words.

m Reformers try to make social change _____

through political action.

Check on page 91.

Dialogue completion exercise

5 Fill in speaker B's part of the dialogue.

A: Have you ever been to Greece?

B

A: 1976? So was I!

B

A: July. How about you?

B

A: Oh, I don't mind a lot of people around, and thehot weather is the reason I go! Anyway, April is amonth I like to spend in England.

B

A: Crete. I love it. The people are so friendly.

B

A: Oh, did you? Perhaps you met the wrong ones.

B

A: I found it delicious. How about you?

B

A: Oh come on, don't exaggerate. Anyway I likeplenty of oil on my food, personally.

B:

A: Well, they say it is, but I'm perfectly healthy.Anyway, did you have a nice time there ?

BA: Ah, yes, the scenery is fantastic, isn't it? So that

was all right in the end, then.

B

A: Back to Crete, actually, at least that's the plan.How about you?

B

A: You don't seem very sure. Hmm. Scotland, eh?

B

A: Wrong? Nothing as far as I know! Lovely place,apparently.

B:

A: I'm sure there is. Beautiful place, they say.

B

A: Have you? Ah, well I've heard just the opposite,actually.

B

A: My brother. He was there last summer.Apparently it poured with rain for the whole week.

Check on page 91.

Mixed structures: sentence completion

6 Complete the following sentences. Each linerepresents a word. Contractions count as oneword. Sometimes the first letter of a word is given.The first one has been done for you.

a I wonder if you'd mind turning that radio down.

It's giving me a headache.

b I haven't the f i you're

talking about.

c I refused to have anything d

him. I didn't like the look of him.

d I wouldn't t t be a very

good idea, if you want my opinion.

e The truth o m is that you

don't really care, do you?

73

UNIT 13

Words borrowed from French

7 Use your dictionary to help you fill each gap inthe following sentences with one of the Frenchwords or expressions below. All are commonlyused in English.

a She certainly seems to have a wonderful

with the students. What a relaxed, sympathetic

atmosphere!

b Don't be deceived by his manner; he's a

very dangerous man!

c Some of his jokes are a bit , considering

his programme is on when children might be

watching.

d The whole of NATO was to oppose the

Soviet Union.

e Her article is a well-argued of current

policy, which she finds totally inadequate.

f There is a certain . about working on TV,

but it's just another job, really.

g He doesn't do much else on the field, but he is a

goalscorer !

h In bringing about a between the warring

wings of his party, he enabled it to present a more

united image.

i Even the children's rooms have

bathrooms.

j All the guests seemed to arrive , and the

party suddenly livened up.

rapprochement rapport raison d'etre en suiteen masse critique par excellence suaverisque mystique

Check on page 92.

74

f No m a says, I'm going to

marry him.

g In s ___ w

which he'd been treated, he didn't stop loving her.

h Contrary w I'd b 1

to suppose, the food at the restaurant was rather

good,

i Had there b p

o reaching the summit, we would have

continued, but it was clear that there wasn't.

j Not being in for going out, they

decided to spend the evening watching television.

k As f I know, the meeting is still

scheduled for 3 pm,

1 Well, it's. _ _ t you,

but I must be going now,

m It'll be a long job, but regardless

1 takes, it's got to be done.

n Much a r__ h

. so, I'm afraid I must turn your offer down.

o I must s I'd r he hadn't told them,

but I suppose he thought he was acting for the

best.

p I'm afraid there seems

s k of accident in the street outside,

q In no s this be taken as an

admission of guilt.

Check on page 92.

UNIT 13

Sentence stress and sounds: diphthongs

8 Say the dialogues below to yourself, and decidewhich diphthong in each utterance carries themain stress. Pair each utterance with anotherwhich stresses the same diphthong. Beside eachutterance write the letter of the other one in thepair, and the stressed sound in phonemic script.One has been done for you.

a How much do I owe you?

b That'll be forty-five pounds, sir.

c So I should take better care of myself, doctor?

d Starting right away, Mr Robinson!

e You said the girl ran away today?.

f No, it was the boy that ran away.

g There's been a big drop in output.

h Which has meant less overtime, of course.

i Why did you steal such a thing?

j I'm not sure any more, really.

k Let's try and find a timetable.

1 There's one over there, by the look of it.

o The car was completely destroyed, apparently.

p Just as well it was insured, then

Check on page 92.

When you have checked your answers, say thedialogues aloud, making sure you stress the rightdiphthong and pronounce it correctly.

Mixed structures: sentence rewriting

9 For each sentence below, write anothet with thesame meaning, including the word in brackets inthe form in which it is given. The first is done foryou.

a I need to know if he was telling the truth,(true)

b Recently, crime has been increasing, (on)

c Don't say it's my fault, (put)

d It's impossible to know for sure, (way)

e If Henry hadn't helped, we would never havemanaged. (Henry's)

m What's a more formal way of saying 'hide'.f I made the most honest reply that I could, (as)

n 'Conceal' is more formal, I think I'm right in

saying.

g That's what we should do. (course)

75

UNIT 13

h I assure you I don't normally ask strangers formoney, (habit)

i In the eighties, Britain's industrial basecontracted, (saw)

j Not enough information is provided,(provision)

k Soon afterwards, they left, (wasn't)

1 Considering the recent troubles, I have decided tocancel my visit, (light)

Check on page 92.

76

Answer KeyOrganising Your Learning: Introduction4 The following are some ideas, though you may have

others which are equally valid,in class

lots of speaking opportunitiesyou have companythere is a teacher to organise activities, to guide andadvise you, and to monitor your English

outsideyou can work only on what you needyou work when and for as long as you wantyou work at your own speedyou follow your own interestsyou can use language in 'real-life' situations

Unit 12 1m 2k 31 4f 5d 6c 7n 8g

9h l0j 11i 12b 13a 14 e

a Alice no longer resides at this address.b He no longer has any respect for his parents' beliefs.c We no longer have any objection to their presence,d I no longer have any interest in that matter.

or That matter no longer holds any interest for me,e He no longer has any desire to continue living.f There is no longer any reason for him to take such

an attitude.g I no longer have any intention of accepting the

position.h There is no longer any hope that the crisis can be

resolved peacefully.i This structure no longer presents any difficulties for

me.

I OK 2 absolutely/utterly amazing 3 OK4 absolutely infuriating 5 absolutely incredible6 OK 7 absolutely terrified 8 rather pleased9 absolutely delighted 10 OKII absolutely hideous 12 utterly ridiculous

5 a absolutely deliciousb absolutely hilariousc absolutely essential

rather/quite tastyquite funnyquite important

6 dead tired fast asleep bored stiff dead rightwide awake dead slow stone cold filthy richraving mad stone deaf blind drunk

7 a stone cold b dead tired, fast asleep, wide awakec filthy rich, raving mad d dead right e bored stiff

8 a as light as a featherc as old as the hillse as quiet as a mouseg to sleep like a logi as blind as a bat

b to eat like a horsed to smoke like a chimneyf as clean as a whistleh as pretty as a picturej to drink like a fish

9 h wrench c grabbed d loath e hurled f shatteredg scoured h begged i shoved j soared k burst1 rushed m hammering n swear o despairp stare q demanded r ruined

10 asothat b (in order) to give them c forworkingond so that e (in order) to f for showingg so that students can h (in order) to showi so that j (in order) to k for students to 1 so that

11 b A good language student will not only participate inclassroom work, but also work independentlyoutside class time, in order to achieve her ownlearning objectives.

c Apart from supporting its teachers with efficientteaching materials, a good language school will paythem for preparation time, so that they can presentan organised programme of work.

d A good language teacher will not only work hard inthe classroom, but also spend time on lessonpreparation, in order to be able to present anorganised programme of work.

Organising Your Learning: Dictionaries

4 abc

de

f

Sh

longinglyyawningflame-throwerjumbledlotionchocolatefearlessfrightful

/lorjirjli//p:nrrj//fleimQreoa//d3Ambald//foujan//tfokalat//fisbs//fraitful/

6 a irksome b encroach c roughage d phiale curtail f autopsy g chaotic h psalm i knollj earl

Unit 21 1 could tell 2 had known

3 would never have started 4 were5 you'd never met 6 couldn't go7 wouldn't go 8 you'd never been born9 could keep up with 10 would have been11 hadn't laughed 12 I'd never bought13 would take 14 had never mentioned

77

ANSWER KEY

2 b I wish you'd take more care, so you wouldn't alwaysmake such a mess,

c I wish you would be quiet/wouldn't make so muchnoise, so we could get some sleep,

d I wish they would go home, so we could go to bed.e I wish you'd stop talking all the time, so I could get

some work done.f I wish you would make up your mind, so I could

book the tickets.g I wish he would fix the car, so I wouldn't have to

take the bus to work.h 1 wish you kids would behave yourselves, so I could

hear the television.

3 b I wish we hadn't spent such a lot; we could havetaken a taxi home if we hadn't.

c I wish you'd told me you were coming; I would havecooked something nice for dinner if you had,

d I wish I'd studied harder at school; I could havegone to university if I had.

e I wish I'd gone to university; I could have got a goodjob if I had.

f I wish we'd known she could babysit; we wouldn'thave had to stay in if we had.

4 a It's high time the government did something aboutinflation!

b It's high time you started doing some homework!e It's high time you children went to bed!f It's high time they put a stop to all these strikes!h It's high time you started being a bit more punctual!i It's high time you grew up and acted responsibly!

5 a If he wasn't rich, he wouldn't (couldn't) havebought that new car.

b If I weren't such a fool, I would have left him longago.

c If I hadn't lost my address book, I could ring themup.

d If this government knew what it was doing, itwouldn't have raised interest rates.

e Things would be better for business if interest rateshadn't gone up.

f My marriage wouldn't have broken up if I hadn'tlost my job.

g Perhaps somebody would give him a job if he had afixed address.

h If he had a job, he could save some money.i If he had some money, he could rent a place to live.j He wouldn't be in this mess if he hadn't come to

London.

1 • • • •figurativeformidablesaturatedsatisfying

4 • • • •oversubscribedneverthelessunderexposed

2 • • • •fortuitousimpracticalpreservativeimpossibledisorderlyextravagantinsensitivesubsidiary

5 • • •secondarysecretaryliteraryreasonable

3 • • • •outmanoeuvreschizophreniaunrestrictedsentimentalnotwithstandinghesitationdisenchantmentpolytechnic

7 a get on with b put forward c let me downd takes after e gone off f get away withg tell her off h to go round

8 a fell behind b caught up with c stand ford got over e go without f longing forg work out h frown on

9 a grow on, grow out offall out with, fall for, fall about catch on, catch outget it across, get round, get on

10 a get on b fallen out c catch (them) outd grows on e caught on to f grown out ofg fell about h fell for i get (it) across j get round

11 Possible answers:b Developing countries have the capacity to create

wealth, but are crippled by debt, Brazil, for example,has one of the largest economies in the world, butits huge export earnings are used to pay the intereston its foreign debt.

c It is apparently difficult to find reasonably-pricedaccommodation in London at short notice. Takethe case of the German students mentioned in theletter about London in Unit 1. Having arrived atEuston Station at 1 lpm, they still hadn't found aplace to stay after half-an-hour's working throughthe Yellow Pages.

d European young people are tending to stay at homeand have an easy life instead of living on their own.The German law student in The stay at home kidsis a case in point. He has a four-room apartment,yet he doesn't have to cook, and his mother washeshis clothes for him.

78

ANSWER KEY

Organising Your Learning: Vocabulary

Bubble puzzlea A 1 to owe 2 to pay off 3 rate of interest

4 budget deficit 5 overdraftB 1 overdraft 2 to overthrow 3 to overtake

4 to overturn 5 overcoatC 1 to overthrow 2 to throw out 3 a throwbackD 1 an MP 2 a poll 3 constituency 4 overthrow

5 coup d'etatE 1 coup d'etat 2 fiasco 3 bizarre 4 fianceF 1 fiance 2 to break up 3 to fall for

4 to fancy someoneG 1 to fall for 2 to fall to pieces 3 to fall ill

4 fall-outH 1 fall-out 2 power station 3 nuclear waste

4 H-bomb

b Possible answers:MP: acronyms (e.g. BBC, UNESCO)to fall ill: sickness and healthH-bomb: weapons and warovertake: driving vocabularyovercoat: clothes and accessories

Organising Your Learning: Grammar1 a There are far too many qualified lawyers, so it's hard

to find work.b I went to an Italian-speaking school, so that my

mother could help me with my work jf I needed it.c I'm glad to hear that some of what I said was of

interest.d I'd rather you corrected my errors, please, and

mightn't it be a good idea to do a dictation everyweek?

e Certificates prove you're really good at something.f It sometimes seems almost impossible to keep pace

with the others,g It's the first time I have had to correct my own

writing,h I don't see any reason to go to the computer room

with the class again.i That is easy to understand.j When I'm back in Switzerland I'm going to have a

holiday, and after that I'm going to enter universityto study law.

k I'm not used to writing either in English or inItalian.

1 After this, 1 could have gone to university, but I dida secretarial course instead.

m After graduating, I spent 3 months in Paris toperfect my French, which I had studied for theprevious 6 years,

n Over the next few weekends I hope to see as muchas possible of England.

o I have just finished my studies in Germany.p In case I need advice, can I ask you after lessons?q Whatever we do, I'm sure it will be useful.r I would rather talk than always study grammar,s I arrived back in Spain and began working for a

multinational company, whose head office wasin my home town.

t I had never seen such a beautiful place as that.

2 word order: f, h, o, r, t future tenses: jsequences and time expressions: j, 1, nlogical connectors: 1, a, b prepositions: e, n, sin case: b, p too, enough, so, such: a, trelative clauses and what clauses: c, m, spunctuation: c, q first time: gadjective + infinitive: i present tenses in futuresubordinate clauses: j, q modals: I, drather: d, r neither/nor: kpresent perfect/past simple/past perfect: m

Unit 31 1 couldn't afford 2 couldn't see

3 had managed to sleep 4 would have been able to/could have 5 could make/would be able to make6 could see 7 were able to run 8 managed to make/were able to make 9 couldn't understand10 were able to/managed to get 11 couldn't believe12 could speak 13 could make out14 could have offered 15 could feel16 had been able to/had managed to achieve17 having been able to make 18 could have wept19 was able to understand 20 hadn't been able tocontinue 21 to be able to offer 22 could give23 had been able to/had managed to arrange24 was able to help 25 could hardly find26 to have been able to offer

2 a outmoded b outfit c outgoings d outlandishe outline f out-of-the-way g upgrade h upheaval1 upkeep j uprising k uptight 1 upturn

3 a outgoings b uptight c upheaval d outmodede outfit f upgrading g upturn h outlandishi uprising j upkeep k out-of-the-way 1 outline

79

ANSWER KEY

4 1 of 2 through (during would also be possible here)3 without 4 of 5 on 6 for 7 at 8 on 9 in10 of 11 under 12 under 13 to 14 for 15 of16 on 17 of 18 in 19 on 20 from 21 against22 of 23 with 24 in 25 until

5 Polite dialoguej Manager: Good evening, can I be of any help?n Customer: Good evening. Sorry to bother you, but

are you the manager?f Manager: I am, sir. What can I do for you?m Customer: Well, it's about these spare ribs. There

doesn't seem to be very much meat onthem, I'm afraid.

v Manager: I'm sorry to hear that, sir. May I seethem?

u Customer: Certainly. I don't like to complain, butas you can see . . .

o Manager: Hmm. Well, sir, I must say they seemvery similar to the spare ribs we usuallyserve, bu t . . .

q Customer: You see, I do actually eat here regularly,and they definitely don't seem to be thesame quality as usual. Not quite asmeaty.

e Manager: Well, sir, I'm sorry you feel that way.Naturally, I'll be glad to return them toour kitchen. Can I offer to bring you themenu again?

d Customer: Yes, please. Thank you very much, andI'm sorry to cause any inconvenience.

a Manager: Not at all, sir. One moment, sir, and I'llbring the menu.

Rude dialogue1 Manager:c Customer:p Manager:g Customer:

t Manager:k Customer:

b Manager:

i Customer;

Hello.You're the manager, I suppose.Yeah, what do you want?These spare ribs are no good, there's nomeat on them.Rubbish. Let's have a look at them,Don't tell me I'm talking rubbish. Areyou looking for trouble or something?Just let me look at the ribs, all right? It'syou who's making the trouble. Wei!,they look all right to me. What's wrongwith them?What's wrong with them? Look, I eathere a lot, and I'm telling you they're

rubbish. Just look at them! There's noway I'm paying for that!

r Manager: Look, just keep your voice down, willyou? OK, I'll take them back. What doyou want instead?

s Customer: Give me a steak, and hurry it up, Ihaven't got all day.

h Manager: One steak. It'll take as long as it takes.We're very busy.

6 b There doesn't seem to be very much meat on them,I'm afraid.

c Good evening. Sorry to bother you, but are you themanager?

d Naturally, I'll be glad to return them to ourkitchen.

e . . . but as you see . . .f Can I offer to bring you the menu again?

7 b Possible answer:Of course it's got some problems. To start off with, it's along way from the centre - even from the tube station, infact - and you'd be even more isolated because it hasn't gota telephone. So your social life would probably suffer. Andthat's not to mention the rent, which is a bit high at £100 aweek. On the other hand, it is self-contained, which isimportant, and there's a lot of space, considering it's gottwo bedrooms and a sitting room, plus kitchen andbathroom. The garden and TV are also a plus, especially ifyou would be spending quite a lot of time about the place.

Organising Your Learning: Speaking (1)1 Possible answers

a 'Well, it's been nice talking to you. Bye!'b 'By the way, I was sorry to hear you failed your

exam. You must be really disappointed.'c 'I'm beginning to wish we'd never come here, you

know.'d 'We must stop meeting like this!' or 'Hi, we meet

againe 'Have you seen (the film)? You must try and see it,

it's really good!'

a You would say I wished I had known (but in fact,you didn't know).

b No, that's a polite thing some people say when aperson does something nice for them without beingasked to.

c No, you only use didn't live up to when somethingisn't as good as expected.

80

ANSWER KEY

Unit 41 a 1 leaving 2 me to be 3 to have 4 to betray

5 undermining 6 to me to be 7 to be doing to

b 1 being 2 to accept 3 to offer 4 on acting

5 them to do 6 being 7 for being

8 for patronising

c 1 to continue 2 in saving 3 enabling us

4 to increase 5 to decrease 6 reducing 7 to say

8 making 9 us to take

d 1 to give me 2 him of letting me down

3 to have offered 4 to give

5 saying (or having said) 6 by claiming

7 to remember 8 doing (or having done)

2 a I see him as (being) essential to the success of the

deal.

b She dismissed him as (being) unworthy of serious

consideration.

c He comes over as (being) rather arrogant.

d I regard him as (being) the best in his field.

e He struck me as (being) rather nervous.

f I've never thought of him as (being) mean,

g Witnesses describe the man as (being) tall and

heavily-built.

3 a refusing b I arrive c burning d smoking

e to arrive f watching g I admire h I know

i to be j windsurfing

4 a You are to stay here until (you are) called.

(instruction)

b The Queen is to visit Canada next month.

(arrangement)

c You are not to leave this room for any reason.

(instruction)

d There's nothing to be done, (impossibility)

e She turned to see her car disappearing into the

distance, (discovery)

f He is to be executed tomorrow, (arrangement)

g He was nowhere to be seen, (impossibility)

h She arrived to find the city in turmoil, (discovery)

5 a well-founded b well-to-do, well-heeled

c ill-at-ease d ill-advised e well-groomed

f well-intentioned g well-spoken h ill-fated

i ill-defined j well-appointed

6 a 1 well-appointed 2 well-groomed 3 well-to-do

4 ill-at-ease 5 well-spoken

b 1 well-intentioned 2 ill-fated 3 ill-defined

4 well-founded 5 ill-advised

81

ANSWER KEY

b That should be OK. I'll have to check, but I thinkwe're free.

c Good. Let me know tomorrow, then, if you can.d Hi, want to come for a drink?e We're having dinner in a few minutes, but later

should be OK. Will that be all right for you?f I was wondering if you'd like to come out with me

tonight.g I was thinking of going out for dinner together.h I'm sorry, but I don't really think so. Thanks

anyway. Look, I must go now. Bye.

9 ai We looked around Jones' cosy apartment, with its

inexpensive furnishings and cheerful colours. Hewas a slim, pale man with a proud, self-confidentair.

ii We looked around Jones' cramped apartment, withits cheap furnishings and gaudy colours. He was askinny, pasty-faced man with an arrogant,cocksure air.

b i He is more likely to make bold decisions than theprevious president, his staff will find him aforthright and strong-willed person to work with,and his views more straightforward than those of hispredecessor. However, he is a very shrewd man, andin order to achieve the high position he now holds,he must have shown greater flexibility in privatethan was usually expected from his more rigidpredecessor. At home, I think we expect a morefrugal style of government, and probably firmerlaw-and-order policies. In foreign policy, expect agreater willingness to intervene militarily in theaffairs of smaller states compared with the hesitantformer president, who, when he did act, preferredsurreptitious diplomatic blackmail to the use ofarmed force.

ii He is more likely to make rash decisions than theprevious president. His staff will find him anabrasive and domineering person to work with, andhis views more simplistic than those of hispredecessor. However, he is a very devious man,and in order to achieve the high position he nowholds, he must have shown greater lack of principlein private than was usually expected from his moreprincipled predecessor. At home, I think we canexpect a more penny'pinching style of government,and probably more repressive law-and-orderpolicies. In foreign policy, expect a greater

willingness to meddle militarily in the affairs ofsmaller states, compared with the cautious formerpresident, who, when he did act, preferred discreetdiplomatic pressure to the use of armed force.

Organising Your Learning: Writing1 a . . . I went up the path to the door. It was open, so I

entered the gloomy old house as quietly as I could.There wasn't a sound to be heard. I listened to thesilence for a short time - -.b . . . I had always wanted to go to Paris in the spring,so I was delighted to receive your kind invitation,which arrived this morning. I would very much like tocome.. .

2 It looks as if Student a should concentrate mostly onwhere to end sentences, and Student b on the order ofadverbials in sentences.

Unit 51 b Ken has got fat since he gave up smoking.

c He's been eating a lot since he's been living inFrance-

d He hasn't learnt much French since he startedstudying.

e She's lost weight since she started her diet.f She's been looking better since she started doing

exercises.g They've been going out more since they moved to

France.h Their relationship has improved since they stopped

watching TV all the time.i The children have learnt French since they moved

to France.j They've made friends since they've been going out

more.

2 a It's a long time since I started learning English.b It's twenty years since I've seen him.c It's ages since I've been riding.d It's thirty years since the city has seen such

celebrations/since the last time the city saw suchcelebrations.

e It's only ten minutes since he left-f It's eighteen years since the war ended,g It's years since I've seen such a beautiful girl,h I spoke to him for the last time a year ago.

3 a False. It fell by 1.3% (line 12) b True, {lines 10-13)cTrue. (lines 14-17) d True {lines 20-24)e False. They insist on doing so (lines 23-24)f False. It is likely (lines 25-27) g True, (lines 27-29)

5 a There has been a slight fall in output.Output has fallen from 21 million tons to 20.9million tons. There has been a contraction of "A% inoutput.

or Output has suffered a contraction of/2%,b Unemployment has risen by 250,000,

There has been an increase of 10% inunemployment,

c The rate of inflation has risen by 3%.There has been an increase of 3% in the rate ofinflation.

d There has been a substantial rise in the value ofexports.The value of exports has risen sharply,The value of exports has risen by £7 billion.

6 a We hadn't been driving long when we saw the signwhich we were looking for.

b I explained carefully, so that there should be nomisunderstanding,

c The war caused severe poverty, which in turn led toan attempted revolution.

d Notwithstanding the increase in sales, thecompany's future still looks bad.

e 1 find it absolutely extraordinary that such a thingshould have happened,

7 b The result was a disappointment to me.c He looked at me more in astonishment than

pleasure.d If you take part-time work you'll lose your

entitlement to unemployment benefit.e The children danced around in excitement and

delight.f We stared at the scene in horror and fascination,g The adjustment policies led to the progressive

impoverishment of ordinary people.h He pushed at the locked door in surprise and

annoyance.i Their behaviour caused me more amusement than

fear.j I gaped at him in utter stupefaction at what he had

told me.k They lived there in contentment for many years.

8 a 1 resulted 2 As a result 3 one consequence4 Owing 5 consequently 6 this reason7 causing

b 1 the result of 2 caused by 3 due 4 because5 because 6 as a result of

ANSWER KEY

Unit 61 a This is nowhere near as hard as I thought it would

be.b He earns four times as much as I do.c The tree was four times the height of the man,d It is a great deal more complicated than people

think.e This car costs three times as much as that one.f It's far cheaper to go by car than to fly.or It's far more expensive to fly than to go by car.g But going by car isn't anywhere near as quick or as

comfortable.h I don't think the weather's quite as hot today.i It isn't nearly as hard to keep fit if you can do it in a

group.j I find it a lot more enjoyable to travel with friends

than to travel alone.

2 The following are the words which appeared in theoriginal text, though in some cases other words wouldnot be incorrect.1 since 2 involving 3 although 4 despite 5 still6 and 7 but 8 since 9 by 10 for 11 from12 compared 13 linked 14 these 15 but16 what 17 even 18 single 19 what 20 still

3 b People consume/use slightly more white sugar thanthey used to.

c Consumption of wholemeal bread and cereals isslightly lower than it used to be.

d Consumption of dairy produce is a great deal higherthan it used to be.

c People drink seven times as much alcohol as theyused to.

f People only eat about half as much fish as they usedto.

g Consumption of green vegetables is far higher thanit used to be.

h People don't use/consume anywhere near as muchwhite sugar as they used to.

i People only drink about a quarter as much alcoholas they used to.

j Consumption of dairy produce is far lower than itused to be.

k Consumption offish is slightly higher than it used tobe.

1 People eat three times the quantity of wholemealbread and cereals that they used to eat.

83

ANSWER KEY

4 Possible answers:a People in Hypochondra eat much more fibre (than

people in Colestera),b The diet in Hypochondra contains far more

vitamins (than that in Colestera).c People in Colestera consume far more cholesterol

(than people in Hypochondra).d There is a far greater likelihood of suffering from

heart disease in Colestera (than in Hypochondra),e Alcohol-related injuries are probably much more

common in Colestera (than in Hypochondra).f People in Colestera probably need a lot more dental

care (than people in Hypochondra).

a 3 b 17i 14 j l l

c2 dl0 e7 f 12 g16 h 18

6 a hasn't got a leg to stand onb put my feet upc were glad to see the back of himd put my foot in ite say it to my facef put your heads togetherg on its last legsh take it to hearti closing our eyes toj on your own head be it

7 Jack: Good heavens, Gladys, you're getting reallyfat, you know. You'd 1 better to do somethingabout it.

Gladys: Yes, perhaps I 2 would. Do you really thinkit's 3 too bad?

Jack: Do you mind if I 4 asked how much youweigh 5 m_these days?

Gladys: Oh, you know, Jack, a bit 6 more that lastyear.

Jack: Seriously, Gladys, I 7 didn't laugh about it, if Iwere you. How much do you weigh, in fact?

Gladys: About 14 stone.Jack: That's a 8 horrible lot, Gladys. 1 mean, I hope

9 you let me say so, 10 you are dangerouslyfat. How old are you, if you 11 don't careabout my asking?

Gladys: 34. What do you mean dangerously?Jack: Well, heart attacks of course. 1 hate to say

12 that, but that's a lot of fat for one heart tocarry. I really think 13 you do ought to loseweight.

Gladys: Yes, well, 1 14 know your point, and I havetried a few diets, but nothing seems to work.What do you think I 15 should to do?

Jack: Well, if you 16 asked my opinion,complicated diets don't work. How manytimes a day do you eat?

Gladys: Well, I 17 hardly don't stop, really.Jack: Well, have you tried just eating less often?

Why don't you just eat twice a day?Gladys: I've tried that, but it's 18 not good; 1 just can't

resist the temptation.Jack: Well, the 19 manner I see it, you've simply-

got to resist it,Gladys: Well, it's 20 easier saying than doing, isn't it?

1 mean it's all right for you, you're thinanyway. 21 For you it's easy to talk. The thingis, I've got 22 enough weight to lose that ithardly seems worth starting.

Jack: Well, you've got to start, if you want to knowwhat I think.

Gladys: I 23 agree entirely. Perhaps I'd better.Jack: Have you tried doing exercises?Gladys: Oh yes, I tried keep-fit classes, but they didn't

24 work any good.Jack: How many times did you go, if you don't

25 bother my asking?Gladys: Oh, you know, a few. Well, three or four.Jack: Well, what 26 are you expecting? You've got

to keep it up!Gladys: Oh, I'm sure you're right, but what's the

point?Jack: Look, Gladys, if you don't mind my saying so,

I think you're being 27 fairly negative. It'ssimple. If you don't lose weight you're goingto 28 pass through problems.

Gladys: All right, you've got a point I 29 agree. I30 try again.

1 better do 2 should 3 that 4 ask 5 these days6 more than last year 7 I wouldn't laugh 8 an awful lot9 you don't mind me saying 10 but you 11 if you don'tmind 12 it 13 you ought to 14 see 15 ought to16 want 17 I hardly stop 18 no good 19 way20 easier said than done 21 It's easy for you to talk22 so much 23 I suppose you're right 24 do 25 mind26 do you expect 27 rather 28 have 29 suppose30 I'll try

84

ANSWER KEY

Unit 71 a She committed an. offence, and was arrested.

b She was charged with the crime.c She appeared before a magistrate.d She was remanded in custody by the magistrate.e She stood trial in London.f She pleaded not guilty.g Witnesses gave evidence.h The Counsel for the Defence cross-examined the

prosecution witnesses.i She was convicted of the crime.j She was sentenced to five years' imprisonment.

2 Synonymsmiserly - parsimonious grasp - understandmisapprehension - misunderstandingintrepid - fearlessAntonymsspiteful - kindly oppose - supportfirst-hand - vicarious incessant - sporadichelp - hinder

3 dangerous - harmful hard up - impoverishedhold with - approve of shout - bawlsensible - wise prejudice - biased pale - wana shouted (bawled sounds too rough and vulgar)b prejudiced (biased is to do with a particular

situation, not a general attitude)c pale, wand impoverished (hard-up is too informal)e wise, sensiblef harmful {dangerous suggests that something bad

might happen, whereas we know that smokingcauses harm)

g approve of (hold with must be in the negative)h biased (see above)i approve of, hold withj bawled, shoutedk hard-up (see above)1 dangerous (see above)m pale (if people are wan they look pale and not well)n sensible (for people, wise implies age and

experience)

4 A:Do you suppose they got home safely?B: I expect so. Well, of course they did. Why shouldn't

they have? Don't you think they did?A: I certainly hope so. But Paul was drinking so much.B: So was I.A:Yes, but you didn't have to drive home.

B: Neither did Paul. Rose did.A: Look, if they're home why haven't they rung to say

so? They would have, if they were, you know.B: They don't always.A: They said they would. They promised to.B: They might have forgotten,A: No, they wouldn't have. I know them.B: So do I. Oh, all right, you win. Do you want me to

call them?A: Would you?B: Of course, dear . . . Ah. No reply, dear.

5 a 'Will you succeed? 'Well, I certainly intend to!'b They wanted me to resign, but I refused.c It wasn't necessary to go, so I didn't bother,d I'd love to come but I can't afford to.e I can't be sure that he touched the other car, but he

appeared to.f 'Will you visit them again?' 'We hope to.'g I tried to get through, but failed.h It wasn't easy to persuade her, but I finally managed.i She didn't hit him, but she threatened to.j She thinks I don't want to see her, but I'm longing

to.k She didn't like him, she only pretended to.1 He doesn't want me to go, but I've decided,

6 a • • •forthcoming, substandardoutspoken, outrageousforeknowledge, repulsivedisgusting, fraternallightheaded, exhausteddisfigured, constructive

b • • •underwear, breathtakingfanciful, foolhardyoverdraft, interestinguprising, outpouringsubstructure, outbuildingimplement, sensible

1 • • •substandardforthcomingoutspokenoutrageousforeknowledgelightheaded

2 • • •exhaustedrepulsivedisgustingfraternaldisfiguredconstructive

85

ANSWER KEY

3 4breathtaking sensiblefoolhardy underwearuprising fancifuloutpouring interestingsubstructure implementoutbuilding sensible

7 a 2 befits 3 shamefully 4 respectively5 disrespectful 6 fittings 7 shameless8 unquestioning

b 1 fruitless 2 reserved 3 pointers 4 fruitful5 pointed 6 reservations 7 restless 8 rested

8 Sentence 1A robber who held up a petrol station with a cucumberwas given 3% years yesterday to think about the crime,which the judge said was 'at the lower end of therobbery scale' - but still no joke.Sentence 7During his trial at Knightsbridge Crown Court, inwhich he was convicted of the two robberies, the juryheard how Mr Lancaster, of Mora Street, Shoreditch,east London, first hailed the taxi and then drove to agreengrocer's shop to buy the cucumber and a bunch ofbananas.Sentence 8After offering the taxi driver a banana he was driven tohis flat, where he changed his clothes and put on a pairof dark glasses.Sentence 13While I accept this is at the lower end of the robberyscale, this is a serious matter, and these courts arerequired to comply with sentencing policy,

Organising Your Learning: Listening1 a Intensive. First, to hear if it is relevant to you.

Then, if it is relevant, to hear all the information.All this, with no visual clues to help you.

b Extensive. All you need is to follow approximatelyin order to 'make polite noises' from time to time,

c Extensive, unless you heard something of urgentinterest. In any case, visual information would helpyou, so the listening itself wouldn't need to be sointensive.

d Intensive, because of the difficulty of recognisingthe words.

e Intensive. You have visual help, probably, but theinformation may be complex, and all the details areimportant.

f Intensive. You have no visual help, and must hearevery word.

Unit 81 a Even people whose work doesn't involve much

driving are often provided with company cars, thevalue of which is considered as part of their incomefor tax purposes.

b I don't see the point of our discussing somethingyou know even less about/about which you knoweven less/than I do.

c These new regulations, which will not affect peoplewhose annual income is lower than £12,000, comeinto force next year.

d 'These United Nations resolutions, in defiance ofwhich rhis unacceptable military occupationcontinues, must and will be enforced.'

e However, other UN resolutions, dozens of whichhave been passed in recent years condemningsimilar acts by more acceptable governments, showno sign of being enforced.

2 b Until now, hts last one was the most expensive filmthat had ever been made,

c Children who are brought up in poverty are proneto disease.

d In the 1950s, many countries, which had been ruledby colonial administrations for years, achievedindependence.

e However, nations which have been denied politicalexpression for years often take time to achievegenuine democracy.

f Civil rights which are considered to be basic in richcountries have to be fought for elsewhere.

a more formal

to place your completetrust in

a victorythere was a widespread

amazement at itlose your lifeoccurdiscussdiscovera great manyone of my employeesworldwidebe informed aboutedifice

b less formal

to really trusta winit took everyone by

surprisediehappentalk aboutfind/find outa lot ofsomeone who works for meall over the worldbe told aboutbuilding

86

conceal hideI'm afraid sorry, butperform dotake pride in he proud ofexpress an interest in say you're interested inthere is concern people are worriedextraordinary amazingin search of looking foritem thingabscond run offfirearm gunno longer not any more

4 a They discussed the situation in Zimbola, aboutwhich there is worldwide concern.

b That is the bag in which the firearm was concealed,c The expedition discovered this extraordinary

edifice, in which human sacrifices used to beperformed.

d I'm afraid the item in which you expressed interestis no longer for sale,

e I've just discovered that one of my employees, inwhom I placed complete trust, has absconded with£10,000.

f He spends every weekend in his garden, in whichhe takes great pride,

g The outcome of the election, at which there waswidespread amazement, was a socialist victory.

h Here is the diamond, in search of which a greatmany men have lost their lives.

i This meeting, about which the President wasinformed by his staff, occurred in New York.

5 1 throughout 2 facing 3 without 4 though 5 of6 by 7 reported 8 took 9 promised 10 planned11 also 12 was 13 members 14 though15 effect 16 sharp 17 country's 18 on 19 come20 regime 21 change 22 rid 23 suggest24 overthrow 25 hoping 26 own 27 expressed28 prospect 29 tradition 30 after

6 b break-up c takeover d turnover e crackdownf shake up g climb-down h cover-up i set-backj write-up k pile-up 1 let-down m layoutn breakthrough o set-up p show-off q mix-upr sell-out

7 a mix-up b sell-out c takeover, turnoverd breakthrough e climb-down, cover-up t break upg crackdown h let down i shake up j hold-upsk pile-up 1 layout m write-up

ANSWER KEY

8 1 Like 2 unlike 3 Neither 4 in contrast 5 Both6 Similarly 7 neither 8 nor 9 Like 10 Unlike

Organising Your Learning: Reading (2)1 You should recognise: accused, evidence, in custody,

acquitted, prosecution, charged with, remanded incustody, tried, trial.

4 Possible additions are: fabricating evidence, armedrobbery, to plant (evidence), raid, {to seek) damages,PC, forensic evidence, the scene of the crime

5 a (bad) wickedb (deception, untruth) to fabricate, plantedc (clothes) overallsd (damage, disaster) devastating

Unit 91 a Cameras are not to be taken into the museum.

b Cameras must be left at the desk.c He is having his house redecorated.d She has been persuaded to change her mind.e The missing child is being searched for.f This window should never have been closed.g The book must be finished by January.h I assure you that the book will be finished by

January.

2 a I can't stand being stared at.b No passivec We are being talked about by the whole town.d Don't worry, they will be taken care of.e No passivei Children hate not being listened to by adults,g This whole takeover needs to be looked into by a

team of special investigators.

3 a strut b shuffle c lounge d topple e perchf leap g tower h dash i stride j wander

4 b wander c tower d perch e strut f toppleg shuffle h leap i stride j dash

5 a4 b3 c6 d l e5 (2

6 a feel like fish out of water b smelt a ratc let sleeping dogs lie d flogging a dead horsee made a pig of myself f chickened out

7 The following words appeared in the originaladvertisement, though in some cases other wordswould not be incorrect.1 Listen 2 shares 3 needs 4 relationship5 meaning 6 tail 7 interpret 8 language

87

ANSWER KEY

9 yours 10 down 11 translating 12 expressions13 range 14 bonds 15 once 16 understanding17 delighted 18 refund 19 enclose 20 charge

8 a peer b gaze c pout d beam e frownf gape g sneer h glare i stare

9 a gazing b peering c beaming d gaping/staringe frowning f sneering g pouting h gazingi glaring

10 Colin: John, can I ask a favour?John: Sure, what is it?Colin: Well, I've got to go into the city centre at

lunch time, and it's raining. I don't supposeyou'd lend me your car, would you?

John: Ah, well, normally I would, but it's a bitdifficult today, because I'll be using it myself.Sorry about that.

Colin: OK, no problem.

Derek: Derek Reynolds.John: Hello, Derek, this is John Carling.Derek: Hello, John, nice to speak to you again. What

can I do for you?John: Hi. Listen, Derek, I'm sorry to put you out,

but that meeting we arranged. Would it bepossible to change the time?

Derek: It depends. When did you have in mind?John: Sometime during the afternoon, if possible,

Say 2 pm?Derek: Let me see. Well, I'm supposed to be busy

then, but I could try to rearrange that, Isuppose.

John: Would you? I'd be grateful if you would As Isay, I'm sorry to put you out like this, butthere's no way I can make the morning.

Derek: Don't worry about it. I'll see what 1 can doabout rearranging the other thing, and getback to you, all right?

11 a Although many people find the presence of somany dogs in Britain a nuisance, it cannot bedenied that they often provide uncomplainingcompanionship to people who, because of age orother circumstances, have no other friends.

b Most people would support a moderate movementwhose aim was to end the use of animals in non-medical experiments, as long as it pursued peacefulmeans. However, animal rights activists who usewildly inappropriate terrorist methods only alienate

88

the majority of the population, who ask themselveswith some justification if these people are quiteright in the head.

Unit 101 a If it hadn't been (But) for my wife, we wouldn't

have moved house.b If it hadn't been (But) for my financial situation, we

wouldn't have left New York,c If it hadn't been (But) for the low price, we

wouldn't have been able to buy our house.d If it weren't (But) for the strange stories I've heard,

wouldn't worry,e If it weren't (But) for the noises at night, I would

quite like the place.f If it hadn't been (But) for my little boy, my baby

daughter would have been killed.g If it weren't (But) for all those stupid Hollywood

films, nobody would believe in ghosts.

2 a were offered, would probably be, didn't speak, wouktake, was, would have, wouldn't

b had, was, went on, would buy, would go, wanted,wouldn't matter, didn't know, would have, still had.would send, liked, would crew

3 a 1 On the 2 in favour 3 mind 4 under no5 in return

b 1 beyond 2 in 3 the advice 4 on second

4 The following are the prepositions which appeared inthe original article, though in some cases otherprepositions would not be incorrect.1 along 2 to 3 for 4 like 5 into 6 in7 within 8 since 9 of 10 with 11 into 12 for13 on 14 up 15 to 16 of 17 among18 during 19 by 20 with 21 from 22 between23 with 24 after 25 for

5 a on b up c with d into e from f into g ofh for, in

6 Where more than one adjective is possible, the mostcommon is given first. The stronger adjective iswritten in italics.a high unemployment b the great majorityc best, good wishes d good sensee high, strong winds f the best part g heavy rainh a high opinion of i a heavy blowj a great, good opportunityk a good ten minutes/a good while/a good hour1 high speeds m a strong possibility n strong views

ANSWER KEY

o a strong smell/taste p high, good qualityq big business r high profits s high financet heavy industry u great difficulty v a big mistakew a large quantity x a strong, heavy accenty heavy losses a z strong influence

7 a 1 strong argument 2 good sense 3 big mistake4 great opportunity

b 1 great difficulty 2 good 3 best partc 1 High winds 2 heavy rain 3 strong possibilityd 1 large 2 high quality 3 strong 4 high speed

5 a good chance

8 gocold, bald, pale, mad, crazy, white, (and other colours)wrong, bad, blind, deaf, broke, wild, insane, bankrupt,well

getangry, old, cold, drunk, violent, thin, fat, ready, tired,unfriendly, cloudy, windy, bored, excited, lost, wet,well, nasty, mad, difficult, dry, impossible, famous, rich,

9 a turned b get c has gone d getting e gettingf go g become h has gone/is going i goingj getting k became 1 get m turning n has gone0 gets p go q went r turn

Unit 111 b I was going to buy dollars, but now the exchange

rate has gone up, 1 think I'll wait a while.c 1 was going to go for a walk, but now the weather

has clouded over, I suppose I'll stay in after all.d They were going to offer him a job, but now they've

found out he's been in prison, I guess they'll thinktwice about it.

e Luis was going to have a party to watch the WorldCup Final on TV, but now Brazil have beenknocked out, I guess he'll call it off,

f I was going to call the doctor, but now her fever hascome down, I think I'll wait and see how she istomorrow.

g I was going to take out a mortgage to buy a flat, butnow the interest rate has gone up, I suppose I'llhave to keep renting.

h I was going to take a job in El Pagador, but nowcivil war has broken out, I suppose I'll stay inBritain.

1 I was going to write to you, but now you've phoned,I guess I won't bother.

j They were going to have a baby, but now he's losthis job, I suppose they'll wait.

2 1 h Yes, that's right, next month actually. We'removing to Portugal on the twentieth.

2 d Yes, I'll be teaching English in a small school inLisbon.

3 f Yes, I'm starting at the beginning of September.4 b Well, I'll be working outside the centre, so it

won't be all that picturesque, but yes, Lisbon'snice.

5 i Apparently, yes, but I'll be working in theevenings, so I'll be going to work in the lateafternoon. And that's when everybody else willbe coming back. So I won't be sitting in a trafficjam every day, I hope.

6 e They'll be going to school in the afternoons, soI'll be able to spend some time with them in themornings. And we'll be living in a house, sothere'll be a garden to play in,

7 a Yes, we're moving straight in as soon as wearrive.

8 c Not especially, no. We won't be living as close tothe beach as we would like, but at least it's nottoo expensive.

9 g Weli, I won't be earning very much, but enoughto live on quite comfortably. We'll be OK.

3 a 'The Prime Minister is to attend a special session ofthe UN Security Council later this week.'

b 'Will you be wanting breakfast in your room?'c i'm spending the weekend at my Grannie's.'d 'I was going to ask her but I forgot.'e 'You're not going to go out/not going out in this

rain just to get a newspaper, are you? Look, I'mgoing to the town centre myself a bit later on, so I'llbe walking past the newsagents anyway. I'll get youone then if you like.'

4 a 2 a click 3 the howling 4 the roar 5 a screech6 a sharp crack 7 The heavy thud 8 crunched

b 1 a sharp hiss 2 a faint tinklec 1 a polite tap 2 barked 3 would rattle

6 b It wasn't because of lack of planning that theyfailed/It wasn't lack of planning that caused them tofail/their failure.

c What gave him confidence was his belief in his ownability/It was his belief in his own ability that gavehim confidence.

d It looked as if there had been a fight.

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ANSWER KEY

e Walking in the countryside is something I've alwaysliked.

f She wasn't nearly as interested in football as I was.g I'd rather you didn't do that.h You must take his age into account/take into

account how young he is.i It suddenly occurred to me that I hadn't seen John

all day.j His behaviour gave rise to resentment.

7 a flash b flared c glow d glare e shimmeringf twinkling g sparkling h gleamed i blazingj flickered

8 a No matter what they say, don't let yourself bypersuaded,

b As a consequence of uncontrolled deforestation, thewhole area suffers from soil erosion,

c Why on earth she did such a thing is utterly beyondme.

d In return for helping him, 1 was offered a job in oneof his companies, which I reluctantly refused,

e I'd be glad to get in touch with him for you, if you'lllet me have his number.

f As long as everyone stays calm, everything shouldbe sorted out shortly,

g He was accused of attempting to cause the downfallof the Government.

h It is said to be by far the largest ship ever built.i What difference does it make how long it takes to

get there?j This accident, as a result of which Mr Smith lost an

arm, was directly caused by unsafe workingconditions.

Unit 12

1 Affirmative, in order of strengthThere is no doubt whatsoever tha t . . .It seems beyond doubt tha t . . .There is a strong possibility that . . .It's quite possible that . . .It is possible tha t . . .It is not impossible tha t . . .It is not beyond the bounds of possibility tha t . . .Negative, in order of strengthIt is inconceivable tha t . . .There is very little likelihood tha t . . .It's unlikely tha t . . .

2 c It is inconceivable that the government will fall thismonth.

d It is not beyond the bounds of possibility that thegovernment will fall this year.

e It seems beyond doubt that Japanese carmanufacturers will take over the luxury car marketin the next few years.

f There is a strong possibility that the hostages havebeen taken to another location.

g There is very little likelihood that there will beanother global conflict in the near future, (or Thereis very little likelihood of another global conflict inthe near future.)

h It is not beyond the bounds of possibility that carswill be banned from all cities in the future.

i There is no doubt that women drivers are safer thanmen.

j It's quite possible that he has left the countryalready.

k It is unlikely that he has left the country already,

3 a It sounded as if/though everything was going well.b Everything seemed to have been prepared correctly.c The situation seems to have been brought back

under control.d It looks as if/though everything is getting back to

normal.e It sounds as if/though they're heading for a divorce.f They seem to me to have made a mistake getting

married so young,g It sounded to me as if/though he had no intention

of changing his mind.h We seemed to have been wasting our time trying to

persuade him.i They seemed to us to be arguing about something.j It looked as if/though they had come to blows

already that evening.

4 a ought to/should have been finishedb needn't have bothered c will have been drivingd would have been e might/could have been killedf should have left g should be kept h might makei will have left j should say

5 GBa ground floorb take-away foodc off-licenced matese a crossroads

USfirst floortake-out foodliquor storebuddiesan intersection

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ANSWER KEY

f a torch

g the pavement

h tough, vicious

i mean

j rubbish

a flashlight

the sidewalk

mean

stingy

garbage

6 a grotesque b debut c melee d genre e gauche

f carte blanche g duvet h blase i faux pas

j naive k farce 1 decor m brusque n fiance

Note: naive is used for both men and women, while a

female fiance is spelt fiancee.

8 a melee b duvet c blase d debut e faux pas

f decor g naive h brusque i carte blanche

9 scenario detailed prediction of the way a

situation could develop

fiasco failure so complete as to be ridiculous

bravado a reckless, courageous attitude,

intended to impress

prima donna someone temperamental and difficult

to work with.

guru a respected adviser or expert (slightly

ironic expression)

crescendo something getting louder or more

intense

saga a long story or narration

spiel a smooth, convincing speech aimed at

persuading someone

taboo considered by society to be too 'bad' or

offensive even to talk about

forte something you are especially good at

1 0 a forte b saga c fiasco d gurus e prima donna

f taboo g bravado h crescendo i scenarios j spiel

11 I hadn't been driving more than a few minutes when it

struck me that something was the matter with the car. A

strange noise was coming out of the engine, and from time

to time there would be such an alarming shaking that the

car seemed to be on the point of disintegration. It was by

no means the first time the car had behaved in this way -

I'd had it for fifteen years, and it wasn't a new car any more.

However, it had never caused me such concern before. It

seemed to me that it would be wise to pull off the road so

that I could look under the bonnet.

Lifting the bonnet, I noticed a faint smell of burning. I

looked carefully, and as I thought, the engine was giving off

wisps of acrid smoke. Since I am by no means an expert on

cars, let alone on an old wreck like my own, I retreated in

order to consider the situation from the safety of the other

side of the road. It looked as if I might be in serious trouble.

Something had to be done, that was plain to see, but it

wasn't quite as easy to see what that something should be.

On the other hand, it was possible that the engine could

cool down in a few minutes if I waited. Having come to the

conclusion that this was the wisest course of action to

adopt, I sat down on a rock.

It was at this point that the first flame showed itself

above the engine.

Unit 131 a He tried to explain away his absence.

b Come on, into the kitchen, you're not going to get

out of the washing-up this time!

c Unfortunately, your theory is not borne out by the

facts.

d It's not fair, you always side with her when we

argue.

e I read up on the company before I took the job.

f Don't worry. He'll threaten you, but he hasn't got

the nerve to go through with it.

g Don't take out insurance with the first company you

speak to, be patient and shop around first.

h It was only when the lesson began that it dawned

on me that I was in the wrong classroom.

2 a put it off b boils down to c cash in on

d taken aback e head straight for f make up for

g coming up with h talked me into

3 b set against c read into d talk down to

e talk over f talk out off g come by h come about

i take back j take down k take in 1 take on

4 a take down b talk . . . out of c set about

d talk down to e take on f talk . . . over

g set against h come by i read . .. into

j take . . . back I taken in m come about

5 The following are only suggestions, but the main ideas

should be as here.

B: Yes, I was there in 1976.

B: Really, what month?

B: April. Greece gets so crowded in summer, and the

weather's too hot for me.

B: Which part of Greece did you go to?

B: You think so? I found them rather unfriendly,

actually.

B: Maybe I did. How did you like the food?

B: I thought it was absolutely disgusting, to tell you the

truth. So oily. I don't think I've ever eaten worse in

my life.

91

B: Fair enough, but it's very bad for the health, youknow.

B: Overall, I did, yes. Mostly because it's such abeautiful place.

B: Where are you going this year?B: Well, we were thinking of perhaps going to

Scotland, but nothing's fixed.B: What's wrong with Scotland?B: There's some lovely scenery there, I've heard.B: I've heard the weather's good in summer,B: Who from?

6 b 1 haven't the faintest idea what you're talkingabout.

c I refused to have anything to do with him. I didn'tlike the look of him.

d I wouldn't think that would be a very good idea, ifyou want my opinion,

e The truth of the matter is that you don't really caredo you?

f No matter what anybody says, I'm going to marryhim.

g In spite of the way in which he'd been treated, hedidn't stop loving her.

h Contrary to what I'd been led to suppose, the foodat the restaurant was rather good.

i Had there been any possibility of our reaching thesummit, we would have continued, but it was clearthat there wasn't.

j Not being in the mood for going out, they decidedto spend the evening watching television.

k As far as I know, the meeting is still scheduled for3pm.

1 Well, it's been nice talking to you, but I must begoing now.

m It'll be a long job, but regardless of how long ittakes, it's got to be done.

n Much as I regret having to do so, I'm afraid I mustturn your offer down,

o I must say I'd rather he hadn't told them, but Isuppose he thought he was acting for the best.

p I'm afraid there seems to have been some kind ofaccident in the street outside.

q In no way should this be taken as an admission ofguilt.

7 a rapport b suave c risque d raison d'etree critique f mystique g par excellenceh rapprochement i en suite j en masse

92

9 b Recently, crime has been on the increase,c Don't put the blame on me.d There's no way of knowing for sure.e But for Henry's help we would never have managed.f I made as honest a reply as I could,g That's the course {of action) that we should follow.h I assure you (that) I am not in the habit of asking

strangers for money,i The eighties saw a contraction in Britain's

industrial base.j There is insufficient provision of information.k It wasn't long before they left./It wasn't Song after

that that they left.1 In the light of the recent troubles, 1 have decided to

cancel my visit.