next optical fiber for ir applications: novel materials and nano...
TRANSCRIPT
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Next Generation Optical Fiber for IR Applications:
Novel Materials and Nano‐Scale Textures
Axel Schülzgen
College of Optics and Photonics, CREOL & Townes Laser InstituteUniversity of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
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Outline
• Impact of fiber optics• What are next generation optical fibers?
• Selected IR fiber research activities at CREOL, Townes Laser Institute
– Single frequency phosphate glass fiber lasers at 1.5 m
– High power cw and short pulse Tm:fiber lasers at 2 m
– Hollow‐core photonic bandgap fiber
– Chalcogenide glass fiber
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Nobel Prize in Physics 2009
"for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"
Charles K. Kao
Brief history of fiber optics:
1970’s: First low-loss silica glass fiber1990’s: US information superhighway project2000’s: Global fiber-optic network
The internet has changed our way of life. It has• created new industries• given rise to new cultures • influenced politics
Impact of Fiber Optics
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Next Generation of Optical Fiber
Low‐losssilica fiber
Transmission of light & data
Fiber‐optic sensing
• High power laser• Low‐noise lasers• Supercontinuum sources• IR light sources
• Environmental• Bio‐Chemical• Long distanceacoustic sensing
Advances in optical fiber technology:
Medical fiber‐optic • Fiber miniaturization• Diagnostics and surgery • Photodynamic therapy
Fiber‐optic light sources• New materials• Micro‐ and nano‐structures
Expansion of application areas
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1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 201010-4
10-3
10-2
10-1
100
101
102
103
104
Pow
er (W
atts
)Year
Fiber Lasers – CW Laser Oscillator
Specialty Fiber
Fiber Bragg Grating
Commercially available today:1.5 kW single mode 1 micron fiber laser10 kW multi mode 1 micron fiber laser
2010/2011 Industrial laser PRISM award:YLR‐150, quasi cw fiber laser, IPG Photonics (http://www.ipgphotonics.com)
MM Cladding Pumping
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1995 2000 20050.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Out
put P
ower
(W)
Year
Cladding pumpingwith multi modepump diodes
Highly‐doped phosphate glass
fiber
Single‐Frequency Fiber Lasers Oscillator
Photonic crystalhighly‐doped phosphate fiber
FBG 1 FBG 2Active fiber
Short length DBR fiber lasers @ 1.5 m • Long distance interferometric sensing
(acoustic sensing: security, oil exploration)• Doppler LIDAR (wind measurements)• Seed laser, test equipment, …
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Major achievements
• Low loss fiber (~ 0.01 dB/cm)
• Microstructuredlarge mode area fiber
• Photonic bandgap fiber
• Multiple core fiber
• Optimized high concentrationEr/Yb doping for efficient fiber lasers
• Photosensitive fiber for Bragg grating fabrication
New Fiber Materials ‐ Phosphate Glass Fibers
Reflection> 92%
fiber Bragg grating in phosphate glass fiber
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0 5 10 15 200
1
2
Out
put P
ower
(W)
Pump Power (W)
active MOF (3.8 cm)
step‐index fiber (4 cm)
Single‐Frequency Phosphate Glass Fiber Laser
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2 μm Light Sources: Thulium Fiber Lasers
New dopants – Tm doped fiber lasers offer: Wide range of emission wavelength ~1.8 – 2.2 μm Eye‐safe operation >75% slope efficiency via
• pumping at ~1.6 μm• diode pumping at 790 nm
& efficient cross relaxation
Potential applications include:• Materials processing• LIDAR• Medical• Directed energy• Free space communication
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Tunable CW Tm:Fiber MOPA Laser System
8 W Tm:fiber laser oscillator
Tm:fiber amplifier
>200 W 1927‐2097 nm
M2 < 1.2
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Femtosecond Tm:Fiber Laser and Raman Amplifier
Raman Amplifier:
Pulse energy: 8‐9 nJPulse duration: 150‐170 fsPeak power: ~60 kWλcenter : 1.97 – 2.2 mΔλ (FWHM) : 27‐31 nm
-600 -400 -200 0 200 400 6000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Sign
al (A
.U.)
Time (fs)
AC width = 260 fs
1900 2000 2100 2200-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
Sig
nal (
dB)
Wavelength (nm)
Increasing Pump Power
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IR ‐ Limits of Silica Fiber
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Photonic crystal fiber OmniGuide fiber
Hollow core
Periodic glass/polymer structure
Cladding
• P. Yeh, A. Yariv, & E. Marom, JOSA 68, 1196 (1978).
• Y. Fink et al., J. Lightwave Technol. 17, 2039 (1999).
Periodic glass/air structure
Light guiding in hollow core fibers
• P. St. J. Russell, private papers (1991).
• R. F. Creganet al., Science 285, 1537 (1999).
Hollow Core Photonic Bandgap (HC‐PBG) Fiber
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Different HC‐PBG fiber in chronological order.
(a) The first fabricated HC‐PCF: air‐filling fraction ~40%, transmission loss of a few 100 dB m−1.(b) ~60% of air‐filling fraction, transmission loss ~10 dB m−1.(c) Air‐filling fraction >70% with expansion of the core and distortion of the cladding structure).(d) Air‐filling fraction greater than 87% drawn using the modified stack‐draw technique. (e) A HC‐PCF from BlazePhotonics.
“Over the past decade HC‐PBG fibers have been developed from a radical concept to a high performance product.”
F. Benabid, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2006 364, 3439‐3462 (2006).
Evolution of HC‐PBG Fibers
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300 nm
wavelength, (nm)
atten
uatio
n, (d
B / k
m)
50 dB / km
Attenuation down to 15 dB / km
Low‐loss Photonic Bandgap Fiber
~96% air‐filling fraction
Nano‐ and Micro‐Structured Optical Fibers
Group
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• IR transmission• High power delivery • Femtosecond pulse delivery and compression• Gas‐phase nonlinear optics & lasers• Laser guiding of molecules and atoms
Applications of HC‐PBG fiber
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IR ‐ Limits of Silica Fiber
Glass type
Borate 1400Phosphate 1200Silicate 1100Germanate 900Tellurite 700
Fluorozirconate 500Chalcogenide 350
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High nonlinearity for IR continuum generation in short fiber segments.
Mid‐Infrared Chalcogenide Glass FibersMulti‐Material
Optical Fiber Devices Group
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Multi‐material chalcogenide glass preform
Chalcogenide glass PCF preformFiber‐preform extrusion
Multi‐Material Optical Fiber Devices
Group New Materials ‐ Chalcogenide Glass Fibers
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Multi‐Material Optical Fiber Devices
Group Mid‐Infrared Chalcogenide Glass Fibers
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Summary
• Advanced functionality of optical fiber can be achieved through the incorporation of novel materials and nano‐scale textures into next‐generation fibers.
• Examples of various research activities at the Townes Laser Institute including novel fiber host and fiber doping materials as well as photonic bandgap fibers have been presented.
• Fiber optics is a fertile ground for research and applications in
– IR light transmission beyond the silica transmission window. – IR light sources.– IR light manipulation.– IR light detectors.