Next generation biofuels&

ICS-UNIDO Programme

S. Miertus ICS-UNIDO Trieste

Italy

26 November 2010 FIT - Tavola rotonda "Le biomasse"

Presentation Outline

Next generation biofuels: why, what, how and when?

ICS UNIDO programme on Next Generation Biofuels and Biorefineries

2

How we use renewable energy

Source - IEA, 2007

Why biofuels and bio-based chemicals?

Fossil fuel depletion Diversification of feedstocks (energy security)

Kyoto Protocol (bio-feedstocks can be CO2 neutral)

/transition to low carbon economy/ Cop1nhagen, EU 20-20Stimulation of new green chemical industry development Valorization of waste biomass Integrated development of agriculture and industry Improvement of social economic conditions,

especially in Developing Countries

Biofuels Generations

Nature (2008), p. 891

How? Processes and feedstocks

Next Generation:

Agro- , and forestry waste (not food competitive)

Biodiesel I

Bioethanol Biogas

Biodiesel II Biomethanol

Synthesis gas

Hydrogen and chemicals

Substitute Natural Gas

Anaerobic digestion

Catalytic synthesis

Gasification

DME, MTBE

1st Generation:Oil, fat, sugars

(often food competitive)

:

Biodiesel I Biodiesel II Biomethanol

Synthesis gas

Hydrogen and chemicals

Substitute Natural Gas

Cellulose hydrolysis (to sugars) Anaerobic digestion

Fermentation

Fischer-Tropsch

Hydro-cracking

Trans-esterification

Generation:

Agro- , and forestry waste (not food competitive)

Biodiesel I

Bioethanol Biogas

Biodiesel II Biomethanol

Synthesis gas

Hydrogen and chemicals

Substitute Natural Gas

Anaerobic digestion

Catalytic synthesis

Gasification

DME, MTBE

1st Generation:Oil, fat, sugars

(often food competitive)

:

Biodiesel I Biodiesel II Biomethanol

Synthesis gas

Hydrogen and chemicals

Substitute Natural Gas

Cellulose hydrolysis (to sugars) Anaerobic digestion

Fermentation

Fischer-Tropsch

Hydro-cracking

Trans-esterification

How? Algae biomass:future feedstock for known processes

- About 2 Tons of CO2 are fixed per ton of biomass- Cells can store sugars or lipids- Microalgae can remove P, N compounds from water- Tens times higher oil yield per Ha than oil crops 7

What? High Value Chemicals

1.000.000 €

100.000 €

10.000 €

1.000 €

10 €

Medicine

Taste & aromas

Colors & pigments

Primary building blocks & plastics

10 T 100 T 1 kT 10 kT 100 kT 1 MT 10 MT 100 MT

Bulk chemicals

Liquid fuels

Pri

ce

pe

r to

n

Yearly world production

Today these products are mainly produced from oil

& gas

8

What? High Value Chemicals

1.000.000 €

100.000 €

10.000 €

1.000 €

10 €

Medicine

Taste & aromas

Colors & pigments

Primary building blocks & plastics

10 T 100 T 1 kT 10 kT 100 kT 1 MT 10 MT 100 MT

Bulk chemicals

Liquid fuels

Pri

ce

pe

r to

n

Yearly world production

Today these products are mainly produced from oil

& gas

How? From agricultural waste:Abundant feedstock for future processes

Pyrolysis of oil palm residues in Malaysia

BackgroundBiofuel sustainability

Environment

Social welfare / societyEconomics

Biomass production and provision

(e.g. land availability, crop cultivation and harvesting,

logistics)

Biomass conversion to second generation

biofuels (e.g. feedstocks and demand, by-products, state of technology and

R&D, plant capacity)

Biofuels distribution and use

(e.g. infrastructure)

Next generation biofuelsOverview

HVO Bioethanol BTL (FT fuels) DME Biomethane / Bio-SNG

Biomethane / Biogas

A: concept / laboratory →, pilot →→, demonstrated →→→, commercial →→→→ // B: less promising +, very promising ++++ // C, D: rough values for typical feedstocks and plant capacities under EU conditions // E: – theoretical values according to current state of development // F – examples // ar – as received free plant gate // HVO: Hydrogenated vegetable oil // BtL: Biomass to Liquid // SNG: Synthetic Natural Gas© DBFZ, 2009; Without entitlement of completeness.

State of technologyA current in 2020

Technical effortB (system complexity)

Feedstock demandC for exp. plant capacity[1,000 tar/a]

Exp. overall efficiency biofuel productionE

[%]

PublicityTechnology / concept providerF

→→→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→→→

→→→(→)→→→→

→→→→→(→)

→→→(→)→→→→

++ + ++ ++++++++++

75 to 915 (straw)60 to 735 (misc)

650 to 2,500 (wood / willow)

570 to 1,500 (wood / willow)

43 to 130 (maize sil.)60 to 190 (biowaste)

85 to 600 (wood /willow)

300 (rape seeds) to 4,400 (palm, fresh bunches)

45 to 50 40 to 45 55 to 60 45 to 8560 to 6520 (soya) to 60 (palm)

very public, esp. in US, EU, LA

promoted by companies like IOGEN, ABENGOA, POET, COSAN

very public, esp. in D

well promoted as Sunfuel by CHOREN, SHELL, VW, DAIMLER, TOTAL (pilot /demo plant, planned large-scale plant in D)

public, esp. in S

pushed by CHEMREC based on black liquor in pilot plant in S, promotion also by VOLVO

increasing publicity (many plants, e.g. in S, D, CH, NL)

primarily SME, increasing interest for companies like E.ON

increasing publicity(pilot plant in A, planned plants in S, D, NL)

primarily SME, increasing interest for companies like E.ON

public

promoted as NExBTL by NesteOil (plant in FL, planned for SGP), promotion also by companies like BP

Typical exp. plant capacity[MWbiofuel]

15 to 185 > 130 to 500 > 130 to 340 5 to 1520 to 170150 to > 800

Theoretical land demand for feedstockD

[1,000 ha/a], examples20 to 460 (straw) 25 to 280

(wood / willow)20 to 170 (wood / willow)

0.3 to 1.0 (maize silage)

3.0 to 70(wood /willow)

145 to 500 (rape seeds)

Environmental assessment Global warming potential

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Ra

pe

se

ed

oil

So

ya o

ilP

alm

oil

Bio

die

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rap

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Bio

die

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soya

)B

iod

iese

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)B

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iese

l (su

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we

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)B

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tha

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NE

xBT

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rap

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ExB

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(p

alm

oil)

FT

-fu

el (

lign

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esi

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es)

FT

-fu

el (

lign

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rop

s)D

ME

(lig

no

cellu

losi

c)B

io-S

NG

(lig

no

cellu

losi

c)B

iog

as

(ma

ize

sila

ge

)

Na

tura

l ga

sD

iese

lG

aso

line

GH

G e

mis

sio

ns

[gC

O2

-eq

./km

]

EMPA/ESU, 2007EUCAR/CONCAWE/JRC, 2006IE, 2004-2007IFEU, 2004-2007VIEWLS, 2005ZSW, 2004

Rap

e se

ed o

ilS

oya

oil

Pal

m o

ilB

iodi

esel

(ra

pe)

Bio

dies

el (

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iodi

esel

(pa

lm)

Bio

dies

el (

sunf

low

er)

Bio

dies

el (

tallo

w)

Bio

etha

nol (

cere

als)

Bio

etha

nol (

mai

ze)

Bio

etha

nol (

suga

r be

et)

Bio

etha

nol (

ligno

. res

idue

s)B

ioet

hano

l (lig

no. c

rops

)

NE

xBT

L (r

ape

seed

oil)

NE

xBT

L (p

alm

oil)

FT

-fue

l (lig

no. r

esid

ues)

FT

-fue

l (lig

no. c

rops

)D

ME

(lig

noce

llulo

sic)

Bio

-SN

G (

ligno

cellu

losi

c)B

ioga

s (m

aize

sila

ge)

Nat

ural

gas

Die

sel

Gas

olin

e0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

GH

G e

mis

sion

s [g

CO

2-eq

./km

]

EMPA/ESU, 2007EUCAR/CONCAWE/JRC, 2006IE, 2004-2007IFEU, 2004-2007VIEWLS, 2005ZSW, 2004

1st gen. biofuels

2nd gen. biofuels

fossil references

Source: DBFZ / IE Leipzig, 2007, diverse Studies

When? As soon as possible!

Small scale biorefineries based on the existing agricultural production can be priority goals for developing countries

Introduction of next generation biofuels on pilot scale (non food feedstock based) has to be promoted

R&D, public awareness, and education in the field on the local level have to be promoted

There is no general recipe, scenarios can be different for different countries

15

Now: alternative biodiesel production from oils, e.g. algae

Hydroesterification and heterogeneous esterification plants in Brazil

ENI green diesel technology

Biodiesel production using lipases in China

16

Inbicon Biomass Refinery2009 – 100 MT/day

Biofuel value chain and UNIDO radius of attention

Oil bearing plants

Agricultural crops and residues

Woody biomass

Industrial andmunicipal waste

Biomass resources

Harvesting,

collection,

handling,

and storage

Supply systems Conversion

Biochemical(fermentation)

Thermochemical(gasification)

Chemical(transesterification)

End products

Transportation fuels(biodiesel, bioethanol)

HeatElectricity

Solid fuels(wood pellets, charcoal)

Physical chemical(extraction)

Next generation biofuels and added

value chemicals

ICS-UNIDODevelopment of “new chemical industry”

UNIDO

FAO

ICS UNIDO Programme on Biofuels and biobased chemicals

NEXT GENERATION BIOFUELSBIOBASED CHEMICALS/POLYMERS- Added value products from biomass – biorefinery concept

ICS-UNIDO focus: Feedstocks for next generation biofuels & bio-based chemicals

Non-food & waste- Lignocellulose from wood and woody waste (saw

dust, wood chips)- Agro-waste (bagasse, rice husk, coffee waste, ...)- Oils from algae- Oily waste (waste cooking oil, fats, spent coffee)- By-products of bio-based production (glycerol,

press cake, FFA, lignin residues, black liquor, ...)

ICS-UNIDO activity tools with target on the outcomes in developing countries

ICS-UNIDOInternational Centre for Science and High Technology of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization, Trieste, Italy(global programme for the benefit of developing countries)

Research activities• promotion and implementation of research projects

Fellowship program (6 -12 months on job training), participation in research projects

Capacity building • training courses, workshops• e-learning programme (DVDs from TC, WSPs,..)

ICS-UNIDO Global Network on biofuels and bio-based chemicals (centres of excellence in developing countries and in industrialized countries)

see also http://www.ics.trieste.it/core-programmes/biofuels.aspx

Events 2006-2010: Technologies for Renewables Exploitation

EGM on Technologies for Exploitation of Renewable Feedstock and Waste Valorisation, 20-30 May 2006 Trieste, Italy

Workshop on Bio-fuels: emerging technologies and their assessment 4 July 2007, Sustainable Plastics and chemical products from renewable resources Malaysia

Workshop on Biofuels: R&D Technologies for a sustainable development in Africa Accra, Ghana, December 2007

Special Session on Biofuels and Chemicals from Bio-resources (within the UNIDO Conference on Renewable Energies) 14-18 April Dakar, Senegal

Workshop on Biofuels and bio-based Chemicals Trieste, Italy 18-20 September 2008 Workshop on Sustainable Plastics from renewable resources and from agro-food waste

Cairo, Egypt March 2008 Workshop on Biofuels, Chemicals and Polymers from bio-resources Santa Fe, Argentina 28-

30 October 2008 Workshop on Next Generation Biofuels and bio-based Chemicals Trieste, Italy 21-23 April

2009 Seminar Next Generation Biofuels and bio-based Chemicals Trieste, Italy 24 April 2009 Training Course on Chemistry and Technology for biofuels, bio-based products, and

chemicals from biomass Italy, 21-26 September 2009 Expert Group Meeting on Feasibility of projects for pilot production of next generation

biofuels and chemicals from biomass in African, Caribbean and Pacific countries Italy, 16-17 November 2009

Expert Group Meeting on Next Generation Bio-fuels and Bio-refineries. Case Studies for selected East European Countries Italy, 2-3 December 2009

o DVDs

ICS-UNIDO selected review publications 2008-2010

Next-Generation Biofuels: Survey of Emerging Technologies and Sustainability IssuesSergey Zinoviev, Franziska Müller-Langer, Piyali Das, Nicolás Bertero, Paolo Fornasiero, Martin Kaltschmitt, Gabriele Centi, Stanislav MiertusVolume 3, Issue 10, pages 1106–1133, October 25, 2010

Assessment of global bioenergy potentials Ruth Offermann & Thilo Seidenberger & Daniela Thrän & Martin Kaltschmitt & Sergey Zinoviev & Stanislav MiertusSpringer Science+Business Media B.V. 2010 DOI 10.1007/s11027-010-9247-9

Catalytic Applications in Biodiesel Production from Vegetable Oils: A ReviewA. Sivasamy, F. Kemausuor, P. Fornasiero, K.Y. Cheah, S. Zinoviev, S.Miertus ChemSusChem 2009, 2, 278-300

BIO-FUELS: Technology Status and Future Trends, Technology Assessment and Decision Support Tools ICS UNIDO Publication 2008, available at www.ics.trieste.it

Survey of Future Biofuels and Bio-based Chemicals, ICS UNIDO Publication 2008, available at www.ics.trieste.it

A chance to biofuels for a chance to Africa. Will the technology make change? S. Zinoviev and S. Miertus, Chimica & Industria 05 2008, 106-112

Some examples of ICS-UNIDO join research projects

1. Photo-catalytic reforming and aqueous phase reforming of glycerol(in cooperation with University of Trieste, Prof. Fornasiero group + Argentina; India)

2. Catalytic upgrading of furfural and derivatives (in cooperation with University of Messina, Prof. Centi group + India + Ghana)

3. Lipase catalyzed transesterification of waste oils (in cooperation with University of Trieste, Prof. Gardossi group + Malaysia)

4. Lignin degradation with laccases(in cooperation with University of Trieste, Prof. Gardossi group + Russia)

5. Molecular modeling of enzymatic lignocellulose hydrolysis (in house + India + Slovakia)

Large initiative “ICS-UNIDO – ACP– EC/S-S” (project under preparation)

Next Generation Biofuels and Biorefineries for ACP countries

(to be submitted for UEC /DG – Cooperation)ResearchCapacity buildingPilot plantsNetworking3-4 years (2011-2014), approx. 40 mln. Eur

Similar proposal for CEE and NIS countries under preparation

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Topics

BiofuelsBiogas technologyBiohydrogen by reforming of bio-based chemicals Biodiesel by transesterification of oils from algae, jatropha, and waste oilsGasification and pyrolysis of biomass, including agro-waste and forestry waste and further syntheses based on bio-syngasEnzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose from agro-waste and forestry waste and further transformation of sugars to alcohol fuels

BiorefineriesBio-based plastics from agro-wasteEnzymatic degradation of lignin (by-product of agro-waste and forestry waste treatment) and further transformation of related products to chemicalsCatalytic hydrolysis of cellulose from agro-waste and forestry waste and further transformations of its products to chemicalsLiquefaction of lignocellulose from agro-waste and forestry waste and valorization of related products to chemicals and polymers

Pilot plants set upPlant for agro-wastePlant for sisal wastePlant for woody wastePlants from algae/water hyacinte

Possible African partners

Ghana – CSIR

Ghana – KNUST

Ethiopia – Addis Ababa

Sudan - IRCC

Tunisia - CBS

Egypt – NRC

Egypt – Tanta

Egypt – Alexandria

Benin – Songhai

Madagascar – consortiumNamibia – UniversityMauritius - University

Tanzania – Tatedo Tanzania - TIRDO Tanzania – SUA VET Cameroon - ISSEA Malawi - CARD South Africa – NEPAD South Africa - UNAM Zambia – BA Zambia – CEEEZ Zambia - UNZA Uganda – UIRI NIGERIA – F.U.T.

Possible EU/other partners

DBFZ (German Biomass Research Center), GermanyUniversity of Trieste, ItalyUniversity of Messina, ItalyUniversity of Florence, ItalyInstitute of Chemistry, SloveniaTechnical University of Graz, AustriaVäxjö University, SwedenDong Energy, DenmarkNovozymes, DenmarkSlovak Technical University of Bratislava, SlovakiaShell Global Solutions InternationalInstitut de Recherches sur la Catalyse, FranceInstituto de Tecnología Química de Valencia, Spain China (Tsingua U. ) , India (U. Mumbay, NCL)Brasil (Petrobras), Malaysia (MPOB)

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ICS-UNIDOAREA Science Park, Building L2, Padriciano 9934012 Trieste, Italy

Tel +39 040 9228114Fax +39 040 9228115E-mail Stanislav.Miertus@ics.trieste.it Web http://www.ics.trieste.it

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