next assignment = gmo plants in class starting march 27 herbicide resistance bromoxynil glyphosate...
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Next Assignment = GMO plantsIn class starting March 27 Herbicide resistance• Bromoxynil• Glyphosate (roundup)• Glufosinate (Basta)• Isoxaflutole (Balance, Corvus, Prequel)• Dicamba/2,4-D
•Pathogen/herbivore resistance• BT (Bacillus thuringiensis toxin)• Colorado Potato Beetle (CPB) Resistant NewLeaf Potato• Papaya Ring Spot Virus Resistant Papaya
•Improving nutrition• Golden rice• Potato: reducing acrylamide
•Improving shelf-life• FlavrSavr tomato.
•Making vaccines, other useful biochems
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Lipid metabolismUnique aspects in plantsMake fatty acids by same reactions, but in plastids with a prokaryoticfatty acid synthase12 proteins, cf one multifunctional protein
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Lipid metabolismMake fatty acids in plastids with a prokaryotic FAS• 12 proteins, instead of one multifunctional protein• Assemble some lipids in CP, others in ER• Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is also prokaryotic = 4 subunits, except
in grasses (profoxydim & other grass herbicides inhibit ACCase)
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Lipid metabolismSource of acetyl-CoA is controversial• Most comes from plastid PDH• Some comes from cytoplasmic acetate; activated in cp• Also used to makesterols, some aminoacids, many others
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Lipid metabolism“16:3 plants” assemble lipids in cp using FA-ACP = prokaryotic
pathway (“primitive”)“18:3 plants” export FA, assemble lipids in ER using FA-CoA =
eukaryotic pathway (“advanced”)
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Lipid metabolism“16:3 plants” assemble lipids in cp using FA-ACP = prokaryotic
pathway (“primitive”)“18:3 plants” export FA, assemble lipids in ER using FA-CoA =
eukaryotic pathway (“advanced”) Substrates for most desaturases are lipids, not FA!
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Lipid metabolismUnique aspects in plantsChloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to diacylglycerol
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Lipid metabolismUnique aspects in plantsChloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to diacylglycerol: saves PO4
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Lipid metabolismUnique aspects in plantsChloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to
diacylglycerol : saves PO4
A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cp-> most abundant lipid on earth!
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Lipid metabolismUnique aspects in plantsChloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to
diacylglycerol : saves PO4
A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cpB) DGDG (Digalactosyl diacylglycerol) 28% cp
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Lipid metabolismChloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to
diacylglycerol : saves PO4
A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cpB) DGDG (Digalactosyl diacylglycerol) 28% cpC) SQDG ( Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol) 16% cp
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Lipid metabolismChloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to
diacylglycerol : saves PO4
A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cpB) DGDG (Digalactosyl diacylglycerol) 28% cpC) SQDG ( Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol) 16% cp• Very unsaturated!
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Lipid metabolismChloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to
diacylglycerol : saves PO4
A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cpB) DGDG (Digalactosyl diacylglycerol) 28% cpC) SQDG ( Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol) 16% cp• Very unsaturated!• Makes membranes very fluid
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Lipid metabolismChloroplasts have lots of galactolipids: sugar linked directly to
diacylglycerol : saves PO4
A) MGDG (Monogalactosyl diacylglycerol) 50% cpB) DGDG (Digalactosyl diacylglycerol) 28% cpC) SQDG ( Sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerol) 16% cp• Very unsaturated!• Makes membranes very fluid• Source of 3 FA
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Lipid metabolismUnique aspects in plants1) Make fatty acids in plastids2) large amounts of galactolipids3) Oleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet
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Lipid metabolismOleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet • Put oils between the leaflets as they are made
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Lipid metabolismOleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet • Put oils between the leaflets as they are made• Add oleosin proteins to outside: curve the membrane
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Lipid metabolismOleosomes: oil-storing organelles with only outer leaflet • Put oils between the leaflets as they are made• Add oleosin proteins to outside: curve the membrane• Oils often have unusual fatty acids
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Lipid metabolismUse fats to store carbon as well as energy!!??• Recover C via glyoxylate cycle & gluconeogenesis
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Lipid metabolismBiological roles• Plasma membrane lipids helpsurvive freezing
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Lipid metabolismBiological roles• Plasma membrane lipids helpsurvive freezing• Unacclimated cells vesiculate as they lose water & pop when it returns
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Lipid metabolismBiological roles• Plasma membrane lipids helpsurvive freezing• Unacclimated cells vesiculate as they lose water & pop when it returns• Acclimated cells shrivel & reswell
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Lipid metabolismBiological roles• Plasma membrane lipids help survive freezing• Mito lipid composition may also influence chilling sensitivity• CS plants (eg bananas) are damaged at 10˚ C
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Lipid metabolismBiological roles• Plasma membrane lipids help survive freezing• Mito lipid composition may also influence chilling sensitivity• CS plants (eg bananas) are damaged at 10˚ C• Mito show defects at <10˚ C not seen in other plants
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Lipid metabolismCS plants (eg bananas) are damaged at 10˚ C• Mito show defects at <10˚ C not seen in other plants• Membrane lipids show phase changes at these T
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Lipid metabolismCS plants (eg bananas) are damaged at 10˚ C• Mito show defects at <10˚ C not seen in other plants• Membrane lipids show phase changes at these T• Blamed on saturated PG
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Lipid metabolismBiological (& commercial) roles• Plasma membrane lipids help survive freezing• Mito lipid composition influences chilling sensitivity• Mito show defects at <10˚ C not seen in other plants• unsaturated FA did not fix CS, but saturated FA made it
worse: reason for GM desaturases
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Lipid metabolismOther commercial aspects• Yield and quality of seed oil is very important:12 million
tons/year
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Lipid metabolismOther commercial aspects• Yield and quality (especially unsaturation) of seed oil is very
important:12 million tons/year• Want more double bonds, especially w-3, for health• Want less double bonds for shelf life and taste• Each double bond increases p(oxidation) 40x
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Lipid metabolismOther commercial aspects• Yield and quality (especially unsaturation) of seed oil is very
important:12 million tons/year• Want more double bonds, especially w-3, for health• Want less double bonds for shelf life and taste• Each double bond increases p(oxidation) 40x• Have GM oils with more & less double bonds
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Lipid metabolismOther commercial aspects• Yield and quality of seed oil is very important:12 million tons/yr• Also have markets for many specialized oils
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Lipid metabolismOther commercial aspects• Yield and quality of seed oil is very important• Also have markets for many specialized oils• Have genetically-engineered many crops to alter seed oils or
produce specific fats