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S.NO.TOPICINTRODUCTION

1. THE YARD

2. LIGHTINING ARRESTOR3. WAVE TRAP

4. ISOLATOR

5. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER6. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER

7. CURRENT TRANSFORMER

8. POWER TRANSFORMER9. INSULATOR

10 CIRCUIT BREAKER

11. EARTHING

12. POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION13. PROTECTION RELAY

14. CONTROL ROOM

15. BATTERY ROOM

16. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This is my first practical training which has taken at 132 kv GSS

I would like to express my sincere thanks to Mr. M.L.Gupta., Who have given his excellentguidance and shared his experience with me using entire course of this training report.

We are thanks to other staff member which are guided me. Finally I would like to say this

summer training has been a valuable part in my life.At last but not least I am thankful to the all the staff member of RAJASTHAN INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering.

Sid Agnihotri

B.TECH. IV YEAR (EE)


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About ElectricityWhen India becomes independent its overall installed capacity was hardly 1900 mw. During first

year plan (1951-1956) this capacity was only 2300 mw. The contribution of Rajasthan state was

negligible during 1&2 year plans the emphases was on industrialization for that end it wasconsidered to make the system of the country reliable. Therefore Rajasthan state electricity board

came into existence in July 1957.

In India electrical power is generated at a voltage of 11KV to 33 KV . which is taken stepped upto the transmission level in the range of 66 KV to 400 KV

Member of transmission and switching have to be created. These are known as SUB

STATION.Along these transmission lines secondary substation are created where voltage is further stepped

down to sub transmission and primary distribution voltage.

A substation is an assembly of apparatus, which transform the characteristics of electrical energy

from one form to another say from one voltage level to another level. Hence a substation is anintermediate link between the generating station and consumer.

For economic transmission the voltage should be high so it is necessary to step up the generated

voltage for transmission and step down transmitted voltage for distribution. For this purpose

substations are installed. The normal voltages for transmission are 400kv, 220kv, 132kv and fordistribution 33kv, 11kv etc.

Electricity boards are setup in all states of India which are responsible for

1. Generation2. Transmission

3. Distribution

They also construct, install and maintain all the station made for these purpose. In Rajasthan

,R.R.V.P.N.L. is responsible for transmission and distribution of electrical power all overRajasthan. It has its own generating station and its also gets power from various other stations

also. It gets power from following stations:-

1. Badarpur Thermal Power Station Delhi2. Bhakara Nangl Project (at satlaj in Punjab)

3. Gandhi Sagar Dam Kota

4. Jawahar Dam Kota5. Rana Pratap Sagar Dam Kota

6. Rajasthan Atomic Power Plant (RAPP) Kota

7. Kota Super Thermal Power Station (KSTPS) Kota

8. Anta Gas Power Plant Anta

9. Rajasthan share in Bhakara Beas Management Board (BBMB)Power obtain from these stations is transmitted all over Rajasthan with the help of grid stations.

Depending on the purpose, substations may be classified as:-

1. Step up substation2. Primary grid substation

3. Secondary substation

4. Distribution substation5. Bulky supply and industrial substation

6. Mining substation

7. Mobile substation


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Traning Report FileLightening arrester is first equipment of GSS. It is protecting all the equipment against the HV.

The ground wire or earthing does not provide protection against the high voltage waves reaching

the terminal equipment .so some protective device is necessary to produce power station ,sub-station and transmission lines against the high voltage wave reaching here. Which is connected

between line and earth it acts as a safty valve. .

Through the surge impedence of line limits the amplitude of the line to earth over voltage to avalue which wills safe guard the insulation of the protected equipment.

An ideal L.A should have following characteristics:-

1. It should not take any current under normal condition .i.e. its spark over voltage must behigher then the system voltage.

2. Any abnormal transient voltage above the break down voltage must caused it to break as quick

as possible in order to provide an alternate path to earth.

3. It must be able to carry the resultant discharge current without causing damage to itself.For high voltage system the thirties type L.A are used .The value type is also known as non

linear diverter .These arrester consist of a spark gape and a non linear resistance. Both resistance

and spark gape are accommodated in series with a completely light porcelain condition humidityetc.

SPARK GAPE:-They include a number of identical elements connected in series .Each element consist of with

pre ionization device between each grounding resistance of high ohmic value connected inparallel.

3.3 NON LINEAR RESISTER:-

The resister disc comprises inorganic material having a silicon carbide base in a clay board.

These discs form a block. The ohmic value of which decreases rapidly when the applied voltage

and current increases as soon as the current wave resulting from the over voltage has beendischarged. The resister block subjected to the sole. Alternating Voltage and resistance assumes

great value .So that the amplitude of the resulting current becomes zero.

WAVE TRAPIt is used to trap the communication signals & send PLCC room through CVT.

Rejection filters are known as the line traps consisting of a parallel resonant circuit ( L and C in

parallel) tuned to the carrier frequency are connected in series at each and of the protected linesuch a circuit offer high impedance to the flow of carrier frequency current thus preventing the

dissipation. The carrier current used for PLC Communication have to be prevented from entering

the power equipments such as attenuation or even complete loss of communication signals. For

this purpose wave trap or line trap are used between transmission line and power stationequipment to-

Avoid carrier power dissipation in the power plant reduce cross talks with other PLC Circuits

connected to the same power station.Ensure proper operating conditions and signal levels at the PLC transmit receive equipment


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Traning Report Fileirrespective of switching conditions of the power circuit and equipments in the stations.

ISOLATOR :-

When carrying out inspection or maintains work in substation ,it is essential to disconnectreliability the unit of other station on which the work is done from all other parts on installationin order to ensure full safety of working staff .So guard against mistake it is desirable that should

be done by an apparatus is called ISOLATOR. In other words a device which is used to open

or close the circuit either when negligible current is interrupted or when no significant change involtage across the terminal of each pole of the isolator will result from operation .they must only

be opened or closed when current is zero. There is single ear thing Isolator used .

Isolator is switching device used to open (or close) a circuit either when a negligible current

exists or when no significant change in voltage across the terminal of each pole of the isolator,will result from the operation.

Broadly speaking isolator are the switches whichs operate under "No current condition. Thus,

isolator is an apparatus which makes a visible and reliable disconnection of the unit or thesection after opening the circuit breaker.

ear thing blades or two earthling blades on either side of it. The isolators used at 220 KV GSS

have single earthing blades either side of it.They must only be opened or closed when current is

zero. Isolators are classified into following categories.1. Bus isolator

2. Line isolator

3. Transformer isolating switchIsolators are file with earthing blades as an integral part of it. They may be isolators with single

From constructional point of view the isolator may be classified as-

1.The post- centre post rotating part, double post break type.

2.Two post single type.3.Base: - Each pipe phase isolator is mounted on a robust base of steal construction.

MOUNTING: -The central post rotates in gun metal bushing and tapered roller bearing provided with grease

nipples for lubrication required to be alone at regulars intervals during routine check up.

EARTH SWITCH:-(For line side insulation only ) Earthling is achieved by means of an earthed blade pivoted at the

base steady operation mechanism .the earth contacts are fixed either at the back or left or right

side of main contact and interlocked with them by mechanism interlock.

OPERATING MECHANISM:-

1.Hand operated: - It consists of a fulcrums and level system for easy operation of isolators.

2.The isolators used in G.S.S Bharatpur at are three post types. Each isolator has three insulatorspost per phase mounted on a phase of steal construction.


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INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

The transformers which are used in A.C. system for the measurement of current, voltage, power

and energy are called Instrument transformer. These are also used in connection with themeasurement of power factor, frequency and for indication of synchronism.They are two types

namely:

1.Current transformer

2.Potential transformer.

(1) Core type

(2) Shell typeThe x-mer used substation is auto-transformer which employed only single winding per- phase.

A part of winding is common to both of sides. In addition to primary and secondary winding

known as tertiary winding is also provided the power transformer required at substations contain

following additional part1. HV winding bushing

2. LV winding bushing

3. Tertiary winding bushing4. Jucking plate

Transformer used in conjunction with measuring are INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER.

According to the quality measured. These may be divided as1. Current transformer

2 Potential transformer

CURRENT TRANSFORMERThe current transformers are kept in the category of the instrument transformer. The C.T. areused to reduce/ stepping down A.C form high value to lower value for measurement / protection

/ control.

They are usually installed in the out door switch. The primary conductor at high voltage with

respect to earth. The secondary of C.T. is just like the ring type C.T. the primary windingconsists of a very few turns , and therefore there is no. appreciation volt drop across injection .

Current is transformed by C.T. the current transformer is used with primary winding , connected

in series with the line carrying the current to be measured and therefore primary current is

dependent upon load connected in the system.Measurement of alternating current is one of the most frequent operation not only because of its

inheriant but a also because it is necessary in determining other parameters of electrical circuit. A

current transformer value of current is used for Indication of current kwh and kw metersTelementry Protective relay etc


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Traning Report FileA current transformer is intended to operate normally with rated current of the system flowing

through the primary winding which is increased in the series with the network .Secondary

winding of current transformer Connected to measuring instruments and relay supplies currentscirculating in the design of current transformer.

POTENTIAL TRNASFORMERSimilar to CT it is another type of instrument type of instrument transformer .Transformer usedfor voltage measurements are called voltage transformer or Potential may be of 1 phase or 3

phase

These transformers make the instruments suitable for measurement of high voltage and isolatingthen from high voltage. these transformer are connected in parallel and secondary winding is

always open ckt.

The primary winding of the potential transformer is connected to the main GSS LINE

DIAGRAM. the primary has large no of turn in secondary,which provided step down of voltage, and then the voltmeter is connected across secondary terminal the high voltage line.

Some terms related to PT :-

A. RATED VOLTAGE :- the capacity voltage of the PT which it can standB. RATED TRARNSFORMER RATIO:- The ratio of the rated primary voltage to the rated

second voltage.

C. RATED SECONDARY VOLTAGE:- 130 / root (3) = 63.3 VAR.

Voltage transformer which step down system voltage to sufficient form high value to low valueare necessary in every system for

Induction of d.c supply voltage conduction.

Metering of the supply of energy.Relaying

Syncronizing.

Design and ranges are selected according to the secondary size of potential transformer forindicating instruments, meter and relays. But calibration of these instruments is done according

to the primary voltage .

`

POWER TRANSFORMER

GENERAL:-The transformers are used to step down or step-up the incoming line voltage but at grid

substation for the purpose of is the main & major requirement of GSS for step down the supply

voltage .The rating of transformer is taken according to the load .

There are three power transformers of 100 MVA . They are used convert 220 KV/132 KV.Which transforms e/e energy from one voltage level to another desired level with corresponding

change in current value and with out any change in frequency value.

The physical basis of a transformer is mutual induction between the circuits linked by a commonmagnitude pulse voltage supplied to one set of winding called primary switch builds up a


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Traning Report Filemagnitude flux through the iron.

A transformer in simplest form consist of two magnetic coil, which are electrically separated

from each other but magnetically linked through path of reluctance .In brief a transformer is a device that

1. Transform electric power from the one circuit to another.

2. It does not so without a change of frequency.3. It accomplishes this by electromagnetic induction.The magnetic core is built up of laminations of highgrade section or other steel which are

insulated from each to other by varnish or other insulation materials.

According to the number of winding placed around the core. The transformer are classified as5. Earthing terminals the trank

6. Cooling systems

7. Pressure relief value

8. Bush hold relay9. Dehydration breather

10. Rollers

11. Filters

Automatic control:-The automation required use of automatic voltage control of substation so that a predetermined

bus- bar voltage can maintained. In general a tap changer is provided on a transformer for amaintaining a pre determine outgoing voltage where the incoming voltage may be subjected to

voltage variations. The output of P.T. connected to controlled voltage side of the power of

transformer is used to energize the automatic voltage regulating relays. The voltage to be

controlled remains with in prescribed limits.

GAS OPERATED RELAY:-The relay is located in the pipe between the main tank and conservator. In case of fault such as

insulation was creating impulse failures fall of oil level produces gases. This rises and

accumulated in the upper part of the housing consequently the oil level falls down and the floatsinks thereby tilling the mercury switch. The conducts are closed and alarm circuit is energized.

Bachholz protection is always used in conjunction with some other forms of electricity operated

protective gears as it can unity operate for truly internal transformer faults and does not respond

to external bushings or cable faults.

SILICA GEL BREATHER:-A silica gel breather is employed as a measurement of preveusing moisture in gress. It is

connected to the conservator tank which is filled to transformer to allow for changes in volumedue to temperature variation.

FILTER: - Filter is intended for prolonging like water acid etc from oil. .

TRANSFORMER OIL:-


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Traning Report FileIn transformer, the insulating oil provides an insulating medium as well as a heat transferring

medium that carry away heat produced in the winding and iron core.

The life of the transformer depends chiefly upon the quality of the insulating oil. So high qualityinsulating oil are used. It should meet the following requirements:-

It should be provide good transfer of heat.

It should provide high electric strength. It should have low velocity. Flash point of the oil must be high.

Also fire point should be high.

INSULATORS

In order to avoid current leakage to the Earth, through the supporting structure provide to the

conductor of overhead transmission lines, insulators are used. The conductors are secured to the

supporting structures by means of insulating feature, which do not allow current to flow throughthese support and hence finally to the earth . Bus support insulators are porcelain or fiberglass

insulators that serve to the bus bar switches and other support structures and to prevent leakage

current from flowing through the structure or to ground. These insulators are similar in functionto other insulator used in substations and transmission poles and towers.

An Insulator should have following characteristic:-

1. High Insulation resistance.2. High mechanical strength

3. No internal impurity or crack Disc

Generally Porcelain or glass is used as material for insulators. Porcelain because of its lowcost.ismore common.

Insulators can be classified in following ways :-

Pin Type: - These are designed to be mounted on a pin, which in turn is installed on the crossarm of a pole.

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Figure-8.1 INSULATORS

Suspension Type:-These insulators hang from the cross arm, there by forming a string.

The centre post carries the moving contact assembled at the extremities the moving contact

engages the fixed contacts are generally in the form of spring loaded finger contact.

The insulator consist of following parts -
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Traning Report File1. Contacts :- The contacts are rated for line current and designed to withstand electromagnetic

strains and prevent charging at rated shortly time current the contact are made of electrolytic

fixed in housing.

2. Switching blade:- The blade is made of electrolytic copper.

3. Tandom pipe:-All three phases are opened or closed simultaneously with a tandem pipe thisis dipped galvanized and provided with on or off insulators and pad locking.

4. Motor operated:-This is meant rotary motion of the linear operating pipe for either of

opening or closing for remote level local operation. Hand operation is also provides with

detectable handle that can be fitted and square.

CIRCUIT BREAKERS:-

Breakers are switching and current interrupting devices. Basically a circuit breaker comprises a

set of fixed and movable contacts. The contacts can be separated by means of an operating an

arc. The arc is extinguished by a suitable medium such as dielectric oil vacuum, SF6 gas.The circuit breakers play an important role in the design and performance of a power system, in

that these are the key pieces of apparatus protecting the system and thus ensure continuity of

supply from consideration of cost, the circuit breakers represent a major items, and are, next only

to the generator and transformer, since their quantity is greater than that ofgenerators/transformer in a power system owing to the services required for control of

transmission lines, bus-bar etc. in addition to control of transformers and generator..

WORK OF CIRCUIT BREAKER

The expected functions of a circuit breaker are: -

i. It must be capable of closing on to and carrying full load currents for long period of time.ii. Under proscribed condition, it must open automatically to disconnect the load or some small

overload.

iii. It must successfully and rapidly interrupt the heavy current, which flow when a short circuithas to be cleared from the system.

iv. It must be capable of closing on to a circuit in which a fault exists and immediately re-

opening to clear the fault from systemv. It must be capable of carrying current of short circuit magnitude until, and for such time as,

the fault is cleared by another breaker nearer to the pint of fault.

Circuit Breaker Types

i. Bulk oil Circuit Breakers

ii. Minimum oil Circuit Breakers.

iii. Air blast Circuit Breakersiv. Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) Circuit Breakers.

v. Vacuum Circuit Breakers

AIR BLAST CIRCUIT BREAKER


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Traning Report FileThis type of breaker find application operating system from 132 kv and these are meant for

outdoor used and based on the multiple interception. Principal using compressed air as a medium

for quenching the arc. The compressed air acts as a medium of high dielectric strength whichpresent flashover across the writers in case of over voltage when the contacts are in open

position. The breaker can be opened or closed pneumatically from the control cabin or by

protective relay or electrically fault occuring the operating pressure used at G.S.S Bharatpur is 12kg/cm.

AIR BLAST C.B. HAS FOLLOWING ADVANTAGES:-1. No fire hazards caused by oil.

2. The C.B operates at hogs speeds.3. The duration of arc is possible.

4. Frequent operation of C.Bs is possible.

5. Almost no maintenance is needed.

6. Facility of high speed recoding.

TYPES OF AIR BLAST C.Bs:-

There are three types of air blast circuit breaker:-1. Axial blast C.B.

2. Axial blast air C.B. and with side moving contact.

3. Cross blast air circuit breaker.

OPERATION:-

In the closed position of air blast circuit breaker. There is no compressed air in arc chamber

hallow calcium insulator. When fault occurs on the line CB operates and compressed airquenches the arc into no of section.

VACUUM CIRCUIT BREAKER

FUNCTION OF SF6 GAS IN SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKERS

The density of SF6Gas is about five times that of air and heat dissipation in it is also much more

than in air.

Air atmospheric pressure dielectric strength of SF6gas is about 2.4 times that of air and at about3-Kg/cm

2it is same as that of oil. Table no. D1 gives physical properties of SF 6gas.

There is some decomposition of the gas long periods of arcing. However such decompositions

very little and has no effect upon dielectric strength and interrupting capability. The solid are

product formed by arcing metallic fluoride, which appears in the form of fine gray powder. Thisare generated power has high dielectric strength under dry conditions existing in the breaker. A

good quality absorbent is used so that the level of the gaseous by products is kept very low.

Certain impurities such as air result in the dilution of SF6 gas in the field as long as the process

recommended is followed. While releasing the arced gas into atmosphere, international sniffingof gas should be avoided. The relation between SF6 gas pressure and temperature is given in fig.

4.13, which is a very useful date at the tie filling of SF6 in circuit breaker.


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Traning Report FileCHAPTER -10

EARTHINGEarthing is the provision of a surface under the sub station, which has a uniform potential asnearly as zero or equal to Absolute Earth potential. The provision of an earthing system for an

electric system is necessary by the following reason.

1. In the event of over voltage on the system due to lighting discharge or other system fault.These parts of equipment which are normally dead as for as voltage, are concerned do not attaindangerously high potential.

2. In a three phase, circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the potential of

circuit with respect to earth.

The resistance of earthing system is depending on shape and material of earth electrode used.

The earthing is of two principal types :-

Neutral Earthing Equipment Body Earthing

Neutral Earthing:-Neutral Earthing also known as System Neutral Earthing (or Grounding) means connecting the

neutral point i.e. the star point of generator,transformer etc. to earth. In rotating machines,

generator, transformer circuit etc., the neutral point is always connected to earth either directly orthrough a reactance. The neutral point is usually available at every voltage level from generator

or transformer neutral. If neutral point is not available, then the most common method used is

using a Zigzag transformer. Such a transformer has no secondary. Each phase of primary has two

equal parts. There are 3 limbs and each limb has two winding, providing flux density undernormal condition. Since the fluxes are opposite, the transformer takes very small magnetizing

current under normal conditions. During fault, the circuit is primary side,

which provides very less impedance to the current. The grounding transformers are short timerating. Their size is almost one tenth as compared to power transformer.

Electrical Earthing:-Electrical Earthing is different from neutral earthing. During fault condition, the metallic parts ofan electrical installation which do not carry current under normal conditions, may attain high

potential with respect to ground. As human body can tolerate only I=0.165A/T current for a

given time t so to ensure safety we connect such metallic parts to earth by means of Earthingsystem ,which comprises of electrical conductor to send fault current to earth. The conductor


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Traning Report Fileused is generally in the form of rods, plates, pipes etc.

Earthing system ensures safety in following ways :-

1. The potential of earthen body does not reach dangerously high value about earth, since it isconnected to earth.

2. Earth fault current flows through earthing and readily causes the operation of fuse or an earth

relay.

CHAPTER-11

PROTECTIVE RELAYThe purpose of protective relay and protective system is to operate the correct CBs as to

disconnect only the faulty equipment from the system as quickly as possible. Thus minimizes thetrouble caused by fault by they do occur. The protective relay does not operate possibility of the

fault on the system. Their active starts only after the faults have occurred. It could be idea led if

the protection could anticipate and peasant faults because it is impossible to except whereoriginal case of fault create some effects which can operate a protective relay. These are two

groups of protective relay.

1. Primary relaying equipments.

2. Back-up relaying equipments.Primary relaying is the first line of difference whereas back up protection relaying works. Only

when the primary relaying equipments fails and also back up relays are slow in motion condition.

Another job of back relay is to act as primary relay in case of where this is out work.Relay must operate when it is required. Since relay remains ideal. Most of the time proper

maintenance also plays important role in improving reliability. Relay should select fault region

and isolate that section from circuit. It should also operate required speed. It should neither be

slow which may not result in damage to the equipment nor it should too fast which may resultundesired operation during transient faults and should be sensitive to faults.

OPERATION:-

The protective relay serves for preventing tap changers and transformer from being damagewhich is the part of delivering the protective relay as to be connected in away that transformer

immediately switched off captions oil immersed transformer. Transformer break down are

always precede by more or less violent generation of gas. A broking joints produce local arc andvaporize in the vicinity. As earth faults has the some results sudden short circuit rapidly

increased the temperature of the winding particularly the inner layer and packed oil in vaporize.

Discharge due to insulation weaken i.e. by the dehydration of the oil produce local heating and

generate gas. The generation of oil vapour or gas in utilize to actuate a relay the relay is arrangedbetween the transformer tank and the separate oil conservator. The vessel is normally is full of

oil. It contains two floats if the gas bubbles are generated in transformer due to faults. They will

be rise and transfers the conservator and will trap in the upper part of the relay chamber. Thereby

displacing the oil and lowering the faults. This sinks and eventually closes and external contactswhich operates an alarm over other protection and flashover at the bushing are not at adequately

covered by other protective scheme also unless it improves ground.

The differential scheme detects such faults and also on the leads between CTs are powertransformer provided cts are not mounted separately on transformer bushing. In service internal


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Traning Report Filefaults operate when the relay is energizes. The protective relay reenergized only by oil flow from

the tap changer heat to the conservator. The oil flow operates the flap value which is trapped into

the off position by timing mechanism. Thus the trapping switch is energized the CBs areoperated the transformer off the line.

CHAPTER-12

CONTROL ROOMTo remote control of power switch gear requires the provision of suitable control plates located

at a suitable point remote from immediate vicinity of CBs and other equipments.

At "GSS BHARATPUR" the separate control room provided for remote protection of 220KVswitch yards transformer incoming feeder, outing feeders. Bus bar has their own control plant in

their control rooms. The control panel carrier the appropriate relays. Necessary meters indicating

lamp control switches and fuses. There are meters for reading purpose. A circuit concerning thepanel is shown on the panel with standard co lour.

On each panel a control switch is provided for remote operation of circuit breaker. There are two

indicators which show that weather circuit breaker is closed or open. A control switch for each

insulator is also provided. The position indicator of isolator is also done with the help of singlelamp and indicator. The colour of signal lamps are as follows :-

RED:-For circuit breaker or isolator is close option

GREEN:-For CB or isolator in open position.

In addition to used indication an alarm is also providing for indicating abnormal condition when

any protective relay or tripping relay has operated. Its constants energies on auxiliary alarm.

Relay which on operation completes the alarm belt circuit.

Synchronizing:-There is a hinged Synchronizing panel mounted at the end of control panel. Before coupling anyincoming feeders to the bus bar. It just be Synchronized with switches. When the synchronous

copy shows zero we close the circuit breaker.

Synchronoscope:-Synchronoscope is used to determine the correct instant of closing the switch which connect the

new supply to bus bar. The correct instant of synchronizing when bus bar incoming voltage.

a. Are in phase

b. Are equal in magnitudec. Are in some phase sequence

d. Having same frequency

e. The voltage can be checked by voltmeter the function of synchronoscope is to indicate the

difference in phase and frequency.

Energy Meter:-

These are fitted on different panel to record transmitted energy and recorded in energy hours. For

this purpose MWH meter have been provided.

Watt Meter:-


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Traning Report FileThis is mounted on each feeder panel to record import or export power.

Frequency Power:-Provided to each feeder to measure frequency which analog or digital.

Volt Meter :-Provided on each panel or the purpose of indication of voltage.

Ammeter:-These are used to indication the line current.

MVAR Meter:-Provided for indicating power factor of import and export.

CHAPTER-13

BATTERY ROOMThere is a battery sexton or battery room which has 55 batteries of 2 volt each for 132KV sectionand 110 batteries for 220KV section. Therefore D.C. power available is for functioning of thecontrol panels. A battery charger to charge the battery.

Various parts of lead acid batteries:-

o Plateso Separators

o Electrolyte

o Container

o Terminal porto Vent plugs

CONCLUSION

The training at grid substation was very helpful. It has improved my theoretical an all doubts

concepts of electrical power transmission and distribution. Maintenance of transformer, circuitbreaker, isolator, insulator, bus bar etc was observable.

So the training was more than hope to me and helped me toget ver good and best knowledge

about power system more.Thanks to all..

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