FORTITUD INENEWSLETTER OF THE MARINE CORPS HISTORICAL PROGRAMVOLUME XVI SPRING 1987 NUMBER 4

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HIsnRIcAL CENTER CELEBRATES ITS ThNTH ANNIVERSARY.. . SCULPIOR TILLS How VIETNAM MEMORIAL

CAME 10 SAN AN1DNIO.. . PACIFIC MONUMENTS STUDIED. . . WATERHOUSE PAINTS CIVIL WAR MARINES IN

FORT FISHER ACTION. . . NEW MAJUNE SECURITY GUMW PACT SIGNED. . . F11GHT LINES: D-5 8-i SKYSTREAK

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DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution isunlimited.

PCN 10401220100

FORTITUD INEMotto of the United States Marine Corps in the 1812 era.

Spring 1987

This quarterly newsletter of the Marine Corps historical program is publishedfor the Corps and for friends of Marine Corps history in accordance with Depart-ment of the Navy Publications and Printing Regulations NAVEXOS P-35. Individualsand institutions desiring Fortitudine on a complimentary regular basis are invitedto apply to: History and Museums Division, Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps(HDS-1), Washington, D.C. 20374-0580.

The Secretary of the Navy has determined that this publication is necessary inthe transaction of business required by law of the Department of the Navy. Fundsfor printing of this publication have been approved by the Navy Publications andPrinting Policy Committee.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Director's Page: Marine Corps Logistics in World War II 3

Readers Always Write: Saw China Marines Sail Away;That Was No Arisaka' 10

Acquisitions: Donated Ammo Pouch Helped Save Khe Sanh Vet's Life 12

'Hill 881 South': San Antonio's Vietnam Memorial 13

Steps Taken to Improve Memorials to Pacific War Dead 16

The Historical Center at Age Ten: Retrospective and Prospective 17

Fifty-Five Student Volunteers Have Aided Center's Work 20

Senior Assistants Make Major Contributions 21

Students Who Together Gave a Decade of Service to Marine History 22

Historical Quiz: Marines in the Movies 22

Among Queries, Gen Kelley's on Predecessors 23

Fort Fisher Panorama Boosts Marine Historical Art Series 24

Marine Guards, Foreign Service Have 200-Year-Old Ties 27

Historical Essay: Message Sent to U.S. Diplomatic Postswith Marine Security Guards 28

New Books: Two Firms Sell Reprints of Korean War Volumes 31

Answers to Historical Quiz: Marines in the Movies 31

In Memoriam: Corps Mourns Medal of Honor Holder Gen Frank Schilt. . . . 32

Flight Lines: D-558-1 Skystreak 35

Korean War Chronology: July-December 1952 36

Historical Foundation Notes: Annual Report CitesBurgeoning Rolls, Programs 38

THE COVER

The Marine Corps Historical Center, located along Leutze Park in the "historic dis-trict" of the Washington Navy Yard, is celebrating its tenth anniversary this year.The building which houses the Center, seen in the gull's-eye view by art curatorMaj John T. Dyer, Jr., USMCR (Ret), is on the site of a pre-1814 structure and isitself a mid-l9th century building, converted to a Marine barracks in 1941 and remo-deled in the late 1970s for use as the Historical Center. Neighbors on the Yard arethe Naval Historical Center, at right in the drawing, and Quarters B, home of theCommandant, Naval District of Washington, at left. Historic Tingey House, resi-dence of the Chief of Naval Operations, is outside of the picture at the left.

Fortitudine is produced in the Publications Production Section of the History and Museums Divi-sion. The text for Fort/md/ne is set in 10-point and 8-point Garamond typeface. Headlines are in 18-pointor 24-point Garamond. The newsletter is printed on 70-pound. matte-coated paper by offset lithography.

Volume XVI

HISTORYAND MUSEUMSDIVISION

No. 4

Marine Corps Hisiorical CenterBuilding 58, Washington Navy Yard

Washington, DC. 20374-0580Telephone: (202) 433-3838. 433-3840, 133-3841

DIRECTORBGen Edwin I-I Simmons, USMC (Ret)

HISTORICAL BRANCHCol James R Williams. USMCDeputy Director for History

Mr Henry I Shaw, Jr.Assistant Deputy Director for History

Chief Htstotran

Histories Section: Mr. Jack Shulimson: LtCol Gary D Solis, USMC:Ma 0. Ross Dunham, USMC, Maj Charles D. Melson, USMC, Mr.Charles R. Smith, Dr. V. Keith Fleming, Jr.

Reference Section Mt. Dannt J Crau-ford: Mr Robert V. Aquilitta:Mrs. Ann A. Ferrante: Miss Lena El. Kal or: Mrs. Regina Srrorher

Oral Heito0' Si-etion, Me Benis M Frank: Mrs. Meredith P. Hartley

Arch,s,es: Mrs. Joyce E. Bonnert.

MUSEUMS BRANCHCol F. B Niltarr. USMC (Ret)Deputy Director for Museums

Mr Charles A. WoodChief Curator

drtist.in'ResidenceCul Charles H. Waterhouse. USMCR

Mar,ne- Barracks. Special Projicts: Mr. Richard A. Leng. Eehibi'ts: Mr.

Carl M. DeVere, Sr.: SSgi Michael V. Gairher. USMC: Mr. Benny L.Leuox, Sr. Art: Mr. John T Dyer, Jr Personal Papers: Mr. J. MichaelMiller. Registrar Vacant

Museums Branih Actieiriet, QuanticoLrCol Rudy T. Schwaitda, USMC

Officer-i n-Charge

Ai.ristant Officer in Charge for Branch Actscitii's' Mr Kenneth L.Smith-Christmas. Asisstans OfJici.r in Charge for Museums Opera.i/sins: Caps Jerry W. Swepsron, USMC.

Ordnance: Vacant Restoration: Mr. Joseph E. Payron Aeronautics:Mrs.Jody Y. Ullmao, Eehih,ts Mr. RonaldJ. Perkins, Linijorms: MrsNancy F. King. Security: SSgr Paul C. McKenna, USMC

SUPPORT BRANCHMa1 Arthur F. Elzy, USMC

Head/Dtsistisn Esecurive Officer

Adms,nsstratisie: CWO2 J. C. Owens, USMC: Sgt Ronald F. Henry.Jr., USMC. Security: GySgr C W. Viar. USMC. Libra,y: Miss EvelynA. Englander.

Publications Production' Mr Robert E. Srruder Production: Mrs

Catherine A. Kerns. Graphics: Mr. William S. Hill. Typesetting: PFC

,Javier Castro, USMC.

Editor, FurtttudineMr. Robert F. Struder

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Director's Page

Marine Corps Logistics in World War II

BGen Simmons

P rofessional development seminars arevery much in vogue just now at

Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps. Injanu-ary I was invited to speak by the Depart-ment of Installations and Logistics to onesuch seminar on Marine Corps logistics inWorld War II. I took with me a vintagecopy of the Marine Corps Manual 1940edition. This was the basic administrativemanual throughout World War II.

It was very complete. There were 31chapters that dealt with everything from"Entry into the service" to "General Ac-counting Office," but there was no chap-ter on logistics. "Logistics" was not evento be found in the index. There were,however, some interesting entries underthe heading of "Expeditionary service." Asfor example:

When serving with Army. —Marine officers commandingdetachments of marines underorders to act on shore, in cooper-

ation with troops of the UnitedStates Army, and during the timesuch detachment is acting orproceeding to act, shall makerequisitions upon the officers ofthe Quartermaster Corps, UnitedStates Army, for the necessarycamp equipage, also for thenecessary transportation forofficers and troops, their baggage,provisions, and cannon.

T here was also guidance on the issueof field hats. The field hat or "cam-

paign hat" was considered the mark of theMarine on expeditionary service. TheManual provided that, "In the event ofmobilization, the necessary field hats tocomplete uniform equipment of person-nel will be issued at the point of mobili-zation."

There was a list of articles of clothingand equipment to be taken by each en-listed Marine embarked for foreign tropi-

cal expeditionary duty. Commandingofficers were enjoined to ensure that eacharticle was in good and serviceable condi-tion and were also to see to it that eachman was "supplied with a clothing bag,and the necessary toilet articles, includingtoilet and washing soap."

Commanding officers were also autho-rized, when in the field, to obtain "suchquantity of straw or hay for the beddingof troops" as they "may deem necessary topreserve the health of the troops."

The words "amphibious" and "am-phibious operations" did not appear in theMarine Corps Manual. Until 1941, the Ma-rine Corps had never deployed a unit larg-er than a brigade. The expeditions of the1920s and 1930s to such places as Haiti,Santo Domingo, Nicaragua, and Chinawere probably well served by the MarineCorps Manual, but they were not in anysense amphibious. They all involved dis-embarkation by way of established harborsand commercial piers.

Captured Japanese trucks were usedto deliver combat gear andsupplies to Marines moving toward front lines on Guadalcanal

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in December1942. Slightly more than ayear later, Lt Simmons'assignment was to help unsnarl a South Pacijic supply logjam.

Department of Defense (Martne Corps) Photo 5i400

T he far-sighted work that the MarineCorps did in getting ready for am-

phibious operations was a largely theoret-ical effort done at Quantico and tested outin rather modest-sized Fleet exercises. Evenearlier studies were done by Marine Corpsand Navy officers at Newport beforeWorld War I.

One of these Marine Corps officers wasGeorge C. Thorpe, who is best known inMarine Corps history for the adventures hehad as a captain in 1903. It was in that yearthat Capt Thorpe and 19 Marines, mount-ed on mules and camels, escorted a diplo-matic mission in a 300-mile march fromthe Horn of Africa to the court of Ethio-pia's Emperor Menelik II in Addis Aba-ba. Thorpe came out of Africa with amedal from Menelik and two live lionsthat the Emperor sent as presents to Presi-dent Theodore Roosevelt.

Thorpe went to the Naval War Collegein Newport in 1914, first as a student andthen on the staff. There he wrote a book,published in 1917, entitled Pure Logistics:The Science of Ur Preparation. Thisbook, forgotten for many years, was redis-covered a few years ago and republishedby the National Defense University Press.The editor of this new edition, militaryhistorian Dr. Stanley L. Falk, says that

"Thorpe ... may well be one of the fewmilitary thinkers anywhere in the world toemploy the term [logistics] prominently atthis time [19171—and almost certainly theonly one to attempt to define it carefullyas a science."

A s a sampling, here are two quo-tations from Pure Logistics:

Napoleon never used the wordlogistics. Of course he employedall the elements of Logisticsnecessary to war in his day, as hedid the elements of Strategy andTactics. But while he conceived ofthe two last-named functions asdistinct divisions of labor, he didnot realize (except, perhaps,when it was too late) that logisti-cal functions comprised a thirdentity in war functions.

And,

Nearly every civilian is familiarwith the terms strategy and tac-tics, and nearly all intelligentpatriots know that the former hasreference to the general plan forthe employment of the nation's

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fighting forces and the latter tothe manner of fighting. But, ifwe may judge of the matter fromthe silence of books on theScience and Art of War, the con-clusion is irresistible that themilitary themselves know next tonothing about Logistics.

The Marine Corps does not appear inThorpe's book nor do the words "amphibi-ous operations," although he does makepassing mention of advanced base forces.A straight-line relationship between PureLogistics and the subsequent developmentof a viable amphibious doctrine at Quan-tico cannot be demonstrated, but it canbe assumed some of the individual officersinvolved had read and were influenced bythe book.

T he evolution of amphibiousdoctrine is a large subject in itself.

It is enough to say, in the way of a veryquick summary, that our doctrine wasbuilt on an analysis of the mistakes madeby the British at Gallipoli in 1915 and thatby 1934 Marine Corps thinkers had collect-ed their findings into a Tentative Manualfor Landing Operations.

The two major logistical considerations

Department of Defense (Marine Corps) Photo 94308

Marine amtrac/es are 'parked" at a devastated Guam beachhead from the 5th Field Depot began landing supplies "on the heelson 22 July 1944, ready for offshore supply runs. Shore party teams of the assault battalions at H plus two hours" on 21 July.

inherent in the tentative doctrine were thematters of ship loading and unloading,and the ship-to-shore movement.

Most of the contributors to the Tentative Linding Operations Manual wereveterans of World War I and they perceivedthe ship-to-shore movement in terms oftheir experiences in Western Front attacksin 1918; that is, the equivalent of an ar-tillery preparation, approach march,deployment, and assault by infantry.

T wo major problems to be solvedwere getting the troops off the ships

and into their landing boats and then con-trolling and guiding their movement totheir assigned beaches. The general con-cept was that the troops and landing craftshould be transported together. That is,the attack transport was envisioned as atactically self-sufficient ship capable oftransporting and landing the embarkedtroops.

"Combat unit loading" of the transportswas considered the key to amphibiouslogistics. It was seen as a practical processdesigned to make supplies and equipmentimmediately available to the assault troopsin the order needed, disregarding, to alarge extent, the amount of cargo spacethat might be wasted.

Each amphibious ship's company was tohave a Marine officer who was designatedthe TQM or transport quartermaster, theequivalent of today's combat cargo officer.

The Tentative Manual provided for abeach party commanded by a naval officerdesignated as the beachmaster and a shoreparty commanded by an officer of thelanding force. The beach party and shoreparty were independent of each other.

T his concept did not get a realistictesting until landing exercises in the

summer of 1941. There was a considera-ble delay in unloading because of thedivided responsibility and an inadequatenumber of labor troops. The deficiencieswere duly reported by the landing forcecommander, MajGen Holland M. Smith,to the Commander in Chief, AtlanticFleet, Adm Ernest J. King, and by thesummer of 1942 the consolidation of thebeach and shore parties under landingforce control was reflected in a change toFTP-167, the successor to the TentativeManual.

The Marine Corps had also movedtoward solving the labor problem by ad-ding a pioneer battalion to the Marine di-vision. The pioneer battalion was theimmediate ancestor of the shore party bat-talion which, in turn, has now become thelanding support battalion.

I was a second lieutenant undergoinginstruction at Quantico during the sum-mer of 1942 and I remember well thatthere were certain fundamental rules thatwere drilled into us. One was that a Ma-rine should never be separated from his

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pack; the ship that carried him should alsocarry everything he needed to fight.Another rule was not to put all your eggsin one basket, or, more correctly, spreadloading so that the loss of one ship andits contents would not jeopardize theoperation. And you had to be able to un-load selectively so that flow of weapons,equipment, and supplies ashore and itscontents would be responsive to the de-mands of the tactical situation.

A s for the ship-to-shore movement,all the basic types of landing craft

derived from the famous Higgins boatwere well along in their development by1938. Similarly, the Roebling "Alligator,"invented for rescue work in the FloridaEverglades, was adopted by the MarineCorps in 1940 and became the prototypeof the LVT family of amphibian tractors.Roebling did not have facilities for massproduction of his "Alligator" and the firstproduction model of what was designat-ed the LVT(1) came off the assembly lineof the Food Machinery Corporation plantat Dunedin, Florida, in July 1941.

Not much thought was given to con-tinued logistical support once the landingforce was ashore. The pat answer was thatafter the Marines had established an ade-quate beachhead, the Army would landbehind them and provide a generouslogistical tail until the Marines could leaveto go fight some other place. A variation

to this optimistic solution was that theNavy would land behind the Marines withall the paraphernalia needed to establishan advanced base. The first testing, in alimited and almost catastrophic way, ofthis rudimentary logistic doctrine wouldcome at Guadalcanal in the late summerof 1942.

The D-4 (we were not yet using thedesignation G-4) of the 1st Marine Divi-sion at the time of Guadalcanal was Lieu-tenant Colonel Randolph McCall Pate, afuture Commandant. The planning timefor the Guadalcanal operation was almostimpossibly short. The second echelon ofthe 1st Marine Division arrived at Welling-ton, New Zealand, on 11 July 1942 andwas immediately put to work loading outthe division. Most of the supplies were stillin their commercial pack and these card-board boxes deteriorated rapidly in the in-cessant rain. Despite all the difficulties,the division was able to sail from Welling-ton, with 60 days of supplies and 10 unitsof fire, on 22 July.

T here were two simultaneouslandings on 7 August, one on Tula-

gi and one on Guadalcanal itself. Therewas some stiff fighting on Tulagi but for-

tunately there was no Japanese resistanceat the water line at Guadalcanal where themain effort was being made. Before theday was done the Guadalcanal beacheswere in a mess. The 500-man 1st PioneerBattalion just could not handle the un-loading from the landing craft onto thebeaches and then the movement to thesupply dumps. The division commander,MajGen Alexander A. Vandegrift, wouldnot draw down on his fighting strengthto provide additional working parties. TheNavy did put some sailors ashore to help.From the Guadalcanal experience camethe rule of thumb that it took a hundredmen on the beach for each ship that wasdischarging cargo. Air attacks that after-noon further interrupted the unloading.Next day there were more attacks, but for-tunately for the Marines, theJapanese con-centrated their attention on the shippingrather than the beaches. That eveningRAdm Kelly Turner, the amphibious taskforce commander, informed Vandegriftthat he would be taking his transports outof the objective area in the morning.

Before the night was over, a bad situa-tion got worse. A Japanese surface taskforce came into Sealark Channel, separat-ing Tulagi from Guadalcanal, and, in what

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came to be called the Battle of Savo Island,sank most of the cruisers in the screeningforce. Next day Kelly stayed with his trans-ports as long as he dared, but when hesailed away on the afternoon of 9 Augustthe Marines were left on the beach withjust four units of fire and a scant 37 days

of rations. For two months or more theMarines ashore at Guadalcanal stayed aliveby virtue of scant supplies landed in thefirst 48 hours, captured Japanese stores,and emergency resupply brought in bytransport destroyer 'blockade runners" andair transport. Malaria and malnutritioncaused far more casualties than Japanesebullets.

T he 1st Amphibian Tractor Battalionlanded with the division at Guadal-

canal and a company of the 2d Amphibi-an Tractor Battalion landed at Tulagi.Their LVTs were not used to land troopsbut purely as cargo carriers. Much of thework of moving supplies from beachdumps to permanent sites was done byamtracks. Later they were used with mixedsuccess as artillery prime movers. Therewere also brave but misguided efforts touse them as light tanks and armored per-sonnel carriers.

LVTs carry the initial Marine assault force toward Iwo Jima atH-hour on 19 February 1945. Since Iwo is not surrounded bya reef planners expected an easier transfer of logistical items.

Department of Defense (Marine Corps) Photo 110128

But a heavy sea broached many landing craft and experimentaluse of pallets to mount out up to 50 percent of units' supplies,in the absence of special handling equipment, was unsuccessful.

The first real testing of LVTs as assaultvehicles in the ship-to-shore movementwould come a year later. At Tarawa the 2dMarine Division had to land directlyagainst a heavily fortified beach. On thetiny island of Betio, the Marines intend-ed to land 732 wheeled and tracked vehi-cles plus 205 trailers. An orderly logisticaleffort would require that beach party andshore party units land with the assault bat-talions.

The shore party plan for Tarawa waspredicated on there being enough spacewithin the beachhead for the unloadingof supplies and evacuation of casualties.But during the first day at Betio the as-sault waves were not able to clear thebeach; they fought with their backs againstthe sea. It had been assumed that muchof the unloading of incoming boats couldbe concentrated at the long pier that jut-ted out into the lagoon from the waist ofBetio island. A trickle of supplies movedby landing craft—LCVPs and LCMs—tothe end of the pier and from there couldbest be moved to the front lines by LVTs.During much of the first day, the wound-ed were placed in rubber boats and towedby hand to the edge of the reef where theywere tansferred to landing craft. Later, asLVTs became available, the wounded werebrought back by tractor to the end of thepier, given emergency treatment, and thenmoved by landing craft back to thetransports.

The great positive logistical lesson ofTarawa was that amphibian tractors couldcross reefs and then go on to land troopsand supplies on a hostile beach. Tarawa

also proved that a transfer could be madeat the reef line from landing craft to am-phibian tractors.

W bile these epic events were takingplace in the Pacific, I was still safe-

ly at Quantico. After graduating from theReserve Officers Course — the wartimeequivalent of The Basic School—in lateAugust 1942, I was kept on at Quanticoto be a platoon leader in the Officer Can-didates Course which was then expanding.After awhile it was discovered that I hadgraduated from Lehigh University. It wasassumed that if I was from Lehigh I mustbe an engineer, and I was made an instruc-tor in map reading. No one seems to havenoticed that I actually had graduated witha degree in English and journalism.

After a little more than a year at Quan-tico, I was transferred, as a first lieutenant,to the Training and Replacement Com-mand at Camp Lejeune and I sailed fromNorfolk with a replacement company inDecember 1943 and after some adventuresen route I arrived at the transient centerin New Caledonia in January 1944. TheBougainville operation was still beingfought. It was determined that by virtueof my being a Lehigh graduate and an in-structor in map reading at Quantico thatI was a trained engineer and I was ordered,to Branch 3, 4th Base Depot.

No one at the transient center was quitecertain where Branch 3, 4th Base Depot,might be or even what it was, but it wasreported that it had come off Bougainvilleand was somewhere in the middle Solo-mons. It was suggested that I go to

Guadalcanal and inquire as to its where-abouts.

I took passage on an [ST bound forGuadalcanal. It was the first time I hadever seen an LST I was very seasick. At thattime, as I remember, the Navy stilltethered barrage balloons to the fantailsof landing ships, the theory being thatobligingJapanese bombers would fly intothe cables.

My LST went to Tulagi rather thanGuadalcanal which lay ominously acrossIron Bottom Sound. At Tulagi I learnedthat my Branch 3, 4th Base Depot, was atBanika, one of the Russell Islands, somemiles to the north. I got a ride to Banikaon a patrol craft of some sort.

Q nce there I learned that the 4th BaseDepot had been activated at Nou-

mea, New Caledonia, a year earlier, on 1April 1943, as a direct result of the logisti-cal logjam in the South Pacific. Despitethe Army's best efforts there was a con-fused tangle of equipment and suppliespiled up at New Caledonia and Guadal-canal which had threatened to sideline theNew Georgia operation. The 4th BaseDepot, with 61 officers and 1,367 men,moved first to Guadalcanal and then toBanika to relieve the situation.

They had done a good job at both NewGeorgia and Bougainville. To supportBougainville they had established a for-ward base at Vella Lavella and then Branch3 had moved to Puruata, a little island justoff the Cape Torokina beaches whichproved to be a favorite dumping groundfor Japanese medium bombers.

Snap shot from the official Guam Operation" scrapbook of 'FifthField Depot, Supply Service, FMJ Pacific, 21 July to 30 Aug.

1944" shows weather-proofed Ordnance Company equzmentarea, Scrapbook Ic recent addition to Historical Center collection.

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A bout the time of my arrival, Branch3, 4th Base Depot, was redesignat-

ed the 5th Field Depot. It was organizedas an over-large battalion with seven or-ganic companies: Headquarters, GeneralSupply, Engineer, Signal, Ordnance, Mo-tor Transport, and Military Police.

I was assigned to the Engineer Compa-ny and, because of my supposed expert-ness in mapping, was made the Survey andReconnaissance officer. As such I was sentto the neighboring island of Pavuvu tohelp lay out the camp for the 1st MarineDivision which was returning from CapeGloucester. It is enough to say that the 1stMarine Division despised its camp atPavuvu.

At this time it was expected that thenext operation for the I Marine Amphibi-ous Corps and the 3d Marine Divisionwould be a landing against Kavieng, alarge Japanese base on New Ireland. Thisoperation was cancelled, but a detachmentfrom the depot did go with the 4th Ma-rines on what turned out to be the blood-less conquest of Emirau Island, off ofKavieng.

The center of gravity of the Marine ef-fort in the Pacific was now shifting fromthe South Pacific to the Central Pacific. Inthe offing was the Marianas campaignwith landings planned for Saipan, Guam,and Tinian in that order.

D-day for V Amphibious Corps at Sai-pan was 15 June 1944. A 7th Field Depothad been organized for the Saipan land-ing. The landing of III Amphibious Corpsat Guam, originally set for 18 June, hadto be delayed because of the great navalair battle known as the Marianas TurkeyShoot, until 21 July.

During the assault 5th Field Depot wasto provide shore party teams to the 3d Ma-rine Division, which was to land near Asannorth of Agana on Guam, and to the 1stProvisional Marine Brigade, which was toland near Agat south of Agana. The firstof these teams began landing on the heelsof the assault battalions at H plus twohours. Under their respective Shore Partycommanders, the 5th Field Depot teamsalong with other service and pioneer unitsbegan the business of landing suppliesover the shelf-like coral reef jutting out aquarter to a half mile from the beach.ChiefJapanese interference was from iso-lated strong points and sniper fire, withoccasional sporadic mortar and light ar-tillery fire. On the brigade front, one75mm Japanese gun in the nose of coralthat separated White from Yellow beachesknocked out 17 amtracks.

p ontoon barges were brought inlashed to the sides of LSTs and an-

chored just off the reefs edge to be usedas unloading platforms for the transferfrom landing craft to LVTs andDUKWs—a "DUKW" was a rubber-tiredamphibious truck developed by the Armywhich was particularly useful for the land-ing and movement inland of artillery am-munition.

My own particular job, primarily, was toverify the suitability of the supply dumplocations that we had picked out largelyon the basis of aerial photographs. To ourdismay, most of the nice smooth patchesof open grassland we had selected turnedout to be unusable rice paddies. The bestsite allocated to us was at the base of Orotepeninsula and it was the scene of a bloody

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tank and infantry battle a day or so be-fore our occupancy. In cleaning up the areawe buried nearly a thousand Japanese inati area of less than a hundred acres. Therats, flies, and smells of the area were be-yond adequate description.

A fter about a week of shore partyoperations the 5th Field Depot

pulled its pieces together and began func-tioning as a unit, moving increasingly intoa garrison mode. By the end of the monththe depot was in a semi-permanent1,000-man camp with five smaller campsfor outlying companies and sections. Inaddition to its organic companies, two am-munition and six depot companies hadbeen added to the depot. The rank andfile of the ammunition and depot com-panies were black Marines. All officerswere white. Both kinds of company hadblack NCOs but the more technical am-munition companies had white staffNCOs.

The 3d Marine Division stayed on atGuam. The 1st Provisional Marine Brigadewent back to Guadalcanal and became the6th Marine Division.

With the organization of Fleet MarineForce, Pacific, in August 1944 all the fielddepots and base depots were broughttogether into a Supply Service. At thattime, in addition to the 5th Field Depotat Guam and the 7th Field Depot at Sai-pan, there was a 1st Field Depot in NewCaledonia, a 3d Field Depot in NewZealand, and a new 8th Field Depot be-ing formed in Hawaii. The 4th Base Depotremained in the Russell Islands and therewas a 6th Base Depot at Oahu.

The 5th Field Depot's Guam scrapbook, which Gen Simmonsas a young officer helped to compile and design, includes snap-

shot of the "engineer assembly department" in 1944. FMFPac

Supply Service became FMFPac Service Command in June 1945.

Peleliu had been fought while we werestill mopping up on Guam. Iwo Jimawould come next. Eighth Field Depot wasear-marked to go to Iwo in support of VAmphibious Corps which would includethe 3d, 4th, and 5th Marine Divisions.

Since Iwo is not surrounded by a reef,it was supposed that all types of land-

ing craft would be able to beach withoutthe time-consuming transfer at the reefline. This supposition led V AmphibiousCorps to authorize subordinate units tomount out up to 50 percent of their sup-plies on pallets. Pallets were somethingbrand-new to the Marines. I rememberthat the 5th Field Depot established a"pallet factory" on Guam where, with thehelp of a working party from the 3d Pi-oneer Battalion, a rude assembly line wasset up and pallets turned out at the rateof 350 a day. It was also planned to useMarston matting to overcome the traffica-bility problem of soft sand and volcanicash.

The first wave of LVTs hit the beach at0859 on 19 February 1945, one minuteahead of schedule. It was an open beachand a heavy sea was running. The land-ing of supplies was difficult. Many of thelanding craft broached.

Pallets were not a great success. Theywere heavy and awkward. There was nospecial handling equipment. There wer-en't even proper tools to cut the steelbanding. In many cases this was done withbayonets or by Marines swinging axes.

The Marines left Iwo on 27 March.There was one more great battle to befought before the war would end—Okinawa. The Tenth Army would havetwo corps at Okinawa. One would be theArmy's XXIV Corps. The other would bethe III Amphibious Corps with the 1st and6th Marine Divisions.

T o quote an Army historian, the logis-tics plan for Okinawa "was the most

elaborate one of its kind developed dur-ing World War II, involving prearrangedmovement of both assault and cargo ship-ping over vast ocean distances." The sup-ply line stretched 6,000 miles across thePacific, with 11 different ports of call, tosupport the mount-out of 193,852 troopsencumbered with some 824,567 measure-ment tons of cargo loaded into 458 assaulttransports and landing ships. After the as-sault phase, a staggered series of supplyshipments would replenish the Tenth

Army in accordance with a prearrangedschedule.

To assist in logistical planning andpreparations, FMFPac established a 1st

Field Service Command in the Marianas,to concern itself primarily with the 2d and3d Marine Divisions, and a corresponding2d Field Service Command on Guadal-canal to assist the 1st and 6th Divisions.These Field Service Commands were es-sentially liaison units between the sup-ported units and the Marine SupplyService in Hawaii. In some minds, theywere an unnecessary echelon.

The 7th Field Depot, veterans of Sai-pan, was assigned to the III AmphibiousCorps for Okinawa. The Army's XXIVCorps and our III Amphibious Corpslanded abreast across the Hagushi beacheson the western side of the narrow waist ofthe island on 1 April. There was no op-position.

T he initial lack of resistance allowedthe Marines to get ashore at an ac-

celerated rate, but this upset the unload-ing schedules. There weren't enoughlanding craft to bring both troops and car-go ashore. Trucks and other prime moverswere also slow in getting landed and itsoon developed that neither Marine divi-sion had enough motor transport to sup-ply itself adequately nor to move itsartillery.

Initially the beaches were worked bybattalion shore parties. By nightfall the di-visions had assumed control of shore partyoperations. There was a coral reef. LVTsand DUKWs shuttled cargo across thereef. Only at high tide could landing craftcross over the reef and then only at cer-tain places.

Unloading was further disrupted bykamikaze attacks against the shipping, thecongested nature of the beaches, and thedifficulties of movement inland becauseof the poor roads which the spring rainsturned into bottomless mud. A chronicshortage of artillery ammunition was ag-gravated by the sinking of three ammu-nition ships by kamikazes. Even so, theimmense tonnages I mentioned earliermaking up the assault and the echelon ofresupply were all unloaded by the end ofApril.

The III Amphibious Corps began thecampaign with four LVT battalions and atotal of 421 amphibian tractors. By theend of the operation there were only 146

9

tractors still in operation. Supply of thefront lines was sometimes done by airdrop, sometimes in very imaginative ways.As for example, Marine torpedo bomberswere used to drop prepackaged loads toboth the Army and the Marines.

T he mount-out for Okinawa haddemonstrated that the Marine Corps

supply system in the Pacific was overlycumbersome. There were also great moraleproblems in the Supply Service. Therewere serious racial problems. The ammu-nition companies, who had a definite mis-sion and who tended to have betterofficers, performed better and had bettermorale than the depot companies. Thedepot companies, who were parcelled outin working parties, did not have this senseof mission. They needed good leadershipand in many cases they did not get it.

The Chief of Staff, Fleet Marine Force,Pacific, BGen Merritt A. Edson, began togive the organization of the Marine Sup-ply Service and its related moraleproblems some personal study. This was"Red Mike" Edson who had commandedthe 1st Raider Battalion and the 5th Ma-rines on Guadalcanal, who had also beenat Tarawa and Saipan, and who had theMedal of Honor, the Navy Cross, the Sil-ver Star, and two Legions of Merit.

On 1 June 1945, Supply Service,FMFPac, was redesignated as Service Com-mand, FMFPac. The 7th and 8th FieldDepots became the 7th and 8th ServiceRegiments. Instead of one large battalion,the service regiments were subdivided intothree manageable battalions. Shortlythereafter Gen Edson was made com-mander of Service Command.

H e recognized the importance ofwhat we then called "public rela-

tions" and what is now called "public in-formation" to morale. He wanted theMarines of Service Command to havepride in what they were doing and to getsome recognition for it. He had a goodpublic relations officer detailed to his staffand that officer knew me. I was sent toOkinawa with a very fine photographer tosee if I couldn't get some favorable pub-licity for the 7th Service Regiment. Thatgave me the opportunity to observe themount-out for China. But also, by thattime, the war had ended and o must thispiece on Marine Corps logistics in WorldWar II. LI1775L1

Readers Always lVrite

Saw China Marines Sail Away; That Was No Arisaka!LEFT BEHIND IN SHANGHAI

A footnote to the article "On the Trailof the China Marines" (Fortitudine,Winter 1986-1987). After World War II Iwas in North China for a time in chargeof public affairs for the 1st Marine AircraftWing, and returned as a civilian in 1947,based in Shanghai, as a U.S. InformationService officer.

With the advance of the Communistarmy our military was ordered out. InTsingtao, our major naval base, some 1,600Marines sailed away leaving one battalionafloat in case needed to evacuateAmericans.

Although warned to leave by our Con-sulate, some 2,000 Americans remained inShanghai. We worked up an elaborateevacuation plan. Shanghai was dividedinto sections. A member of the Consulateliving in that part of town was appointedas leader and issued a shortwave radio.Collection points were established: theColumbia Country Club, the AmericanSchool, and the Consulate itself.

Each section leader was assigned a squadof Marines from the 700-man force livingon the USS Bayfie/d anchored in theWhangpoo. The main collection stationwas on the Whangpoo opposite where theBayJie/d was moored. A messhall was es-tablished, supplies laid in, while Repose,a Navy hospital ship stood by.

The idea was, in a crisis, word would bespread by radio and runners. Americanswere to head for the nearest collectioncenter. Here, Marines would help keeporder. Passports would be given a quick ex-amination. People would be moved bytruck, through back alleys, if necessary, tothe central collection point where theywould be taken out to sea.

In April 1949, a million Chinese Com-munist troops swarmed across the Yangtze,in the process catching the British sloop,Amethyst, like a sitting duck. China'srivers had become a dangerous place forforeign warships. Our Navy ships, waitingfor evacuation, were ordered to up anchorand leave for the ocean. They were the lastMarines in China for a generation.

Meanwhile, I, along with a small group,

was asked to "stay behind" in Shanghai.Our Consulate was on the Bund, next tothe British Consulate, overlooking GardenBridge Park, Garden Bridge, and SoochowCreek.

As the Nationalists retreated they lefttheir rear guard stretched out alongSoochow Creek. The Communists camefrom the other direction and our Consu-late wound up in no-man's-land. We tooka lot of hits, but that is another story. Sixmonths later the Communists allowedsome of us to leave.

Maj Earl J. Wilson, USMC (Ret)Potomac, Maryland

SHARP-EYED MARINE READER

I had the opportunity of reading an ar-ticle in Fortitudine, Vol XVI, Number 2of Fall 1986 about the Japanese militaryrifles. It really stimulated my enthusiasmupon seeing the photograph of the rare"Type 44" Arisaka carbine donated byGySgt Carl R. Lobb, in which I myself per-

sonally own one but of a different model.During the early invasion of the Philip-

pine Islands by the Japanese ImperialForces, several battles were recorded fromLingayen, San Manuel and Porac areas.Philippine and American soldiers foughtthe attacking enemy fiercely until the fu-tile surrender on Bataan. The Japansesuffered heavy losses but at the same timecaptured many firearms from the retreat-ing Philippine and American troops.

The U.S. Entield M1917 was the servicerifle issued to the Philippine Army whilethe Springfield M1903 and the Ml Garandwere used by the American soldiers at thattime. Thus, I would like to note that onthe second photograph featured on thesame page of the article, the Japanese sold-iers shown debarking on the island of Cor-regidor did not carry any type of Arisakarifles but in reality were armed with U.S.Enfield M1917 rifles. These rifles wereprobably some of the captured firearmsfrom the landing at Lingayen through thefall of Bataan. The wooden stocks, place-ment of sling and the front sight assem-

Reader LCp/ Mario D. Dizon says Japanese infantrymen in this photograph from Fall1986 Fortitudine are armed with the US. Rifle M1917 (Enfield), not Arisaka rifle mode/s.

And he appears to be right. A Japanese 1905 Arisaka, top, is distinguished from theUS. M1917 rifle be/ow by the features he mentions: stock, s/ingp/acement, and sights.

10

blies definitely show proof of recognition.But I would like to admit that I do nothave any knowledge as to why those par-ticularJapanese soldiers were carrying cap-tured weapons.

LCpI Mario D. Dizon, USMCVMA(AW)-242, MCAS El Toro

Santa Ana, California

KOREA'S HELICOPTER 'FIRSTS'

In Winter 1986-1987 Fortitudine ColHouston "Tex" Stiff and LtGen Victor H.Krulak comment on "Korean War Chro-nology" of the Fall 1986 issue andHMR-161's introduction into the KoreanWar. The History and Museum's Division'sA History of Marine Medium HelicopterSquadron 161, pp. 4-5, clarifies the mat-ter. Operation Windmill I was the firstoperation of 161 in Korea, a resupply andevacuation mission to Hill 673 on 13 Sep-tember 1951 in support of 2d Battalion,1st Marines fighting for Hill 749. Wind-mill II on 19 September was anotherresupply mission in support of the 5th Ma-rines, although 2/5 was not specificallymentioned. Operation Summit, two dayslater, lifted the Division Recon Companyto Hill 884 on the division's exposed ex-treme right flank and was thus the firsttroop lift. Operation Blackbird, on 27September and again involving 2/1, wasindeed the first night troop lift traversinga tortuous mountain gorge into the"Punchbowl."

Col Brooke Nihart, USMC (Ret)McLean, Virginia

THE BELL OF BALANGIGA

It seems necessary that I open this let-ter with a resounding pun—your article"Wailer at Samar" in the Spring 1986 edi-tion of Fortitudine certainly rings the bellwith Army readers who have served withthe 9th U.S. Infantry. When I reported tothe 9th Infantry at Fort Lewis in 1948, theBell of Balangiga—the relic of the mas-sacre of Company C on 28 September1901, which you so well reported—was inour small regimental museum, along withthe Liscum Bowl and other treasures. Butwe made a sudden departure for Korea inJuly 1950, and only recently did I inquireinto the present status of the bell.

I enclose a recent letter from the Cura-tor of the 2d Division Museum at CampCasey, Korea, which indicates that the bellis in his custody, but may soon be movedback to Fort Ord, California.

Your article was another reminder of theseveral historical associations of the Army's9th Infantry and various Marine units. Be-fore Samar, there was their joint service inthe Boxer Rebellion. The 9th was, alongwith the 23d, in the Army's Third Brigadein the AEF's 2d Division (the home of theMarine Brigade of the 5th and 6th Ma-rines), and I can give personal account thatthe 9th Infantry and the 5th Marines werein the Naktong Perimeter of Korea insummer 1950.

Col Rolfe L. Hiliman, Jr., USA (Ret)Arlington, Virginia

EDITOR'S NOTE: Karl R. IVoIff cura-tor/director of the 2d infantry DivisionMuseum, Camp Casey, Korea, wrote toCol Hillman that the Balangiga bell hasbeen in Korea since the 2d Division'sreturn in July 1965. it has been on displayat the museum since.

"Many artifacts of the 9th are on dis-play also at the museum on loan, howeveithe Bell is the property of the Center ofMilitary History therefore, a request of the2d of the 9th to the Center of Military his-tory has been made to return it to FortOrd," he wrote. The Center of MilitaryHistory is the deciding factor I have notbeen informed of the decision as ofyet tore/ease."

HOLDS CORPS AIR TEST TITLES

On occasion I read or hear statementsto the effect that certain individuals werethe Marine Corps' first jet and/or helicop-ter pilots. As I'm now in my 74th year withlittle prospect of again passing a flightphysical, I thought it best to set the recordstraight. I am both the Marine Corps' firstjet and helicopter pilot. The circumstancesare as follows:

In May 1943 I was ordered to the NavalAir Test Center, Patuxent River, Maryland,where I served as a flight test pilot untilJanuary 1945. In that capacity I flew anumber of new and experimental aircraftincluding the first U.S. jet and helicopter.To verify the above I attach a copy of myflight log and an article that appeared inNava/Aviation News in March 1963, en-

11

titled, "They Flew the U.S. Navy's FirstJets."

By way of explanation the first attachedsheet of my flight log (July 1944) shows

.T,,Lv iQcL=CS,.

To(M.hiot

NUmb.,of

MScbint

DU,.tiOtof

Plight

Cli.?-'° Pilot

Zi_7-IiL i1771 L4.. 71

si?.br.eqe. Wd

Wotf.J7.LY ±_ .'t. /, 71

7Y 'L .7 & thW�LULV O /0 ,'L.

?-' ' .- U

azzi 4 0,

iL2_1,C 7 2_ ill

-/

18 July as the date of my first flight in BellJet YP59-A, Bureau Number 00012. Thisflight is also confirmed in the NavalAvi-ation News article.

My first helicopter flight was on 30March 1944 in an experimental Sikorskymachine XHNS-1, Bureau Number39034. I was accompanied by a Lt. Cdr.

/R. )7"041.

;-7- YV

3-.-YY

34-,y3YL3-LiLLYf32'L±±i3-J7

Toof

M.bloO

7(-/

Nomb.,Of

htSOhloe

f577

DUflUu0,

Flight

.

CU,,.fFilth,

Y-7

Pilot

L±[ t/t3

LLhL .

/I4yJdI4bair-

EYL± 2O 1iiL0,L

.C1

j iv

L 3I;jj L J,JSE/rr17

3.&iTth 'utJL i' ...•i 6e�..

Lre/R. fl,7/'

Miller, USNR, who had some previous ex-perience in Pitcairn autogiros but none inhelicopters. We made twelve flightstogether between March and October1944. On 3 November 1944 I made a soloflight of 0.8 hours in XHNS-1, BureauNumber 39046. I flew several additionalsolo flights after that date until relievedof flight test duty in January 1945.

I attach no particular significance to theevents other than I had the good fortuneof special duty assignment at an excitingtime in aviation history.

Col Desmond E. Canavan, USMC (Ret)Hanover, New Hampshire

B2rR2

2351 2.

I. --&

';7TAr(flIl ,*lH4

'I

Acquisitions

Donated Ammo Pouch Helped Save Khe Sanh Vet's Life

by John H. McGarry HI

I n battle, strange incidents some-times occur which make participants

stop and wonder. Military historians arefamiliar with the many occasions whenCivil War soldiers' lives were saved by bi-bles, diaries, or common everyday objectscontained in coat pockets.

Such seemingly magical incidents arenot confined to the nineteenth century,witness the case of Sgt Charles B. Saltafor-maggio, USMC.

A native of Metrairie, Louisiana, Sgt Sal-taformaggio arrived in the Republic ofVietnam in November 1966. He was serv-ing with Company K, 3d Battalion, 9thMarines. On 30 April 1967, halfwaythrough his tour, his unit was ordered toassault Hill 881 near the soon-to-be-famous Khe Sanh combat base. In a let-ter written to his family a few weeks laterhe describes what happened:

Sgt Charles B. Saltaformaggio poses for anOctober 1967 snapshot in Vietnam. Hisletters home form a part of his donation.

I'm on Hill 881, we have beenhere since May 2 when we finallytook it and held it. . . but April30 when we first came up thishill the lead was flying hot andheavy.

We first came to Khe Sanh tohelp 3d Battalion, 3d Marines offof Hill 861. Then three days later881 had to be taken and held.The North Vietnamese hard corewere on top and dug in. ThirdPlatoon of Kilo and Mike Com-pany of 3/9 were first upbut they were hit hard andpinned down . . . so my platoonwas sent up to get them down.We got up there, got pinneddown ourselves for about anhour, but finally got the wound-ed off right before dark.

It was all hell that day. I hadone real close call. . . . Sgt But-terworth, myself, and anothermember of my squad made a run(across a 25-yard clearing).We hit the deck right at the treeline and found a bunker. I threwa grenade in it and was still outin the clearing when one of thoselittle gentlemen popped up onmy right and started shooting atme. He didn't mess aroundeither. They all had automatic ri-fles, and the dirt was flying allaround me. When I got to coverI had a hole in my pants leg,and a small nick on my knee

a small cut on my arm,and a bruised rib from anotherround. . . . All in all it was a lit-tle too close for peace of mind.

T he burst of fire from the AK-47 au-tomatic weapon was closer then Sgt

Saltaformaggio knew at the time. Like anyother infantryman in Vietnam, he was car-rying plenty of spare ammunition. Thisincluded an extra pouch for M-16 maga-zines which he wore on the back of his ri-

12

Round from an AK-47 automatic weaponpassedthrough the ammo pouch and wasdejlectedfrom the center of the sergeant'sback by the magazines stored inside.

fle belt. Upon inspection, he found thata round from the Vietnamese burst hadpassed through the pouch and beendeflected away from the center of his back.

The other wounds that he received, ashe thought, proved to be minor. Had thepouch and magazines not deflected the ac-curate round, this certainly would not havebeen the case.

Mr. Saltaformaggio made a visit to theMarine Corps Historical Center last year.He later wrote to the curatorial staff to in-quire if the Museum would be interestedin the personal letters that he wrote dur-ing his tour in Vietnam. He also said thathe had a pouch and two magazines fromhis service days. When the staff learnedof the unusual story behind the equip-ment, they asked if he might be interest-ed in donating these as well. The packagearrived and the items were examined.

The pouch itself shows a medium-sizedtear from the entry of the bullet. Themagazines show how the round enteredand was deflected away, permanentlybending and tearing the stamped sheet-metal case.

These recent acquisitions to the MarineCorps Museum collection will help to doc-ument the equipment used by Marines inVietnam, and one of the more unusual ex-periences of a Marine in combat. E111775L1J

'Hill 881 South': San Antonio's Vietnam Memorialby Austin Deuel III

I started writing this looking over thehood of a bright, fire-engine red,

18-wheeler Peterbuilt, its twin stacksstraining with the roar of the engine andtheir shining surfaces reflecting the softWest Texas dawn breaking before us on theflat horizon. The monument follows on itstrailer, the covering of fresh morning dewdrying by the winds of its journey. I'mreflecting on the events of the last ten andone-half months of work to complete thismemorial and the twenty years of pain forme and millions of other Vietnam vete-rans and their families which are its rea-son for being.

This event started twenty-one years agoat a Western Art Show in Death Valley,California, which led to a hill in Vietnamcalled "Hill 881 South" in April of 1967.Through a driving force I cannot explain,I wound up joining the Marine Corpsagain as a Private First Class to become acombat artist in Vietnam. This hill was myfirst involvement in a major combat actionthough not, I'm sorry to say, my last. 881South turned out to be one of the blood-iest encounters of the war for the MarineCorps. It exposed me to the extreme hor-rors of war, both physically and emotion-ally, that were to scar me and many othersforever. I know this part of the war was thesame as any other wars in history. Ourdifference was yet to come. . the goinghome! We came home to rumors and factsof the unpleasant response to our

homecomings. We made plans for our ar-rivals to scatter over this country and meltback into its society with as low a profileas possible, trying to put our lives backtogether while living with the scarlet let-ter V for Vietnam. The burden of this warmorality, which publicly went from war tomurder, fell on those who served. Theevents that followed have continued thattone of judgement such as granting am-

nesty to those who fled to Canada. Whogrants amnesty to those with no legs orarms, or those who live in the VA hospi-tals with only one chance to check out andthat is by death? Those who served did notknow they had a choice, either legally ormorally. This, plus other actions, has ad-ded much trauma to the wounds like astaph infection.

T he outpouring of emotion on thistrip came as a great surprise to us.

When seen, the memorial seemed to lancea nasty boil, pouring forth the emotionalpus of these past times for a final time,and destroying the destructive grip it hashad on our lives. We who were initially in-volved in the memorial's beginning hopedfor its importance to be seen and felt, butwhat was happening was beyond our wil-dest thoughts. After so many years of sti-fled emotions, the dam breaking wasspontaneous and heartfelt. Glen said itbest, "It's title should be 'Truth' which wasso lacking in Vietnam."

This all came to pass because those in-volved in its concept and its being wereVietnam veterans. John D. Baines, thedriving force and the man who commis-sioned the piece, served two tours — one as

P/aster form from which the bronze casting would be made rests in the Scottsdale,Arizona, studio of artist Austin Deuel III. In the sculpture, Deuel recalled a Marineradioman aiding a dying comrade on Hill 881 South at Khe Sanh in April 1967.

F ortitudine readers may believe that al/interpretation of Marine Corps his-tory either originates with or is supported by the History and Museums Di-

vision. Of course, this is not so. often learn of extramural historical activitiesin a roundabout way, frequently from alumni and friends, sometimes by thepublic press. San Antonio's Vietnam Memorial falls into this category. ColHouston "Tex" Stiff Marine combat commander in two wars and combat artist inVietnam, called to tiL us offabout the accomplishment of his Scottsdale, Arizo-na neighbor and fellow Marine Corps artist in Vietnam, Austin Deue/ III. Deuelcreated the heroic-scale statue of a Marine radioman succoring a dying comrade onHill 881 South near Khe Sanh. The article on this page is Deuel's account un-edited and in his own words of moving the huge bronze casting from his studioto its final resting place in San Antonio, the help by fellow Marines, and theemotional impact it made during the trip across the southwest and at its desti-nation. Except forJohn Baines, a SeaBee and SEAL, who commissioned the sculp-ture, it was an a/I-Marine project. Yet we didn 't know about it; Public Affairsdidn't know about it, nobody sent us newspaper accounts of the dedication. Itwas only through apersonal contact that we learnedabout the inspiring memorial

13

a Navy SEAL; Glen Kirkpatrick, whomade the arrangement for the truck tohaul the memorial and finished his truckdriving career with this last load, servedtwo tours in Force Recon USMC; and therewere countless other veterans who assisted.

You never realize those who have beentouched by this war until a project suchas this is started. I've knownJohn and AnnDiTommaso in the art business for years.They stumbled onto this project in its fi-nal days of completion. It came out thatAnn's brother, a PFC in the Marine Corpsand from Texas, was killed May 1, 1967,nearly the same time as this battle. Shecame every day until its final loading onthe truck to head for its permanent homein San Antonio. She gave me, Glen and

The bright, fire-engine red 18-wheelerPeterbuilt truck, top, which was used totransport the bronze to San Antonio stopsfor gas in El Paso, Texas. At a Uest Texasrest stop, right, a truck driver and his blindbrother 'see" the memorial, the brotherby touching it with his hands. In place onits pedestal in downtown San Antonio,below, "Hill 881 South" attracts ribbons,Jiowers, flags, notes, and photographsfrom visitors. Deuel recalls at the dedica-tion the sound as "a squad of marines infull combat gear pulled the covering offthe monument, that far off whoop-whoop-whoop that pulses in your ears,then the sudden appearance ofaforma-tion ofHueys overhead and the radiomanon the monument looking up at them."

Bobby (the two truck drivers) a small yel-low rose, then tied a yellow ribbon to thememorial and gave me one large yellowrose for her brother. I told her I would putit under its final resting place for him. Wehad no idea this was just the beginningof our trail of tears.

W e stopped that first night in Eloyat the Toltec 76 truck stop. Eloy,

in Spanish, means the land of the for-saken. The owner allowed us a prestigiousspot for parking the truck for viewing andinsisted on feeding us dinner and break-fast. Glen could not sleep; he kept an all-night vigil with the memorial. By morn-ing it was streaming with added yellow rib-bons. One truck driver went into the giftshop in the night and bought three yel-low T-shirts to tear up for the additional

14

ribbons for those who wished to use inmemory of a loved one or friend. Writtenmessages and money were also left duringthe night; some messages were short, withjust a name or 'we miss you." One remem-bering note found in the new day's lightread,

We called you Little Feather,You were our friend.Your body is gone nowBut your spirit lives onInside this statue.You live stillAnd in our heartsYou always will.I miss you, Ben.

Sgt. Ben J. Hogan (Little Feather)Missing in Action, August, 1970.

Glen and I cried with so many othersto come on this trail to San Antonio. Aswe drove further, more sorrows were tiedto the monument, now streaming withyellow tears. Even at night its magic couldnot be hidden by the darkness and itsspeed of 65 mph.

The GB screeched, "Where are you go-ing, woman?"

She replied, "Did you see the statue?"He: "What statue?"She: "The one on that red Peterbuilt.

I'm going to get a better look."Her 18-wheeler pulled alongside and

slowed with her bewildered follower in histruck. Glen, who was running the frontdoor in my truck, broke in with his deep,slow Texas drawl, "That's the Vietnam WarMemorial for Alamo City."

The woman truck driver said, "I was amedic for five years, 1967 to '72."

Glen answered, "You might've takencare of me, darlin'!"

She said, "I only took care of themarines."

Glen said, "I was a marine!"She replied, with sadness showing in her

voice, "There were so many, I wouldn'tremember." Then she added, "That statuehas a lot of feeling. Whoever did it wasthere. Well, I'm going to Florida and whenI get to Alamo City, I'll look it up."

Glen said, "You do that. We all loveyou, darlin'," as the tail lights of her truckdisappeared into the darkness of a NewMexico night.

G len and Bobby and I still were notprepared for the events of the next

day as we penetrated deep into Texas. Justbefore the turnoff on 10 to San Antonio,the most desolate part of the trip, other18-wheelers requested we stop at the up-coming rest stop before the turnoff so theycould have a better look. We pulled inwith a dozen trucks peeling off behind us,and parked at an angle across the truckparking area. The trucks lined up for alook, standing there like giant caterpillars,the headlights creating a haunting stare.A cool West Texas breeze blew briskly overthe area and there was nothing as far asthe eye could see. The quiet was shatteredby the easy idle of those giant diesels tap-ping out their patient wait as their driversgathered around for a look-see. One driverhad his brother with him who was obvi-ously his constant companion. His brotherwas blind and the driver guided him overto the lowboy trailer the monument wasusing as its temporary pedestal and helped

him onto it and to the bronze to allow himto "see" with his hands. There wasn't a dryeye in the place. A woman truck driverwalked up to me, grabbed my hand andwith a thankful squeeze said, "Thanks."

Glen, Bobby and I gathered ourselvesas we had so many times to head down thefinal stretch. . . Alamo City.

We arrived the next morning in mistyrain and by that afternoon, the monumentwas placed in its final resting place to stayuntil the end of civilization.

Sunday, November 9, was the unveilingat which I was surrounded by friends andfamily and the great spirit of the Alamo.I met my foxhole buddy, now Sgt. MajorDick Schaad (until this event I hadn'tknown if he'd lived through his next tour)and Don Hossack (the radioman depict-ed on the memorial), who was woundedon the hill and the only radioman to sur-vive, now a detective in Kalispell, Mon-tana. There were the usual speeches bydignitaries, two jet fly-bys, then that so-familiar sound to all as a squad of marinesin full combat gear pulled the covering offthe monument, that far off whoop-whoop-whoop that pulses in your ears,then the sudden appearance of a forma-tion of Hueys overhead and the radiomanon the monument looking up at them. Ididn't think I had any more tears in me,but they came! Then the surge of thecrowd for a closer look, veterans openly cry-ing and hugging each other, then placingtheir medals on the monument. The bou-quets of flowers grew by the minute,American flags, notes, photographs. Thiscontinued for days. I tried to go back fora moment by myself later, but even at 2:30in the morning small groups of peoplewere still there.

I've been through some great highs inthe art world and some special movingmoments through public reaction to mywork. One such moment was the openingof an art show called "The Vietnam Ex-perience" in 1982 in New York City. Butto have a piece of artwork turn from artto an altar, as happened in San Antonio,is moving beyond description.

Glen had made one last early morningvisit to the monument. I met him thereto say goodbye. "It rained just a little bit,"he said. "Austin, you won't believe it. Itcries!" He and I hugged for a last time,sealing the moment forever between us.

L111775L11

Some of the people involved in the memorial project, most of them Marine veteransof the Vietnam War, gather for a dedication photograph. Subsequent visitors were sonumerous that even at 2.30 in the morning smallgroups were still there. One volun-teer said to Deuel, "It rained Just a little bit. Austin, you won't believe it. It cries!"

Steps Taken to Improve Memorials to Pacific War Deadby Robert V Aquilina

Assistant Head Reference Section

I n recent years, the History andMuseums Division has noted an in-

creasing interest among Marine veteransof World War II in the battle monumentsof the Pacific region. Typically, a concernedveteran, or veterans' group, will inquire asto the proper procedures for renovating analready existing monument in need ofrepair, or of the feasibility of planning andconstructing an entirely new memorial. In-deed, American visitors to the sites of thevarious World War II campaigns in the Pa-cific are often puzzled by what appears tobe a disparity in the number ofJapaneseversus American war memorials andmonuments.

Following World War II, monumentscommemorating U.S. Marine Corps cam-paigns in the Pacific theater were erectedat Wake Island, Tarawa, Guam, Iwo Jima,and Okinawa, and a plaque was dedicat-ed at Honiara, Guadalcanal. The relativepaucity of suitable American monumentsin the Pacific can be explained partially bythe divergent Asian and American culturaland religious attitudes towards memori-alization of the dead, and partially by theproximity of the Pacific battle sites toJapan. Several ongoing efforts have beeninitiated recently, however, which shouldhelp to rectify the present status of Ameri-can monuments in the Pacific region.

The federal agency responsible for com-memorating the services of Americanforces in foreign countries is the Ameri-can Battle Monuments Commission. It isresponsible for the erection of suitablememorial shrines and for maintaining per-manent American military burial groundsoverseas. Three World War II memorialswere erected by the Commission on Unit-ed States soil. The East and West CoastMemorials commemorate by name themissing in action and those lost or buriedat sea in American Atlantic and Pacificcoastal waters. The Honolulu Memorialcommemorates the missing in action andthose servicemen lost or buried at sea inthe Pacific War areas of World War II otherthan the Southwest Pacific, and theKorean and Vietnam conflicts. In addi-tion, the 14 overseas World War II

cemeteries administered by the Commis-sion contain small museums with battle

maps. The use of these sites as burialgrounds, including the Manila Cemeteryin the Republic of the Philippines, hasbeen granted to the United States in per-petuity and without charge or taxation, bythe host governments concerned.

The National Park Service is proceed-ing with plans to develop and maintaina centrally located "Pacific NationalHistoric Park." This park, located onGuam, is to "commemorate the braveryand sacrifice of those participating in thecampaigns of the Pacific theater duringWorld War IL" In addition, the Secretaryof the Interior has been authorized to con-duct a "study of additional areas associat-ed with the Pacific campaigns of WorldWar II" to determine their suitability asparks and/or locations for memorials. Inorder to ensure these Pacific sites were ac-curately located and historical events ade-quately interpreted, a historian from theNational Park Service was assigned toresearch official records of World War II,with the cooperation and assistance of theMarine Corps, as well as the other ArmedForces.

A tangible result of these cooperativeresearch efforts was the official dedi-

cation on 20 October 1986 of the Roi-Namur Battlefield as a National Historic

Landmark. The World War II landingbeaches on Saipan, Mariana Islands, alongwith the Peleliu battlefield, Palau Islands,have also been designated by the Secre-tary of the Interior as National HistoricLandmarks.

In addition to the efforts of the Ameri-can Battle Monuments Commission andthe National Park Service, a number ofveterans' groups are striving to constructmemorials and monuments in the Pacif-ic. For example, the 2d Marine DivisionAssociation has worked closely with theGovernment of the Republic of Kiribatiin constructing a new memorial on the is-land of Tarawa in commemoration of thepivotal battle waged there in 1943. The6th Marine Division Association, likewise,is working with Japanese groups to con-struct a suitable memorial on Okinawa.

The Marine Corps is not authorized toexpend appropriated funds for the erec-tion of memorial plaques, historical mar-kers, or monuments. Consequently, theburden for erecting specialized plaquesand memorials honoring Marine Corpscampaigns in the Pacific rests with thedesignated federal agencies and commis-sions. The History and Museums Divisioncontinues to provide significant historicalresearch support and encouragement tothese efforts. L111775L1

Monument on Guam honoring four Marine Corps Medal of Honor recipients fromWorld War II campaign on the island was completed in 1984, funded by the KoreanMarine Association of Guam. New Pacijic National Historic Park will be on Guam.

16

The Historical Center at Age Ten: Retrospective and Prospectiveby Col Brooke Nihart

Deputy Director for Museums

A fter five years of planning and 18months of construction, the Marine

Corps Historical Center in the Washing-ton Navy Yard opened 12 May 1977 withan elaborate reception. Guests includedcommandants past and present, distin-guished Marines, Navy luminaries, andAdministration officials.

Aside from the exciting interior ar-chitecture of the freshly minted Center it-self, the main attraction was the artexhibition filling the Special ExhibitsGallery of the main floor Museum. Ar-ranged by the late Col Raymond Henri,first head of the combat art program dur-ing the Vietnam War, and one of his com-bat artists, CWO Wendell A. "Tex" Parks,the show traced the history of the MarineCorps through contemporaneous art.

Also in place for the opening were thestanding exhibit cases of the Time Tun-nel, which replicated the exhibits in theold museum at Quantico, plus newmaterial, and the display which is a trib-ute to the heroism of Marines at Iwo Jima,including the two American flags flownfrom atop Mount Suribachi.

The second and third floors were openfor inspection as well. The second featuredwell laid out offices and conference roomsplus cleverly designed cubicles for the

historical writers and carrels for visitinghistorians. Main feature of the third wasthe large, open 25,000-volume library inwhat was once a sail loft, lighted by roofskylights and supported by uninterrupt-ed trusses. Also on the top floor were thePersonal Papers Collection, Military Mus-ic Collection, Archives, Reference Section,and multipurpose room where meetings,lectures, and receptions came to be held.

Ten years later the same functions areperformed on these floors. The MarineCorps Historical Foundation and photo-graph researcher's offices have been addedto the third floor, while the library hasgrown to 35,000 volumes and the MilitaryMusic Collection has been moved to thenewly expanded and renovated MarineBand library at the nearby Barracks.

The ten-years span has seen the com-pletion and publication of most of theUS. Marines in Vietnam series ofhistories—1954-1964, 1965, 1966, 1967,1970-1971—with 1969 about to go to theprinters. Chaplains with Marines in Viet-nam, 1962-19 71, and A History of theW/omen Marines, 1946-197 7, plus numer-ous squadron and regimental historieshave been published. Registers of personalpapers collections of former commandantsClifton B. Cates, George Barnett, and

John H. Russell were published, with theregister of the Thomas Holcomb papersbeing readied for publication. The Pub-lications Production Section set the typefor all of these works on its computer-based Compugraphic typesetters and laidthem out ready for the printer. These tasksincluded the quarterly publication of For-titudine: Newsletter of the Marine CorpsHistorical Program which, in these years,grew from an eight-page typescript jour-nal to a 36-page slickpaper periodical.

Other sections of the Center were equal-ly busy in these years. The Historical Refer-ence Section, which started the decaderesponding to about 1,500 queries eachyear now answers 6,000 written, tele-phoned, and walk-in queries for histori-cal information about Marines and theirCorps. At the same time it researches andcompiles 50 or 60 lineage and honorsstatements for Marine Corps units.

The oral historian conducted about 200interviews which were transcribed and ac-cessioned. In addition to in-depth careerinterviews and field interviews, there wereinstituted issue-oriented interviews as withmembers of the Security Guard Battalion,including all the Iran hostages. On-the-scene and follow-up interviews of Lebanonand Grenada participants were conduct-

Director of Marine Corps History and Museums BGen EdwinH. Simmons sits amid the rubble of reconstruction work in anarea of the mid-i 9th centu?y building, later a Marine barracks,

which would become his office in the new Historical Center ina photograph from the Spring 1976 issue of Fortitudine. TheCenter opened on 12 May 1977 with an elaborate reception.

17

ed and proved to be important sources ofresearch material for monograph historiesof the two deployments. All living form-er Commandants have been or are inprocess of being interviewed in depth.

The official archives are held by theCenter and include the Corps' operation-al records all under the same roof as otherresearch collections. This facilitates thework of researchers and writers in a syner-gistic manner. The Archives Section alsoleads in the declassification of non-currentrecords and can call up from the FederalRecords Center in nearby Suitland,Maryland, operational records dating backto 1941.

By 1979 the Center was squared awayenough that one of the Director's moreambitious goals could be undertaken. Thiswas the organizing of an unofficial sup-port group to help the Historical Programin ways that couldn't be done with onlyappropriated funds. Key members of thestaff plus friends of the program such asCol Robert D. Hem!, Jr.; Gordon Heim;LtGen Alpha A. Bowser; Billy Bob Crim;Gen Wallace M. Greene, Jr.; Robert Sher-rod; Maj Richard Spooner; and Cot BarryZorthian banded together and incorporat-ed the Marine Corps Historical Founda-tion. The Foundation has grown to nearly1,500 members and has supported theprogram by sponsoring receptions formuseum show openings, purchasing rarehistorical material, making research

grants, and presenting awards for histori-cal writing and art.

The Center has its own program ofprofessional development seminars for thestaff but also with Historical Foundationmembers, Headquarters staff officers, andother service historians invited. Seminarsare conducted monthly and annualthemes have included military historyresearch resources in the Washington area,the Marine Corps in the 80s and 90s, usesof military history in analysis and plan-ning, and writing military history. Speak-ers have included prominentacademicians, senior officers of all services,and policy-making government officials.

T he Center staff hasn't accomplishedall of this unassisted. Since 1977, 55

interns from local universities includingthe Naval Academy have been affordedthe opportunity to acquire valuable profes-sional experience for academic credit whilemaking a solid contribution to Centergoals. The Historical Foundation supportsthe interns with lunch and commutingmoney. It also has supported with grantstwo doctoral fellows and two master'sdegree fellows, the latter a new program.The Foundation's goal is to fund one PhDgrant and three MA fellows per academicyear.

The Museums Branch didn't rest on itslaurels after crafting the Time Tunnel ex-hibits and the opening art exhibition. It

18

installed eight dioramas of Marine battlesfrom 1800 to 1918 from the old museumat Quantico and the Marine CorpsMemorial and Museum in Philadelphia ina small gallery under the title "Marines inMiniature." A fine collection of erlyAmerican firearms donated by former pta-rine Thomas A. Grant, Jr., was instaledin innovative cases inserted into the depwindow cuts in the Center's thick bickwalls. The muskets and rifles exhibiedtrace the weapons which armed Mariiesfrom the Revolution to 1900. Numeriussmall single-topic exhibits have benshown for short periods near the Museimentrance as well as a case to presntnoteworthy "Recent Accessions" to the ci-lections.

The Museums Branch also has fotndtime to initiate and direct the establih-ment and growth of the Air-GroundMuseum at Quantico, the reinterpretationand design of the Marine Corps Memori-al and Museum at New Hall in Philadel-phia's Independence National HistoricalPark, assistance to the Command Muse-um at MCRD Parris Island, and changingexhibits and art shows in the Headquart-ers Marine Corps lobby.

The creation and exploitation of fine artis a major part of the Museum program.The two-fold program strives to recreateon canvas important events of the Corps'history and to cover current operations,where possible. This resulted in the crea-tion of series by Col Charles Waterhouseon "Marines in the Revolution," "Marinesin the Conquest of California," and "Ma-rines in the Frigate Navy." All three exhi-bitions have been shown widely in theUnited States with "Revolution" findinga permanent home in New Hall and"California" at Camp Pendleton. "FrigateNavy" is soon to appear at the Navy-Marine Corps Museum, Treasure Island,San Francisco. During the decade Marinecombat artists have covered NATO exer-cises in Norway, Germany, and Greece-Turkey; maneuvers at Twentynine Palms;aircraft tests at Patuxent River; interservicerifle matches and The Basic School atQuantico; and Beirut. A Marine artist,LtCol Albert M. "Mike" Leahy, under Navyauspices covered Grenada. These worksplus those earlier accessioned works fromVietnam, Korea, World War II, and earli-er years form a corpus of over 6,000 pieceswhich are constantly being drawn upon forloan shows to Marine and public sector ac-

Distinguished guests at the 1977 opening of the Center were Dr Felix W de lVeldon,left, sculptor of the Marine Corps lVar Memorial— the Iwo Jima Memorial, and then-Corn mandant Gen Louis H W/ilson, Jr Bronze casting of scale model is in the Museum.

tivities and for hanging in the offices ofgeneral officers and senior civilian officials.

The activity most apparent to the visi-tot over the years has been the changingmajor exhibitions in the Museum's Spe-cial Exhibits Gallery. The gallery, a 20- by100-foot room paralleling the Time Tun-nel, has been the scene of over a dozenshows, usually filling the entire space. Theexhibitions of art normally have lasted forabout six months while those exhibitingthree-dimensional objects being moredemanding of mounting and captioningusually continue in place for a year ormore.

T he initial show of historical art wasfollowed by Col Waterhouse's "Ma-

rines in the Revolution" series. "Wings ofGold," a showing of aviation art was nextand then an exhibition of early-to-currentrecruiting posters and recruiting materi-als. The powerful charcoals of artist KerrEby, who covered the campaigns of Tara-Wa, Bougainville, and Cape Gloucester inlate 1943, followed. One of the morepopular shows was LtCol David DouglasDuncan's "This is War," 101 salon photo-graphs which have been shown widelyelsewhere as well as at the HistoricalCenter. Col Waterhouse's series of histor-ical reconstructions on "Marines in theConquest of California —1846" and "Ma-rines in the Frigate Navy—1798-1834" wereshown as was "Through the Wheat —Marines in World War I," a combinationof art, weapons, uniforms, and equip-ment. "Arms and Men" traced the tech-nological development of Marine infantryweapons—individual, crew-servedmachine guns, portable firepowerweapons, infantry mortars, and antitankweapons—relating them to changing or-ganization and tactics. It remained inplace for 18 months and still may be seenat the Center by special appointment.

More recently exhibitions have been:"Every Clime and Place," a show of Ma-

rine combat artists covering ten years ofNATO exercises, maneuvers, and deploy-ments from 1975 to 1985; "Marine CorpsUniforms, 1983," original paintings byReserve Maj Donna J. Neary reproducedas a widely distributed series of prints;"Grenada and Lebanon," with both artand souvenirs from those deployments;"From Dawn to Setting Sun—Marines inthe Pacific War:' with every campaign fromIceland and Pearl Harbor to the Occupa-tion of Japan and North China recount-

ed with weapons, uniforms, insignia,medals, flags, maps, photographs, anddocuments; and finally, just removed,"75th Anniversary of Marine CorpsAviation—A Tribute," a 41-piece exhibi-tion of aviation art from 1912 to thepresent. In-house designed posters adver-tised the exhibitions while catalogs wereavailable to visitors. Openings usually fea-tured a reception hosted by the MuseumsBranch or the Historical Foundation andattended by staff and museum and artcommunity colleagues, Foundation mem-bers, Headquarters Marines, and distin-guished officials.

While all this was going on, the Muse-ums Branch found time to provide ex-hibits and exhibit material to commandmuseums. "From Dawn to Setting Sun,"for example, has just been shipped to theParris Island Museum. A system of easilyportable modular exhibits has beendesigned and a number of topical exhibitscreated which circulate to Headquarters,the Naval Academy, and to various activi-ties at Quantico. Recently, the exhibit on"FDR and the Marines," contained in fiveof the three-by-four-foot modular cases wasrelocated to Camp Pendleton.

A ll-in-all, the activities and resultsachieved by the History and Muse-

ums Division in its new Historical Centerquarters have been remarkably productive.This has been due to several factors: thesynergistic effect of consolidating Histor-ical and Museums Branches plus the artprogram under the same roof for the firsttime; the acquisition of Compugraphiccomputer- based typesetting equipmentfor setting type for all publications as wellas all Museum labels, and several Lexitronword processors excessed by Headquarters;institution of a computer-based catalog forall Museum holdings; and a continuousadvance on the learning curve by all ac-tivities. All this has been accomplishedwith no increase in staff. How the tempoof activities and production could be fur-ther increased is not apparent, especiallyif prospective cuts in staff due to budge-tary constraints need ever to be placed intoeffect. But it has been an exciting 10 yearsand the Marine Corps has become muchmore aware of its history.

The future of the Center holds muchpromise. We have entered the computerage with our museum inventory computer,our Lexitron word processors, and ourCompugraphic typesetters, but the best is

19

still to come. We have already received 10Leading Edge personal computers andprinters and expect about 20 more dur-ing the summer; enough for one for everyhistorian and curator. Production is ex-pected to increase commensurately.

A new major exhibit will be mountedin the Special Exhibits Gallery this sum-mer titled "Multi-National Force 1900:Marines in the Boxer Rebellion." It will in-clude weapons, uniforms, medals, andequipment of the campaign, plus morethan 400 photographs, many never beforepublished. At about the same time a newexhibit, "Women Marines: 1946-1977:' willbe installed at the end of the Time Tun-nel. A number of the Time Tunnel ex-hibits will be upgraded this year withmore to follow. The modular exhibit pro-gram will continue to expand with moreof the small special exhibits being madeavailable beyond the Washington area.

The Command Museums program isexpanding as well through the initiativeof local commanders and with help fromthe Museums Branch. The San DiegoRecruit Depot Museum will open this year.MCAS El Toro has established an outdooraviation museum near its main gate witha dozen historical aircraft, some of whichwere supplied by the Air-Ground Muse-um. MCAS Cherry Point and the town ofHavelock are cooperating in a plan for ajoint aviation museum while Camp Pen-dleton is exploring ways to raise money fora museum to memorialize Marines in thePacific.

O n the Historical Branch side of thehouse, the two volumes of the Viet-

nam War operational histories series for1968 are well underway, are the 1971-73and 1973-75 volumes and a volume onMarine legal affairs in Vietnam. A majorhistory, "Marines in the Frigate Navy,1798-1835," which will make use of ColWaterhouse's paintings of the same title,is also well on the way.

The art program continues apace with aseries on current aircraft in prospect. Ar-tists will continue to cover current exercisesand developments while Col Waterhouseand Maj Neary will continue to producepaintings of Marine Corps historicalevents.

The Historical Center will undergo arefurbishment over the next year with in-terior repainting and a replacement ofsome of its carpeting scheduled. L111775L11