SOUTH AMERICA ENVIRONMENT, SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND HEALTH NEWSLETTER

221 t h issue, February 28, 2013 Conservation: Nearly 200 Illegal Loggers Arrested in Massive Sting Across 12 Countries By Jeremy Hance

One-hundred-and-ninety-seven illegal loggers across a dozen Central and South American countries have been arrested during INTERPOL's first strike against widespread forestry crime. INTERPOL, or The International Criminal Police Organization, worked with local police forces to take a first crack at illegal logging. In all the effort, known as Operation Lead, resulted in the seizure of 50,000 cubic meters of wood worth around $8 million. "Operation Lead marks the beginning of INTERPOL’s effort to assist its member countries to combat illegal logging and forestry crime, which affects not only the health, security and quality of life of local forest-dependent communities, but also causes significant costs to governments in terms of lost economic revenue," David Higgins, Programme Manager of the Environmental Crime Programme at INTERPOL said. The global illegal logging trade has been estimated to be worth $30-$100 billion each year and is thought to account for 15-30 percent of all deforestation in the tropics. The destruction of forests threatens global biodiversity, watersheds, and releases greenhouse gases; in addition it often robs local communities and indigenous peoples of the forests they depend on. Illegal logging kingpins are also often involved in other crimes, such as human trafficking, weapons sales, drugs, and political corruption. "This is a major development in the fight against illegal logging, which is a much bigger global problem than most of us realize," said Billy Kyte with Global Witness, an NGO that looks at the link between environmental and human rights abuses. "Local people often get the blame, but they are usually not the real problem. Much more damage is done by big companies connected to business, political and criminal elites, who systematically skirt laws and regulations in order to destroy forests at an industrial scale." Illegal loggers were arrested in Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Paraguay, Peru, and Venezuela. Laws are toughening against illegal logging around the world. Both the U.S. and Australia have recently implemented laws banning the importation of materials made from illegally logged wood. In the U.S., the law resulted in a high-profile case against Gibson Guitars, which ended in the music company paying a $350,000 fine and forfeiting $250,000 worth of items. Similar legislation is expected to go into effect for the EU this year as well. If law enforcement efforts scale up, many illegal loggers may find that the black-market trade is no longer worth the risk. Read more: http://news.mongabay.com/2013/0220-hance-interpol-logging.html

The information contained herein was gathered from news sources from across the region, and the views expressed below do not necessarily reflect those of the Regional Environmental HUB Office or of our constituent posts.

Addressees interested in sharing any ESTH-related events of USG interest are welcome to do so.

For questions or comments, please contact us at quevedoa@state.gov.

* Free translation prepared by REO staff.

Conservation: Nearly 200

Illegal Loggers Arrested in Massive Sting Across 12 Countries.

Science: Bioengineers

Print Ears That Look And Act Like The Real Thing.

Science: Common

Mosquito Repellent No Longer Repels Certain Mosquitoes.

Science: Bees Use

“Electrical Six Sense” To Nail Nectar-Stuffed Flowers.

Health: Flu Vaccine

Barely Worked in People 65 and Older.

Climate Change:

Conversations With Mother Earth.

March 22, 2013 World Water Day

March 23, 2013 Earth Hour

April17-19, 2013

International Fair of Technologies Energy, Santiago, Chile

April 22, 2013

Earth Day

June 5, 2013 World Environment Day

July 10-12, 2013 Eolica, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Next events:

In this issue:

Photo by Harley Kingston (flickr user). Under Creative Commons License.

Cornell bioengineers and physicians have created an artificial ear that looks and acts like a natural ear, giving new hope to thou-sands of children born with a congenital deformity called microtia. In a study published online Feb. 20 in PLOS One, Cornell biomedical engineers and Weill Cornell Medical College physicians de-scribed how 3-D printing and injectable gels made of living cells can fashion ears that are practically identical to a human ear. Over a three-month period, these flexible ears grew cartilage to replace the collagen that was used to mold them. "This is such a win-win for both medicine and basic science, demonstrating what we can achieve when we work together," said co-lead author Lawrence Bonassar, associate professor of biomedical engineering. The novel ear may be the solution reconstructive surgeons have long wished for to help children born with ear deformity, said co-lead author Dr. Jason Spector, director of the Laboratory for Bioregenerative Medicine and Surgery and associate professor of plas-tic surgery at Weill Cornell. "A bioengineered ear replacement like this would also help individuals who have lost part or all of their external ear in an accident or from cancer," Spector said.

Replacement ears are usually constructed with materials that have a Sty-rofoam-like consistency, or sometimes, surgeons build ears from a pa-tient's harvested rib. This option is challenging and painful for children, and the ears rarely look completely natural or perform well, Spector said. To make the ears, Bonassar and colleagues started with a digitized 3-D image of a human subject's ear and converted the image into a digitized "solid" ear using a 3-D printer to assemble a mold. They injected the mold with collagen derived from rat tails, and then added 250 million cartilage cells from the ears of cows. This Cornell-developed, high-density gel is similar to the consistency of Jell-O when the mold is removed. The colla-gen served as a scaffold upon which cartilage could grow. Read more at:http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Feb13/earPrint.html

Mosquitoes can develop a resistance to substances used to repel them. This has been shown for the first time in laboratory tests at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU) and associates in the UK. It is the yellow fever mosquito that has developed a resistance to the mosquito repellent DEET, a substance used in mosquito re-pellents all over the world. In Sweden it is found in the products MyggA and Djungelolja (Jungle Oil). The capacity of mosquitoes to develop resistance has been shown to be hereditary. "Through testing, we have found that yellow fever mosquitoes no long sense the smell of DEET and are thereby not repelled by it. This is because a certain type of sensory cell on the mosquito's antenna is no longer active" says Rickard Ignell, a researcher at the Division for Chemical Ecology at SLU in Alnarp. Rickard Ignell performed the research in collaboration with Rothamstead Research in the UK. The findings were recently published in the scientific journal Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The scientists have thus seen that the sensory cell on the mosquito's antenna has stopped reacting to DEET. This have many explanations, such as the protein that binds in to DEET hav-ing mutated. "More research is needed to find out what the mechanism is," says Rickard Ignell. The researchers are now urging restrictiveness in the use of DEET and other mosquito repel-lents on a large scale in a limited area, in order not to make other mosquito species resistant. Read full article at: http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/05/100506092733.htm

SCIENCE: Bioengineers Print Ears That Look And Act Like The Real Thing

SCIENCE: Common Mosquito Repellent No Longer Repels Certain Mosquitoes

Photo by Gravitywave (flickr user). Under Creative Commons License.

Photo by Creative Tools (flickr user). Under Creative Commons License.

There's electricity in the air when bees meet flowers: according to a new study, the blooms and ap-proaching insects uses electrical signals to find out whether there is nectar and pollen to spare. As they fly through the air, bumblebees acquire a positive electric charge, while flowers, which are grounded, have a negative charge. When the two meet, the bee somehow senses the difference, and it's that information - along with bright colours, patterns and enticing fragrance - that attracts polli-nators to blooms. Bio-boffins at the University of Bristol, which conducted the study, found that when a bee visits a flower and picks up its pollen, some of the positive charge on the insect may transfer to the plant and alter its electric charge. After several visits, this change in charge appears to be detected by other incoming bees who swerve away in search of a plant that hasn't been plundered. But both the bee and the plant have a bit of control over their charge, we're told, and some plants may lie about their nectar supply. “The last thing a flower wants is to attract a bee and then fail to provide nectar: a lesson in honest advertising since bees are good learners and would soon lose interest in such an unrewarding flower," lead author Daniel Robert said. "The co-evolution between flowers and bees has a long and beneficial history, so perhaps it's not entirely surprising that we are still discovering today how remarkably sophisticated their communication is." The researchers tested the electric chat by placing electrodes in the stems of petunias and observing that, when a bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) lands, the flower's potential changes and stays that way for a few minutes. They also found that the bees are able to detect and distinguish between different flowers' electric fields. What they don't yet know is how the bees detect the fields with this sixth sense, although it's possible that bumblebee hairs bristle up under the electrostatic force. The full study, Detection and Learning of Floral Electric Fields by Bumblebees, was published in Science Express. Read full article at: http://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/02/22/flower_electric_signal_bees/

This season's flu vaccine was almost completely ineffective in people 65 and older, which could explain why rates of hospitalization and death have been some of the highest ever recorded for that age group, according to early estimates released Thursday by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

For people under 65, getting vaccinated this season reduced the need to go to the doctor for the flu by one-half to two-thirds. For those 65 and older, though, it helped in just 9% of cases, a num-ber too low to be statistically significant, according to a report in the CDC's Weekly Morbidity and Mortality Report released Thursday. The study was based on a survey of 2,697 children and adults by the U.S. Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network from Dec. 3, 2012, through Jan. 19, 2013.

This season's flu hospitalization rates in those 65-plus is the highest since CDC began its current surveillance system in 2007, said Michael Jhung, a CDC epidemiologist. In the last week of January, the rate of people in that age group who were hospitalized with a laboratory-confirmed case of influenza was 116 per 100,000. Previously, the highest rate was 73.7 per 100,000, he said.

When broken into age groups, the vaccine's overall effectiveness against H3N2 flu was:

6 months to 17 years, 58%.

18 to 49 years, 46%.

50 to 64 years, 50%.

65 and older, 9%.

As people age, the immune system becomes less able to battle sickness. This doesn't mean people 65 and older shouldn't get vaccinated, Bresee said. "What we know about people over 65 is that they're at extremely high risk of getting hospitalized or even dying of flu," he said, and even moderate protection is helpful. Bresee said people who live and work around people 65 and older need to get vaccinated to make it less likely that they pass the illness along.

Read more at: http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2013/02/21/flu-vaccine-doesnt-work-over-65/1934651/

SCIENCE: Bees Use 'Electrical SIXTH SENSE' to Nail Nectar-Stuffed Flowers

Photo by Karen Roe (flickr user). Under Creative Commons License.

HEALTH: Flu Vaccine Barely Worked in People 65 and Older By Elizabeth Weise

Photo by Thompson Rivers University (flickr user). Under Creative Commons License.

This amazing multimedia exhibition by French photographer Nicolas Villaume captures the effects of climate change in more than 30 native communities all over the world. It will run until May 15, 2013, at the Metropolitan Museum of Lima. In 2009, Nicolas Villaume and the organi-zations LandisLife and InsightShare be-gan to work on this exhibition, designed to show and magnify the voices of na-tives who face climate change. During the multimedia tour, the visitors will be able to hear testimonies of na-tives from more than 30 communities all

over the world, who are suffering the effects of climate change. Thus, this exhibition presents the Zanskaris, inhabitants of the high mountains of Himalaya, who work hard everyday to access water, the Gwich’ins from Alaska, who face melting ice, and the Massaï people in Kenya, who see how their cattle die due to long droughts affecting their lands. By means of different multimedia effects, photography essays, videos, and interviews in original languages, the visitor can explore people’s concerns about climate change and how they use ancestral knowledge to confront its ravages. Those who visit this exhibition will find interviews, videos, photos, from communities in Ecuador, the Arctic, Papua New Guinea, Russia, India, Ethiopia, Brazil, and Canada. A recent story re-corded in Huaraz, Peru, will be presented, as well. “Conversations with Mother Earth” has been translated into seven languages and presented at the United Nations in New York, the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, in Washington D.C., among other prestigious cultural venues.

Read more at: http://elcomercio.pe/espectaculos/1540501/noticia-conversaciones-madre-tierra-impactante-muestra-llega-al-peru http://peru.com/entretenimiento/guia -oveja-negra/conversaciones-madre-tierra-voces-indigenas-sobre-cambio-climatico-noticia-119637

CLIMATE CHANGE: "Conversations with Mother Earth"*

Photo by Nicolas Villaume.

Photo by Nicolas Villaume.