Newsletter

WHAT’S INSIDE

New Team Members

Outreach

Our Stories

Awards

Graduations

Conferences

Publications

Our Global Presence

Our Supporters

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SNAPSHOT 2019

Conferences | 12

Conference Talks| 34

Outreach Events | 7

Awards Received | 5

Students Graduated | 5

Publications| 12

2020

Dear G360 Collaborating Colleagues & Friends,

In association with UN World Water Day on March 22, we bring you positive news on our G360

Institute 2019 projects, involving local and international activities focused on groundwaterresource protection and remediation. Our multi-disciplinary field-focused efforts incollaboration with site owners, groundwater technology, service companies, and governmentsponsors truly set us apart. We appreciate everyone's contributions, from funding to on-the-ground efforts using expert knowledge to collect novel datasets and their interpretations. Thecurrent situation with COVID-19 and social distancing is redirecting our early spring field planstoward data analysis and writing theses and papers, however we remain productive with our2020 research activities. Two news stories are worth highlighting:

Announced March 23, Dr. John Cherry receivedthe prestigious Stockholm Water Prize for hislifelong contributions to groundwater science,education, practice and for translating his well-earned stature into a passionate and highlyeffective advocacy for groundwater science (seepage 24). As a University of Guelph adjunctprofessor and G360 Principal Investigator, Johncontinues to inspire hydrogeologists young andold around the globe with his participation inG360 projects and work with our industrysponsors through The University Consortium(founded in 1987). His current focus isdeveloping a modern groundwater “textbook”,an eBook referred to as The GroundwaterProject (GWP) to serve as a compilation of theDDcurrent state of science, highlighting the essential and increasingly important role groundwaterplays in nearly all facets of society as we recognize climate change and anthropogenic activitiescreate increased vulnerability for freshwater resources. The GWP website is open to the publicas of March 23, with the first round of publications available August 2020.

Second, we are proud to announce the University of Guelph Board of Governor’s approval forour on campus G360 field research facility to support our novel field-based research program andcollaborations. The facility design supports technology development, knowledge transfer, andpublic outreach. We have already reached 50% of our fundraising goal and we seek remainingfunds from alumni, friends and partners via personal contributions on our donation page. Pleasesee page 4 for further details and inspiration for advancing our goals. With your support, weaim to open this facility by UN World Day in March 2022, with the theme ‘Groundwater: Makingthe Invisible Visible.’ Please consider participating with us in realizing this vision.

Dr. Beth Parker (left) and an architectural vision (right) of the new Groundwater FieldFacility to serve as an international hub for generating global respect for groundwater.

Again, we thank you for theopportunities to worktogether and look forwardto continual dialog.

Please stay healthy andhydrated in 2020.

Sincerely,Beth Parker

Cherry at the Borden field site in 1980 (left). GWPeBook logo (top right), a visionary update to the 1979textbook Groundwater by Freeze & Cherry (lower right).

gw-project.org

A MESSAGE FROM THE DIRECTORDr. Beth Parker

New Team MembersStudents

Staff

Michelle Leahey has joined our team as an MASc student and recently completed a Bachelor ofScience in Earth and Environmental Sciences from McMaster University. Michelle is lookingforward to expanding her knowledge of contaminant hydrogeology and wishes to contributemeaningful advances to the field.

Faran Vahedian completed her MASc degree in Water and Environmental Engineering from ShahidBeheshti University in 2017. She has since joined the G360 group as an MASc student. Faran’sresearch interests include groundwater dynamics and contaminant transport and fate, groundwaterremediation, source water protection, risk assessment of groundwater vulnerability tocontamination, and numerical modeling.

Chrystyn Skinner completed her BSc in Environmental Earth Sciences at the University of Albertaand recently her MSc in Environmental Sciences (Hydrogeology) at the University of Guelph as partof the G360 team. She has since transitioned to Staff Researcher, with a focus on high-resolutionmethods to characterize groundwater flow systems, particularly in municipal supply aquifers fordesigning monitoring networks and evaluating potential impacts to drinking water resources.

Tarju Dweh-Chenneh has joined the group as Manager of Finance, Grants & Contracts. Tarju is afinancial professional with over 10 years of experience in financial reporting and evaluation, projectmanagement and auditing within government and non-profit sectors. She has specific expertise inbudget forecasting for grants proposals, and monitoring and tracking grants and contracts.

Carole Ruppli completed her Bachelor of Environmental Engineering at Ecole PolytechniqueFédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) in Switzerland. Before starting her Master’s program in the Fall, Carolejoined the G360 team through the International Association for the Exchange of Students forTechnical Experience (IAESTE) as an Intern to experience working as an environmental engineer.

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Interns

Mónica Resto-Fernandez recently completed a MSc in Environmental Engineering from MercerUniversity with a graduate focus in Engineering for Development. She completed a BSc in CivilEngineering from the University of South Florida (Tampa, Florida, USA). Monica is looking forwardto her time at the University of Guelph as a PhD student.

Saeid Shafieiyoun completed his PhD in Civil and Environmental Engineering at University ofWaterloo. His research is focused on the enhancement of chemical and biological remediationpractices in the petroleum-contaminated subsurface systems. He has employed computationalfluid dynamic (CFD) methods as well as experimental and field approaches to explore mass transferand hydrogeochemical characteristics of the aquifer system.

Outreach 2019

College Royal (University of Guelph)In 2019 we marked the 95th Annual College Royal Open House weekend at theUniversity of Guelph, drawing thousands of visitors each year. Our teamenjoyed connecting with the public where families and students alike engagedwith us viewing and talking about local Guelph aquifer and aquitard rock core,our bedrock groundwater flow tank model and project posters.

H2O Go Festival (City of Guelph)Once again the G360 Institute exhibited at the H2O Go Festival, coupled for thefirst time with the eMERGE EcoMarket – a sustainability expo where attendeeslearned about developments in local water and energy conservation.

Graduate students from our Institute were invited to give a workshop to grade 12Headwaters students in April 2019 to promote groundwater research in Guelph.The workshop included a basic introduction to the aquifer water cycle,demonstrations with rock core and discussion of careers in hydrogeology.

University of Guelph Interaction ConferenceGeared towards senior high-school students, the Interaction Conference heldeach April allows the G360 Institute to bring a sense of mystery and adventurethrough hands-on detective work involving groundwater science andengineering.

Waterloo-Wellington Children’s Groundwater FestivalThe Waterloo-Wellington Children’s Groundwater Festival is a week-long eventthat allows children to get involved in a variety of activities related togroundwater and their environment, incorporating fun and excitement to fosterremembrance. MSc student, James Hommersen volunteered his time to helpwith demonstrations.

GCVI & CCVI Workshops (Upper Grand River School Board)The G360 Institute visited two local high schools to talk with grade 11 and 12students about groundwater, covering the fundamentals of hydrogeology with aGuelph area twist. Students had an opportunity to learn about our field-focusedresearch and potential career opportunities related to water. Studentsespecially enjoyed learning with hands on demonstrations of aquifer flow tanksand exploring over 20ft of bedrock core from a borehole drilled at theUniversity of Guelph’s Arboretum.

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Grade 12 Headwaters Student Workshop (Upper Grand River School Board)

Groundwater represents 99% of all available liquid freshwater on the planet and more than 50% of the world’spopulation depends on groundwater as their primarysource of drinking water. Not only does groundwaterprovide storage throughout the terrestrial landscape tosustain nearly half of all surface water flows annually, butthe aquifers and aquitards through which thisgroundwater flows help to purify the water throughvarious physical, chemical, and microbial mediatedprocesses to replenish the freshwater quality that sustainsecosystem and community health. Improved knowledgeof our groundwater resources is an essential componentof the resilience and sustainability of our planet. Creatingsolutions for long-term sustainability is dependent on newcharacterization and monitoring technologies andadvancing our understanding of groundwater and itsinteractions with both the community and naturalsystems.

G360 PROJECT TEAMDr. Beth Parker, Katelyn Wanka, Jennifer Hurley & Dan Penfold

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How G360 is Improving Groundwater Awareness and Knowledge & Its Role

in Freshwater SustainabilityThe University of Guelph is proud of its commitment toresearch along with knowledge and technology transferas a means to develop future leaders who will “ImproveLife” by protecting one of our world’s most essentialresources: water. We are fundraising for the structuralcompletion of the BAFF to support hands-on training andnovel technology development and demonstrations forstudents, professionals, and community outreach.

Facility sponsorship and naming features include:● Classroom(s) – 1x120 or 2x60 person capacity● Transparent 20-ft above-ground demonstration well● In-classroom access to a borehole cluster● “Outcrop style” Guelph aquifer rock wall● Rock core library for COREDFN & DataDFN methods● Mobile borehole technology facilities● Arboretum groundwater monitoring network wells● Borehole clusters supporting the Fractured Rock

Observatory across campus, the city, and regionally

Technology sponsorships include:● Telemetry systems● Groundwater-based geothermal heating & cooling● Alternative solar and wind energy sources● Grey water and stormwater management● Green roofing● Real-time data display systems and remote sensing

with dashboards for fibre-optics, fluid pressure, andchemical and temperature sensors

This facility will strengthen our ability to serve as a state-of-the-art research and learning centre, and an ongoingcritical component of G360’s field site network.

To Learn More, Contact:

Our Vision:

Dan Penfold, Alumni Affairs, dpenfold@uoguelph.caKatelyn Wanka, communications@g360group.orgBeth Parker, bparker@g360group.org

Help us meet our goal of $10M to build the G360 Bedrock Aquifer Field Facility to solve global water-related issues, which directly impact local, regional,

and international communities

Donate Here

Figure 1: Rendering of the Field Facility that will serve as aninternational hub dedicated to protecting groundwater.

Figure 2 (left): Rock corelibrary and mobiletechnology trailers fornovel G360 and partnertechnologies.

Figure 3 (right): Classroomrendering for communityengagement and training ofstudents and professionals.

Sometimes studying fundamental processes atcontaminated sites can lead to interestingpaleoclimatic findings. This is the case at the SantaSusana Field Laboratory, in southern California,where analyzing the chloride (Cl) distribution in thesubsurface, we reconstructed the amount ofrecharge that occurred in the last five centuries(Manna et al., 2019b). At this site, the analysis andassessment of groundwater recharge is fundamentalbecause it determines the amount of flow throughthe system and governs the flux of groundwateravailable to transport contaminants in plumes.Among the different techniques used (Manna et al.,2016; 2017; 2019a), the analysis of porewater Clconcentration profiles obtained from depth-discreterock core samples from both the vadose andgroundwater zones proved to be effective to quantifylocal recharge rates and to distinguish mechanisms offlow in the unsaturated zone (Manna et al., 2017). Inparticular, the team found that the vertical variabilityof porewater Cl concentration in the vadose zone iscorrelated to the climate and, thus, the rechargehistory of the site. This is because the concentratingeffect of evapotranspiration causes the Cl in thewater that infiltrated below the root zone to be muchgreater than the atmospheric input. Based on thepremise that rain percolates vertically downwardthrough the vadose zone, each year’s rechargingwater displaces downward the previous year’s water.Given the recharge rate, the portion of rechargeoccurring as matrix flow, the thickness of the vadosezone (81m), and the physical properties of thefractured porous rock, we were able to reconstruct a468-year history of groundwater recharge. The localrecharge shows a decadal cyclical oscillation withvariable periodicity around a decreasing linear trend.This periodicity and trend match well with thoseidentified by the analysis of on-site precipitation andobservations reported by others in precipitation data,

G360 PROJECT TEAMDr. Ferdinando Manna, Dr. Ken Walton, Dr. John Cherry & Dr. Beth Parker

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Five-century Record of Climate and Groundwater Recharge Variability in

Southern California

lake sediments, and groundwater levels and appearto be consistent with the pattern of the PacificDecadal Oscillation (PDO), as reconstructed for thelast millennium by examination of tree-rings (Figure1). The consistency between different observationssupports our recharge reconstruction approach andconfirms the legitimacy of the use of Cl profiles as anarchive of past climate conditions in fracturedporous aquifers. The detection of a multidecadaltrend of variation of recharge is fundamental toforecast long-term recharge conditions in southernCalifornia, where major droughts and water scarcityare so important to both local and global populationsand to identify possible diverging trends caused byhuman-induced climate change.

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Figure 1: Comparison of recharge reconstructions with thePDO Index and their respective long-term trends. (a) Timeseries of Recharge Index calculated at RD-103 and RD-106and linear trend for RD-103 only (longest time series); (b) 7-year moving average PDO Index time series and linear trend.Yellow and blue background colors represent drier andwetter than normal recharge or precipitation conditionsrespectively; dotted lines represent linear trends.

New Insights:

An integrated monitoring and modellinginvestigation of the Upper Parkhill watershed insouthwestern Ontario is underway, led by PhDstudent Elisha Persaud, principal investigator Dr. JanaLevison, and committee members Dr. Beth Parkerand Dr. Genevieve Ali. This project, which began as acollaboration with the Ontario Ministry of theEnvironment, Conservation and Parks in 2017, aimsto assess the potential influence of climate changeon watershed hydrologic processes in an agriculturalsetting. Recent project milestones include thecreation of a 3-D integrated HydroGeoSphere modelfor the Upper Parkhill watershed (Figure 1) whichwas used to simulate mid-century climate scenarios(Persaud et al., 2020). These simulations providevaluable insight regarding the temporal resolution ofmeteorological forcing, the importance of GreatLakes consideration, as well as anticipatedgroundwater and surface water response tochanging climate conditions. This research wasdisseminated at both the Annual IAH CanadianNational Chapter meeting in Quebec City (May 2019)and the Geological Society of America Annualmeeting in Phoenix, Arizona (September 2019).

G360 PROJECT TEAMElisha Persaud (PhD Student), Dr. Genevieve Ali, Dr. Jana Levison & Dr. Beth Parker

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Water Management in a Time of Climate Emergency: An Integrated

Watershed Scale Approach for Climate Change Studies in the Great Lakes Basin

New directions for this project include anassessment of groundwater contamination risk in theUpper Parkhill watershed using the DRASTIC-LUmethodology. This evaluation will be expanded todetermine potential changes in contamination risk asa function of changing climate conditions and landuse (Figure 2). Variable crop rotations and developedland coverage, water table depth, and rechargescenarios will be explored. It is anticipated thatresults from this study will be used to informgroundwater and land management strategies in theUpper Parkhill watershed in light of changing futureconditions. A preliminary assessment of studymethodology was presented at the LatornellConservation Symposium in November 2019 with aplanned opportunity for further discussion at theGeoConvention2020 meeting in Calgary.

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Figure 1: HGS domain illustrating variations in the overburden hydrostratigraphy.

Figure 2: Typical agricultural landscape within the Upper Parkhill watershed (photo credit: Ceilidh Mackie).

New Insights:

The Land Conversion Impacts project, funded by theOntario Ministry of Food, Agriculture, and RuralAffairs (OMAFRA), aims to gain valuable baselineinformation on the existing soil and water conditionsalong the Highway 11 Corridor. As part of theNorthern Livestock Action Plan, the project isintended to gain insight into how land useconversion, from forest uses to livestock farming, willimpact conditions and dynamics within the area.Objectives of the project include the characterizationand assessment of soil, shallow groundwater, andwater quality conditions and basic modelling ofgroundwater resources using these collected datasets and future land use scenarios.

The area of study includes a farm in Kapuskasing,Ontario, and another in Val Rita, Ontario. The chosensites are within the Highway 11 Corridor and areunderlain by clay-rich soil. Both farms also have arange of land uses: forested, cropped, and pasturelands; each farm has distinct soils, geology andtopography that are typical of the landscape in theHighway 11 Corridor. The site selection was done byoverlying open-source map data in ArcMap. The soilcharacteristics and water conditions under the threedifferent land uses at each farm will be studied toestablish the changes at those sites from clearingforests and establishing crops and pasture. To collectthe required data, 14 piezometers, 18 lysimeters,and a tipping bucket rain gauge were installed at theselected sites during Summer 2019 and Fall 2019.DDD

G360 PROJECT TEAMZexia Li (MSc Student), Celina Trang (MSc Student), Dr. Emmanuelle Arnaud, Dr. Jana Levison & Dr. Asim Biswas

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Land Conversion Impacts on Soil and Water Dynamics in the Highway 11

Corridor – An OMAFRA New Directions Project

Piezometers were installed 2-3 meters below groundsurface. Pressure transducers were installed in thepiezometers to collect time-series water level data.The lysimeters provide insight into water content inthe vadose zone. Additionally, near-surface in-situhydraulic conductivity at each site was measuredusing the Guelph Permeameter. Water samples werecollected from both lysimeters and piezometers forwater quality analysis. A total station was used todetermine elevation and consequently groundwaterflow direction more accurately. 48 soil cores wereextracted and preserved for analyzing the physicalcharacteristics of the vadose zone. An additional 160subsamples of soil were collected to analyzeammonium and nitrate levels in the porous media.More details on soil characteristics, water quality,shallow groundwater characteristics and site-specificconceptual models of the study sites will be availablein 2020. With these data, the Ministry aims to makeinformed decisions on livestock expansion intoNorthern Ontario and to create a region-specific setof best management practices.

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Figure 1: ZexiaLi (left) andCelina Trang(right) preparethe rain gaugeinstallation atthe Val Ritafarm.

Figure 2: Zexia Liinstalling a piezometer atone of the forest sites atthe Kapuskasing farm.

New Project:

The G360 Institute for Groundwater Research at theUniversity of Guelph is collaborating with theGovernment of the Northwest Territories and theUniversity of Calgary to conduct a baselinegroundwater quality investigation in the portion ofthe Liard Basin located within the boundaries of theNorthwest Territories. The Liard Basin is the secondlargest natural gas reservoir in Canada. In the past,oil and gas has been extracted using conventionalmethods and more recently using unconventionaldevelopment methods (i.e. hydraulic fracturing) inBritish Columbia. The main goal of the study is toinstall a groundwater monitoring network near tothe Hamlet of Fort Liard with the followingobjectives: 1) characterize the fresh groundwaterzone, 2) establish baseline groundwater quality andflow rates, and 3) monitor potential impacts fromcurrent and future oil and gas development. InAugust 2019, the G360 team completed anexploratory drilling campaign at the Municipal WasteFacility Site located outside of Fort Liard, with thesupport of Beaver Enterprises LP and the Acho DeneKoe First Nation. The goal of this work was to gainan initial understanding of the geology in the FortLiard region and install a string of transducers behinda FLUTe liner along with a Westbay Multi-LevelSystem (MLS) in two boreholes. Unstable rock wasfound, which resulted in the prematureabandonment of these holes. Despite this, 22 rockcore samples were collected for further study andanalysis. A permanent fibre optic cable used tocollect temperature data was installed.

G360 PROJECT TEAMNathan Glas (MASc Student), Amanda Pierce, Dr. Colby Steelman & Dr. Beth Parker

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Baseline Groundwater Quality Investigation in the Liard Basin,

Northwest Territories

These 22 samples will be analyzed for porewater ionchemistry, gas composition and isotopes, and waterisotopes. Further, physical property samples will beanalyzed for porosity, permeability, magneticsusceptibility and thermal conductivity. Additionally,collected core will be logged in detail to betterunderstand the deltaic depositional environmentthat existed at the time and how this could impactgroundwater and contaminant flow, before thinsections are created and described. The G360 teamplans to complete a second drilling campaign wherepaired boreholes will be drilled at three separatesites. One borehole at each site will have a string ofvibrating wire transducers with a fibre optic cableinstalled to collect hydraulic data with time, whilethe second hole at each site will have a Westbay MLSinstalled to provide the possibility for high-resolutiongroundwater sampling (Figure 2).

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Figure 1: Dr. JonathanMunn, Dr. Beth Parker,Amanda Piece, NathanGlas and MarinaNunes (left to right) ofG360 on-site at theMunicipal WasteFacility outside of FortLiard in August 2019.

Petitot Syncline

Liard Syncline

Figure 2: Block model showing the geology of the regionand the two fault systems, the Liard Thrust and Bovie FaultZone, that bound the study area, which is the PetitotSyncline. A conceptualization of the paired boreholes atone site is shown.

New Project:

The G360 Institute is collaborating with the City ofGuelph and Golder Associates to implement high-resolution depth-discrete groundwatercharacterization and monitoring technologies in thevicinity of a newly proposed municipal supply well inthe south end of Guelph at the Hanlon Creek BusinessPark development. The project involves construction ofa large diameter test well as a potential future watersupply well. The sustainable pumping rate will betested with a 30-day pumping test in the summer of2020 with a network of multilevel monitoring systems(MLS’) using novel G360 methods and G360 MLS designsto complement an existing network of bedrock andoverburden monitoring wells in the area. This study,using multiple high-resolution methods will examinethe effect of groundwater pumping rates on surfacewater (i.e. wetlands and streams) and nearby wellswith a focus on vertical hydraulics. Overburden drillingcommenced in the fall of 2019. Three G360 MLS’ wereinstalled using rotosonic drilling with continuous coringto maximize core recovery. High-resolution naturalgamma and core logs were used in combination tocharacterize the Quaternary sediments and top of rockinterface and determine port positions for each MLS.The G360 MLS design for this study consists of abackfilled 3” ID system with 6 ports with tubingdiameters of 7/8” and 1/2”. The depth discrete verticalhead profiles for each MLS will be used to identifydistinct hydrogeological units (HGUs) and assessvertical hydraulic connection and conductivity acrossHGUs during supply well pumping.

G360 PROJECT TEAMAndrew Stockford (MASc Student), Chrystyn Skinner, Jackie Harman, Dr. Emmanuelle Arnaud & Dr. Beth Parker

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Overburden Drilling Completed for City of Guelph Groundwater Impact Assessment

at Hanlon Creek Business Park

Five bedrock boreholes will accompany theoverburden monitoring network with multilevelmonitors, either as commercially available MLSsystems (Westbay) or a temporary deployment ofsensors behind removable fabric liners (i.e. FLUTe).One new bedrock borehole was continuously cored inFall 2019. A DFN-M framework consisting of high-resolution geophysical, core and porosity logs will beused to characterize the bedrock stratigraphy. Theoverburden MLS network is aligned orthogonal to theorientation of the front slope of the Paris Moraine, andshows overburden thickness thinning to the north from33 m to 17.5 m. Flowing artesian conditions wereobserved in 2 locations, 1 overburden MLS central tothe wetland, and 1 bedrock borehole north of thewetland, creating a need to design packers for smalldiameter tubes to shut in the flowing artesian ports. In2020 the 3-D monitoring network will be instrumentedwith transducers to monitor transient changes inhydraulic conditions before, during and after pumping.

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Figure 1: Dr.EmmanuelleArnaud (left) andAndrew Stockford(right), MAScCandidate,logging andsampling arotosonicQuaternarysediment core.

Figure 2: From left to right, G360 Institute members Carlos Pena,Philip Taylor, Brandyn Leitert and Underground Sonic drillersScott and Tim helping install a G360 MLS in overburden at HanlonCreel Business Park, Guelph, Ontario.

New Project:

The most amazing fresh pristine groundwater existsnaturally from many flowing artesian wells locatedon the flat agricultural plain near the town ofElmvale ON, an hours drive northwest from Toronto.The artesian groundwater originates from two orthree sand aquifers at depths between 15 and 70meters. This groundwater is pristine in that it showsno trace of chemical constituents derived fromhuman activities (no anthropogenic chemicals) suchas chemical agriculture and the water showsexceptionally low concentrations of naturalconstituents such as chloride, organic carbon andtrace elements. Fresh pristine groundwater with noanthropogenic constituents at the very lowest levelsof detection is extremely rare in Canada andelsewhere. This study in collaboration with ProfessorWilliam Shotyk, University of Alberta; Professor IanClark, University of Ottawa; Elizabeth Priebe,Ontario Geological Survey; and Canadian SoilDrilling / Canadian Well Drilling, is aimed atdetermining origins of the groundwater in theaquifers and aquitards and of the dissolved chemicalcharacteristics. One hypothesis is that the pristinewater is in part remnant glacial-age water manythousands of years old and hence is disappearing asthe flowing wells discharge their water to thesurface. Another hypothesis is that the pristinegroundwater is not glacial age but is modern waterthat acquires its pristine characteristics bypurification processes in the subsurface in whichcase the pristine water is replenished. The aquifersreceive their recharge within a few kilometers of theartesian area by infiltration from rainfall andsnowmelt in an upland forested area formed of sandand gravel deposits.

G360 PROJECT TEAMDr. John Cherry & Dr. Beth Parker

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What Is the Origin Of the Amazing Pristine Artesian Groundwater in the

Simcoe Upland of Ontario?

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

and gravel deposits. This project, which aims todetermine which of the two hypotheses is mostplausible, will apply many investigation methodsincluding new types of groundwater monitoringdevices expected to provide at relatively low costmore information than conventional approaches. Inaddition to answering questions about the origin ofthis rare type of groundwater, this study willprovide an assessment of the value of a newapproach to assessing and monitoring groundwaterconditions. This is important because groundwaterin Canada and the world at large is poorlymonitored in general, which limits prospects forscience-based groundwater management. TheElmvale area is well suited for this collaborativestudy because of the excellent backgroundinformation from previous groundwater research inthe area conducted by William Shotyk, Ian Clarkand the Ontario Geological Survey. NSERC hasgranted the funds to initiate this project and morefunds are being applied for in a large collaborativeproject led by William Shotyk.

New Project:

Figure 1: Public access topristine water locatednear Elmvale, Ontario.Water seen spilling ontothe ground comes froma continuously flowingartesian well.

Naturally occurring radium in groundwater hasbecome a growing concern for some communitiesdependent on their groundwater supply for drinkingwater. For example, the city of Waukesha, Wisconsindiscovered concerning levels of radium in the watersupplied by their wells drawing from the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer system (COAS), an importantwater supply unit throughout the midwest US. Thecity of Waukesha is in the process of switching fromgroundwater to Lake Michigan water due to thiscontamination issue. Radium in groundwater hasalso become a concern in nearby Dane County.Madeleine Mathews, under the supervision ofMatthew Ginder-Vogel (University of Wisconsin) andin collaboration with the USGS and the WisconsinGeological and Natural History Survey (WGNHS) isinvestigating the occurrence of radium in the COAS inDane County. Madeline’s research aims tounderstand the source of the radium and howgeochemical conditions influence radium transportthrough the sedimentary bedrock aquifers.Improving the understanding of the source andtransport characteristics of radium through theseunits is an important step toward informedmanagement of these critical water supplies.

A new collaboration with G360 provides a uniqueopportunity for Madeline and colleagues to studyradium occurrence both in rock core andgroundwater collected from high-resolutionmultilevel systems. The cores where collected andmultilevel systems (MLS’) were installed over thepast

G360 PROJECT TEAMMadeleine Mathews (Graduate Research Assistant, UWM), Dr. Matthew Ginder-Vogel (UWM), Marina Nunes, Dr. Jessica Meyer (UIowa) & Dr. Beth Parker

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Geochemical Conditions Impacting Radionuclide Mobility in Groundwater,

a Collaboration with the University of Wisconsin-Madison

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

past 15 years as part of ongoing G360 research at acontaminated site in east central Dane County. Thecores were logged in detail in the field and thenpreserved at the WGNHS core repository tosupport future studies such as these. The MLSswere designed to minimize blending and provideddetailed vertical profiles of groundwater chemistry.Dr. Jessica Meyer (University of Iowa) provides sitespecific technical expertise on the design of themultilevel sampling intervals within the context ofthe hydrostratigraphy and on the historical datasets being used to select the intervals for samplingand interpretation of the subsequent data.Madeline is currently using a core/MLSs pair toevaluate the specific source of radium in the rockunits and its mobility through these aquifer units.She is also using G360 supplementary data includingspectral gamma geophysical logs, core lithologylogs and major ion sampling to design the study.This collaboration will not only lead to a betterunderstanding of the relationship betweengeochemical conditions and radium transport butwill also add insight to G360’s ongoing flow systemcharacterization for the Hydrite site.

New Collaboration:

Figure 1: (Left) Madeleine Mathews (UWM) operatingthe Westbay Sampling System at Hydrite well MP-16.(Right) Madeleine Mathews filling sampling containers.

A new collaboration with the Engineering forDevelopment program (E4D.mercer.edu) at MercerUniversity will serve to prepare graduate students, bothat the University of Guelph and Mercer, to becomeleaders in implementing sustainable groundwatersolutions for people and the environment. Thiscollaboration stems from shared interests in cost-effective solutions to improve access to safe drinkingwater in developing communities and will enhancestudent capacities to conduct innovative appliedgroundwater-related research and service work innational and international developing communities. Theinaugural Spring Wells Project, pairs G360’s hydrogeologyexpertise with Mercer’s specialty in water, sanitation andhygiene (WASH) for international communitydevelopment, led by Dr. Michael MacCarthy, director ofthe E4D program. This first project is part of a largerresearch initiative. The Portable Drills for Water WellsProject is motivated by the need to develop solutions tocharacterize hydrogeology in areas that are hard-to-access because of challenging site characteristics such asovergrowth, steep terrain, ecological sensitivity, and hardrock subsurface geology. The assessment of groundwaterquality, contamination, and geological site characteristicswill be achieved by installing monitoring wells, multilevelsystems, and water wells utilizing the Shaw ToolCompany Generation 3 Drill that will soon be ready forfield trials. The implementation of multilevel monitoringdevices, as described by Pierce et al., 2018 will supportstudy of water quality and contamination at differentdepths below ground surface. These methods will bepiloted on-campus at the University of Guelph beforebeing implemented at a field research site in southwestDominican Republic. Subsequently, the research methodsa

G360 PROJECT TEAMMónica Resto-Fernandez (PhD Student), Dr. John Cherry & Dr. Beth Parker

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Advancing Sustainable Groundwater Solutions for the Environment and

Under-Served Populations

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

developed in conjunction with the use of the Shaw Drillwill be used to study groundwater at other G360 fieldsites worldwide. Research initiatives have alreadybegun for The Spring Wells Project at the DominicanRepublic field site, which encompasses the town of ElCercado (San Juan province), to characterize the entirestudy area and assess mountain spring water qualityand contamination levels. Future work includes pilottesting of the Shaw Drill and establishment of welldrilling, installation, development, and monitoringtechniques for making water wells at mountain springs.This project is motivated by the many millions of peopleworldwide living in rural mountainous communities whocurrently rely on contaminated mountain springdrinking water sources. The broader implications of thisproject relate to both humanitarian work and thegeosciences. It is hypothesized that, through the use ofthe Shaw Drill to make water wells at mountain springs,a contaminant-free water source below ground surfacewill be accessed that can provide safer drinking water torural dwellers. The methods developed through thisproject will improve our understanding of groundwaterflow to mountain springs which will guide futuremountain spring development initiatives in similarsettings worldwide.

New Collaboration:

Figure 1:Assessments at 35+mountain springs(D.R. study area) tounderstandinfrastructure, landuse, ecology, and E.coli contamination.

Figure 2:The Shaw Drill willbe used to studygroundwatersupplyingmountain springsand subsurfacegeology.

The development of 3-D site conceptual modelsused for groundwater flow modelling requiresdetailed knowledge of an area’s hydrostratigraphy.The non-invasive nature of airborne geophysicalsurveys offers a method to rapidly characterize thesubsurface. However, the usefulness of such surveysfor resolving complex hydrostratigraphy such as aburied bedrock valley remains to be assessed. Withthe goal of investigating how remote-basedtechnologies can help advance source watermanagement, G360 partnered with CGG Canadathrough an Ontario Water Consortium AdvancedWater Technologies grant to complete a 50 km2

helicopter-borne survey using a frequency-domainelectromagnetic sensor (Resolve system) over anarea south of Elora/Fergus. This sensor providesinformation on the electrical properties of the soiland rock within the upper 150 m of the ground withan approximate vertical resolution of 1 m to 10 m,decreasing with depth. In addition to the airbornesurvey, G360 collected co-located high-resolutionsurface geophysical surveys using electrical resistivitytomography, gravity, and seismic refraction alongtwo transects overlying the valley. Using thesesurface geophysical results, along with historicalsurface geophysical measurements and cores, theairborne survey was interpreted to characterize thebedrock morphology and hydrostratigraphy of thevalley. The airborne survey was able to

G360 PROJECT TEAMOliver Conway-White (MASc Student), Connor Gorrie (MASc Student), Dr. Colby Steelman, Dr. Emmanuelle Arnaud, Dr. Hernan Ugalde (Brock University) & Dr. Beth Parker

13

Delineating the Hydrostratigraphy of a Buried Bedrock Valley Through

Airborne and Surface Geophysical Measurements

reveal the complex architecture of the buriedbedrock valley and variable Quaternary-bedrockconditions associated with major hydrostratigraphicfacies. The results of the airborne survey were alsocompared to an existing regional-scale Quaternarymodel constructed by the Ontario Geological Survey(OGS). Preliminary results indicate that the airborneand surface geophysical methods can significantlyimprove the conceptualization of small yet complexfeatures such as buried bedrock valleys within aregional-scale context. Using the surface geophysics,together with the OGS Quaternary model, G360 willcontinue to evaluate the capacity of an airbornegeophysical survey to characterize hydrogeologicsystems, with an emphasis on the relationshipbetween buried bedrock valley development and theformation of dissolution enhanced features. G360

believes these results will be of interest to regionalgroundwater resource managers in Southern Ontariorequiring detailed subsurface characterizations butrecommends validation of these findings withcontinuous core and borehole geophysics to designgroundwater monitoring to construct a robusthydrogeological model.

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Figure 1: Borehole constrained interpretation of a section ofthe airborne results across the Elora buried bedrock valley.Dashed line represents bedrock interpretation.

Figure 2: Airborne geophysics offer a non-invasive approach toresolving the hydrostratigraphy of the sub-surface.

Advanced Project:

G360 PROJECT TEAMSam Jacobson (MSc Student), Steven Chapman, Dr. Carlos Maldaner, Dr. Emmanuelle Arnaud, Dr. John Cherry & Dr. Beth Parker

14

Direct Mass Flux Measurements for 1,4-Dioxane in a Karst Aquifer in

Central Florida

Hydraulically active features under natural hydraulicconditions were qualitatively identified using activeline heating deployed with fiber optic cables fordistributed temperature sensing (A-DTS; Maldaner etal., 2019). These datasets informed placement ofmodified passive flux meters (PFM) in multiple,depth-discrete zones (1-2 meters long), external tothe FLUTe liners, to quantify water and contaminantfluxes. Vertical arrays of pressure and temperaturesensors were co-deployed with the PFMs to capturetransient hydraulic conditions. These datasetscombine to inform a conceptual site model showingsystemic variation to seasonal forcing and short-termtransience at the site paired with a heterogenous1,4-dioxane flux distribution. The high-resolutionmethods deployed at this site demonstrate the detailneeded to characterize complex sites.

1,4-dioxane, a highly mobile, semi-volatile cyclicether typically used as a chlorinated solventstabilizer, has been detected at a municipal supplywellfield pumping water from the karstic UpperFloridan Aquifer (UFA). In partnership with a siteowner and their environmental consultants,University of Florida and HSW Engineering, Inc.,efforts are underway to assess potential 1,4-dioxanecontributions from a nearby industrial site to thewellfield. Not only are the horizontal gradients in theUFA hard to determine due to the high transmissivityin the bedrock, but also the karstic nature of thelimestone suggests preferential flowpaths dominate1,4-dioxane transport. To avoid multiplemeasurement uncertainties, we advanced directmass flux measurement techniques in two coredholes. Direct mass flux measurements complementthe suite of tools deployed as part of the DiscreteFracture Network – Matrix method (DFN-M). Depth-discrete, high-resolution rock core 1,4-dioxaneprofiles, borehole geophysical and hydrophysical logswere collected and analyzed. Physical caliper profilescaptured the significant variability in boreholediameter, locating zones that could be sealed usingoversized FLUTe borehole liners. Variability in theborehole wall required the adaptation of severalDFN-M techniques.

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Figure 2: Hydraulic head data over the monitoringinterval showing seasonal variation. Note Florida’sclimate suggests periods of intense rain followed bydrier periods.

Figure 1: Schematic representations of DFN-Mmethods. Left represents A-DTS karst modifications,right represents PFM theory.

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Advanced Project:

The objective of this research was to conduct a high-resolution study to characterize the baselineaqueous geochemistry and isotopic compositionswithin a hydrostratigrphic framework of the shallowfreshwater zone informed by high-resolutioncharacterization data sets at a gas injection fieldresearch site called the CMC field research site (FRS).To achieve this, multiple lines of evidence usingcomplementary borehole data sets (hydrogeologic,geochemical, isotopic and geophysical) werecollected following the DFN-M (discrete fracturenetwork-matrix) Approach (Parker et al., 2012).

Data were collected from a continuously cored 106.3m deep borehole, to inform the design of a 26 portWestbay multi-port system (MPS) to a 100.0 mdepth. Nearby, a 67.1 m deep domestic well and aG360 MPS with 13-ports over 85.3 m bgs wereinstalled, along with three conventional wells withscreened intervals at 27 to 28.5 m bgs, 63.5 to 65.0m bgs and 99.5 to 101.0 m bgs. This groundwatermonitoring infrastructure is in addition to the 350 mdeep geochemical and geophysical monitoringboreholes located adjacent to a 550 m deep CO2injection well. Pilot CO2 injections occurred at 300 mbgs in 2017.

Results from the Westbay well and the rock corerevealed variability and stratification in hydrophysicaland hydrochemical parameters. Ports completed incoal seams from 26.9 to 34.9 m bgs had high flow

G360 PROJECT TEAMTerri Cheung (MSc Student, UCalgary), Amanda Pierce, Dr. Beth Parker, Dr. John Cherry & Dr. Bernhard Mayer (UCalgary)

15

Establishing High-Resolution Hydrogeological, Geochemical and Isotopic Baseline Conditions of the

Fresh Water Zone at a Field Research Site Near Brooks, Alberta, Canada

rates and yielded sodium bicarbonate water type,water isotope compositions resembling localmeteoric water, with elevated methane and ethaneconcentrations, and biogenic 𝛅𝛅13C-CH4 values of <-82‰. Below the coals (34.9 – 105.7 m bgs), portswere characterized by lower flow rates, higher 𝛅𝛅18Oand 𝛅𝛅2H values of water and variable water types.Methane and ethane concentrations were alsolower compared to samples obtained from coalsand 𝛅𝛅13C-CH4 values ranged between -75‰ and -60‰. A comparison of the geochemical results ofthe domestic water well to the Westbay resultsrevealed that the domestic water well yieldedgroundwater with chemical and isotopiccompositions resembling groundwater from onlythe high-flowing coal-containing aquifer.

Figure 1: Terri Cheung collecting samples from theWestbay multi-level system (left), CO2 injection well(right).

Advanced Project:

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

The Räven site is a former dry cleaner in Helsingborg,Sweden which operated between the 1930s to the1970s. The overburden and bedrock underlying thefacility is contaminated with perchloroethylene anddegradation products from historical releases at thefacility. In a new collaborative research program, G360

is working with the Swedish Geological Survey (SGU)and its consultant Sweco on applying the DiscreteFracture Network – Matrix (DFN-M) field approach atthe site for characterizing contamination in thefractured sedimentary bedrock underlying the site. In2018, an initial phase of investigation was conductedinvolving a single borehole in an area outside of thearea of contamination to test drilling methods andfield techniques. Then, in Spring 2019 additionalinvestigations were conducted with drilling of newboreholes including one borehole in the source areahe

G360 PROJECT TEAMJessica Bulova, Steven Chapman, Ryan Kroeker, Marina Nunes, Philip Taylor, Dr. Carlos Maldaner, Dr. Peeter Pehme & Dr. Beth Parker

16

Collaborative DFN-M Investigations at a Former Dry Cleaner Site in

Helsingborg, Sweden

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

on-site and three boreholes along a transect downgradient of the site. Cores were logged in detail andsubsampled in high-resolution for volatile organiccompounds, followed by application of severalborehole geophysical and hydrophysical loggingtechniques. FLUTe liners were used to sealboreholes as well as for the hydrophysical loggingtechniques (ALS and A-DTS) and for temporarytransducer deployments including cross-holehydraulic tests. Lund University researchers arealso collaborating at the site testing newgeophysical methods (ERT / DCIP) in the boreholes.The various high-resolution datasets were thenused to design multilevel systems (MLS) for theboreholes, which were installed in Fall 2019including two backfilled G360 MLS and two hybridCMT MLS (Chapman et al., 2014). Monitoring andsampling of the MLS are ongoing to assesstemporal changes and dissipation of cross-connection effects. Additional DFN-Minvestigations are planned in 2020 to refineunderstanding of down gradient plume and sourcearea conditions. Ultimately the goal of thecollaboration is to improve the Site ConceptualModel (SCM) and for remedial decision making,including assessment of Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)in the source area. As part of the technologytransfer efforts, G360, SGU and Sweco presentedproject results and provided site tours for aSwedish national trade organization NätverketRenare Mark.

Advanced Project:

Figure 2: Drilling along the down gradient Transect.

Figure 1: Aerial view of site during source area drilling.

The Malmen site is a former metals fabricationfacility in Hovmantorp, Sweden. The overburden andbedrock underlying the site is contaminated withtrichloroethylene and degradation products fromhistorical releases. G360 is collaborating with theSwedish Geological Survey (SGU) and its consultantWSP on applying the Discrete Fracture Network –Matrix (DFN-M) field approach for characterizingcontamination in the fractured igneous bedrock. InSpring 2017, coring was conducted at three “GoldenSpike” boreholes: one on-site in the suspectedsource area, one cross-gradient and one a shortdistance down gradient from the site.

G360 PROJECT TEAMBrent Redmond (MSc Student), Steven Chapman, Ryan Kroeker, Dr. Carlos Maldaner,Dr. Peeter Pehme & Dr. Beth Parker

17

Collaborative DFN-M Investigations at a Former Metals Fabrication Facility in

Hovmantorp, Sweden

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Several complementary DFN-M techniques wereapplied shortly after drilling including FLUTe FACTfor contaminant mass flux assessment and variousborehole geophysical / hydrophysical loggingtechniques such as ALS and temporary transducerdeployments. In Fall 2019 follow-up investigationswere conducted including re-deployment of FLUTeFACT to assess contaminant flux far removed fromdrilling, where large quantities of water were usedwhich may have impacted the early FACT results,and A-DTS to assess groundwater flux to contributeto the FACT assessment. Blank FLUTe liners wereused to seal the boreholes between these periods.Then, a new lower cost type of multilevel system(MLS) from FLUTe, referred to as the FLUTe CHS(cased hole sampler), was installed in two of theboreholes designed based on the high-resolutiondatasets. Monitoring and sampling of the MLS areongoing to assess temporal changes. Ultimately thegoal of the collaboration is to improve the SiteConceptual Model (SCM) and for remedial decisionmaking.

Advanced Project:

Figure 1: View of the study site.

Figure 2: Drilling of the cross-gradient borehole.

Figure 3: Extremely competent granite core runs.

Figure 4: Installation of FLUTe CHS multilevel system.

The objective of the 2019 field work at the Hydrite site, aspart of the Industrial Chair Program, was to investigate anaged Dense, Non-Aqueous Phase Liquid (DNAPL) sourcezone that has undergone groundwater flushing over severaldecades. The source zone was originally investigated from1999-2002. Since then, very little work has been done dueto concerns about mobilizing DNAPL or creating higherdissolved phase concentrations in the down gradient plume.Hence, down gradient monitoring (along multi-level system(MLS) transects) and operation of a hydraulic barrier systemwas emphasized from 2003-2018. There is an expectationthat variable groundwater flow rates and variable DNAPLcomposition and saturation will cause differential rates forDNAPL dissolution. To constrain the source zone size andinternal variability, four continuously cored holes weredrilled. Three are across the width of the DNAPL zone asobserved in the upper Tunnel City Group sandstones,perpendicular to the direction of groundwater flow (i.e.,transect) and one is up gradient. This drilling occurred in Julyof 2019 with a five-person team: Jessica Bulova, ChrisMorgan, and Glen Hook representing G360, UoGuelph andRiley Kniptash (University of Iowa), and Liz Occhi (Universityof Iowa). During core sampling, Red Oil O was used toidentify where the non-water phase DNAPL was presentwith depth in each borehole. There was only one positive hitfor the presence of DNAPL out of 405 samples, with anaverage spacing of ~1.5 feet, from all four cored holes. Thissample came from a hydrogeological unit (HGU) above theTunnel City Group, where DNAPL was previously found. Rockcore samples are needed to further inform contaminationlevels, but it is suspected that Red Oil O may not be the bestmethod for DNAPL observation in incompetent sandstonerock. Another finding was that the up gradient core locationshowed higher levels of contamination compared to theother three source zone boreholes. This speaks to the highlyvariable DNAPL distribution. DNAPL distribution on siteneeds further understanding to characterize the nature ofmass discharge and the applicability of enhanced massremoval in the future.

The observed DNAPL source zone already has 17 wells opento the upper 20-40 feet of the Tunnel City Group. TheseDDD

G360 PROJECT TEAMGlen Hook (MASc Student); Elizabeth Occhi, Riley Kniptash (UIowaUndergraduate Students), Isaac Noyes, Brandyn Lietert, Jessica Bulova, Chris Morgan, Marina Nunes, Ryan Kroeker, Philip Taylor, Dr. Peeter Pehme, Dr. Jessica Meyer (UIowa) & Dr. Beth Parker

18

Evolution of DNAPL Source Zone Characteristics in a

Sedimentary Rock Aquifer

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

wells were drilled and pumped intermittently during initialremediation efforts, between 1999 and 2002, to removefree-product DNAPL. These holes provide an opportunityto collect quantitative information about the fracturenetwork providing DNAPL storage and contributingcontaminant flux to the groundwater plume, by providingsamples that inform the composition of pure-phaseDNAPL. Information from reconnaissance studies (PeeterPehme, Ryan Kroeker, Marina Nunes, Jessica Meyer) wasused to design a prototype removable depth-discretetemporary G360 MLS to target specific bedding planefractures shown to be significant in terms of hydraulicconductivity and DNAPL retention. A G360 MLS, designedfor DNAPL collection at four targeted depths was installed(Philip Taylor, Brandyn Lietert, Chris Morgan) in an existingborehole in June. The temporary deployment relies onwater inflated rubber packers that isolated 4 ports forwater level and sampling, with two ports yielding DNAPL.DNAPL was sampled 2 times, yielding 6x16 mL VOAsamples that were analyzed with Nuclear MagneticResonance (NMR) by Dr. James Longstaffe at theUniversity of Guelph. Monitoring data and inspection ofthe MLS upon removal in December showed there was a

Advanced Project:

Figure 1: Brandyn Lietert andPhilip Taylor installing aprototype G360 system into apreviously abandoned DNAPLpumping well.

good seal through September2019. Thereafter the bottompacker burst, likely due tochemical degradation of thepackers.

A new patented multilevel system, referred to as theG360 MLS, has been under development by the G360

Institute during the past six years for research projects.The system is modular, similar to the Solinst-WaterlooSystem, but with increased versatility through use ofdifferent external casing diameters (e.g. 2.0, 2.5, 3.0,4.0-in ID Sch. 80 PVC) which allows flexibility in thenumbers and/or diameters of internal tubes thatconnect to each port that run inside the PVC casing tosurface. This provides more options for monitoring (e.g.allowing use of self-contained transducers) andgroundwater sampling (e.g. allowing use of bladderpumps or double valve pumps for deeper water tablesbeyond peristaltic pumping limits). The system isversatile and can be installed in different configurationsin both overburden and fractured bedrock boreholes.Backfilled type installations are used in overburdenholes where the casing stays in the ground to facilitatethe G360 MLS insertion into the borehole and is thenincrementally removed as the annular space isbackfilled using bentonite for seals and inert sand orgravel for ports. In stable bedrock holes, backfilledinstallations can also be used or systems with custompackers which create the seals between the monitoringports, where different packer versions are availableincluding water filled packers allowing system removal.The system components are comprised of lengths ofSch. 80 PVC casing (e.g. 2, 3, 5, 10 ft), couplings thatconnect the casings and ports, screened ports with ahole connecting to a brass “L” fitting that attaches tothe internal tubing running from each port to surface(different tubing materials possible for compatibility /performance), and lightweight rubber packers attachedto casing sections.

Recent G360 MLS installations in 2019 include backfilledsystems in boreholes drilled with dual rotary Claringtonand sonic (Guelph) methods in overburden holes (6-8ports), a removable packer system in bedrock (4 port)with specially configured ports to capture DNAPL(Hydrite) and backfilled systems (5-6 ports) in fracturedbedrock boreholes with deep water table (Sweden).

G360 PROJECT TEAMSteven Chapman, Philip Taylor, Jackie Harman, Dr. Beth Parker & Dr. John Cherry

19

Advancements of the G360 Multilevel System (MLS) for High-Resolution Groundwater

Monitoring in Overburden and Fractured Bedrock Environments

The system has been sufficiently used at a variety offield sites to now be ready for commercialization,which Solinst will be undertaking with G360 in 2020.

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Figure 1: Installation of a 3” G360 MLS: (a) casing and packersections awaiting installation, (b) preparing to install thebottom segment into a PQ bedrock cored hole, (c) PE tubingfixed to a monitoring port at surface (each monitoringinterval has a dedicated tube to surface and can be utilizedfor groundwater sampling, manual water levelmeasurements or pressure transducer monitoring,depending on the tubing diameter), (d) assembling themodular casing and packer sections, and (e) surfacecompletion with eight monitoring ports in a pressureenclosure required to inflate the packers sealing intervals.

Featured Method:

Surfactant flushing involves the injection ofsurfactants to promote hydrocarbon removal fromthe subsurface. A risk associated with surfactantflushing is the uncontrolled migration ofhydrocarbons in the aquifer. Reversible double waterin oil in water emulsions were developed to containsubsurface hydrocarbon spills during surfactantflushing (Figures 1-3). Double emulsions wereprepared by emulsifying CaCl2 solutions in canola oil,and subsequently by emulsifying the water in oilemulsions in aqueous sodium alginate solutions. Thedouble emulsions reversed and gelled when mixedwith selected surfactants, acting as ‘emulsion locks’to prevent spreading of the hydrocarbon plume fromthe areas treated with surfactant flushing.

PROJECT TEAMTatianna Marhsall (MASc Student), Kristine Lamont (Undergraduate Assistant), Dr. Erica Pensini & Dr. Alejandro G. Marangoni

20

‘Emulsion Locks’ for the Containment of Hydrocarbons During Surfactant Flushing

and Injectable Oil-Water Separation Filters

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Injectable oil-water separation filters wereproduced by injecting aqueous solutions of naturalpolymers on sand, followed by rinsing withdeionized water. These filters could retain non-polar solvents while allowing water flow throughsandy media (Figure 4). These filters can serve assemi-permeable barriers for the remediation ofhydrocarbon spills in the subsurface.

Figure 2: Opticalmicroscopy image of thedouble water in oil inwater emulsions, priorto mixing withsurfactants (a) andconfocal microscopyimages (b, c). In image(b) the oil phase is brightbecause of Nile Red dye,and the water phase isblack. The scale bar is100 mm.

Figure 1: Schematics of pumpable barriers (‘emulsion locks’)placed around a polluted area where contaminants (depictedas black circles) are emulsified by injecting surfactants(Surfactant IN) and extracted through pumping wells (OUT).

Figure 3 Gel obtained by mixing double emulsions with surfactants.

Featured External Advanced Project :

Figure 4: Injectable filters exclude apolar solvents, whileallowing water flow.

Per- and poly fluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) area class of partially or fully fluorinated organiccompounds widely used in the manufacturing ofconsumer products, including textiles, foodpackaging and aqueous film forming foams (AFFF).Due to the strength of the carbon-fluorine bondsthat comprise the backbone of these compounds,PFAS exhibit unprecedented persistence in theenvironment. This class of compounds is particularlypresent in agricultural soils due to the application ofPFAS contaminated organic amendments derivedfrom municipal digestates and numerous studieshave been reported the uptake of PFAS from soilsinto crops.

The goal of this ongoing study is to explore therelationships between soil chemistry, and the uptakeof PFAS into plants. In general, studies of PFASuptake focus on conventional measures of eitheraccumulation in plant tissues or the impacts on plantgrowth. Nevertheless, the concentrations of PFASnecessary to induce these observations are typicallymuch higher than those observed in typicalagroecosystems. As a result, PFAS do not normallyexhibit noticeable effects on crops, even whenuptake and accumulation is active at low-levels,therein potentially impacting the food chain.

To overcome the limitation of measuring the impactof PFAS on crops at lower levels, Dr. JamesLongstaffe’s group has been developing protocols formeasuring PFAS exposure based on metabolomics.was

PROJECT TEAMLiam O’Hara (MSc Student), Nicole Legge (MSc Student) & Dr. James Longstaffe

21

Metabolomics Study of the Relationship Between Soil

Composition and PFAS Availability

Metabolomics is the study of the metabolic profile ofan organism in response to an outside stressor, suchas contaminants present at levels at whichphysiological effects may not be readily observed.We are developing metabolomics as a research-toolto both identify the responses of plants grown inPFAS impacted soils and to help further elucidate themechanisms through which PFAS interact with theplant, including mechanisms of uptake and transport.Figure 1 shows the 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) spectrum of the metabolites extracted fromArabidopsis thaliana, a model plant. A principalcomponent analysis (PCA) of plants exposed toperfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) can be used toidentify how PFAS is interacting with the plant at themolecular-level. This initial study has shown thatmetabolomics is able to elucidate the effects of PFASat concentrations for which physiological effects arenot evident. Further steps in this project are on-going and involve using this approach to explore therole of soil organic matter composition on theretention and availability of PFAS in agricultural soils.

Featured External New Project:

Figure 1: 1H NMR spectrum of plant metabolites andPrinciple component analysis of spectra of plantsexposed to PFOS.

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

G360 prides itself on the multi-disciplinarymethodology we employ. Dr. Kari Dunfield is aprofessor in the School of Environmental Science atthe University of Guelph and holds a CanadaResearch Chair in Environmental Microbiology ofAgro-ecosystems. Dr. Dunfield’s Soil MicrobialEcology Lab studies microbial diversity undercontrasting land uses and agricultural practices. Soilmicrobes can affect land use change and restoration,inform crop rotation and cover crop selection, andtillage and fertilization practices. Microbial functionsare also associated with ecosystem services such asphosphorus cycling, nitrogen cycling and greenhousegas emissions. But how does the Soil MicrobialEcology Lab fit with G360? The Lab is an integral partof multiple projects, including a remediation studyon how hybrid poplars and their associated microbescan degrade toluene in a fractured bedrock aquifer.The team studies microbial populations in the soilnear the tree root zone (rhizosphere) and in planttissues

was

PROJECT TEAMMichael Ben-Israel (PhD Candidate),Eduardo Mitter (PhD Fellow), Kamini Khosla & Dr. Kari Dunfield

22

Soil Microbial Ecology Lab – Microbes: Who Are They?

tissues (endosphere), measuring contaminationlevels in the plant and roots to confirm the presenceof toluene and where the degradation reactionsoccur. The lab uses quantitative polymerase chainreaction (qPCR) to detect the presence, abundanceand activity of toluene degraders on site (i.e. TOD,RMO, PHE and bssA genes). High-throughput DNAsequencing is used to assess the impacts of tolueneon fungal and bacterial communities. Here,metagenomic analysis are used not only to detectshifts in microbial community structure, but also topredict the biodegradation capacity of themicrobiome. A paper (Ben-Israel et al., 2020) on thismulti-disciplinary research was recently published,sharing the findings that groundwater conditions canchange rapidly from oxic to anoxic within just a fewmonths, and that toluene biodegradation andnatural attenuation can vary depending on theseasons. A notable enrichment of toluene degradingbacterial taxa was also observed in roots collectedunder high toluene conditions. This importantknowledge can change our understanding of theeffectiveness of monitored natural attenuation.

Featured External Methods:

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Figure 1: Plants growing in contaminated soils selectedfor microorganisms able to degrade toluene.

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Figure 2:EduardoMitter andMichaelBen-Israelsamplingsoil forBTEX-F1analysis.

This Ontario Ministry of Transportation (MTO), Cityof Guelph, and NSERC funded project providesresearch and analysis services to assist the Ministryin identifying the viability of new technologies foruse in the next generation of highway roadsideditches in salt vulnerable areas and/or discharginginto thermally sensitive receiving streams. We areconducting field monitoring and analyzing a largenumber of historic storm events and road saltapplication data for the City of Guelph and for ourProvincial Highway research sites. Our advancedhighway runoff and water quality models use RoadWeather Information Systems (RWIS) and climatedata as well as road salt application data as input forsimulation of roadside ditch runoff rates and waterquality. This will allow us to assess the long-termperformance of enhanced roadside ditch drainagesystems in attenuating the peak chlorideconcentrations in winter months and to assess thethermal effects of typically shallow stormwatermanagement wet ponds discharging in summermonths. Improving the habitat suitability index foraquatic life in the receiving watercourses and inprotecting groundwater quality in the salt vulnerableareas is key.

was

PROJECT TEAMSepideh Emami Tabrizi (PhD Student), Arman Amouzadeh (MEng Student) &Dr. Bahram Gharabaghi

23

Identification and Protection of Salt Vulnerable Areas

Figure 1: Highway 401 and Highway 6 Research Site.

Featured External New Insights:

Sponsors, Partners & Collaborators:

Figure 2: Highway 8 Research Site.

Awards

Dr. Beth Parker Honoured as 2019 AGU FellowDr. Beth Parker has been recognized as a 2019 AGU Fellow for her ground-breaking work that hasmarkedly advanced conceptual models and methods to understand contaminants in fracturedporous geologic media. AGU Fellows are recognized for their “scientific eminence in the Earth andspace sciences”. Their breadth of interests and the scope of their contributions are remarkable andoften groundbreaking. Only 0.1% of AGU membership receives this recognition in any given year.

Ontario Graduate ScholarshipThe Ontario Graduate Scholarship (OGS) program recognizes academic excellence in graduatestudies at the master's and doctoral levels in all disciplines of academic study. An Ontario GraduateScholarship awarded to Nathan Glas for September 2019 –August 2020 will allow Nathan to focuson his research more thoroughly through additional financial support.

Arthur D. Latornell Travel ScholarshipThe Arthur D. Latornell Travel Scholarship awarded to MASc student, Nathan Glas, for the Winter 2019semester, provided Nathan an opportunity to attend a three day workshop hosted by the Canadian YoungHydrologic Society, focusing on the perspectives and insights of early career researchers across the field ofhydrology, to foster open science and collaboration across disciplines.

MASc student Oliver Conway-White is using his Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science& Technology, awarded until April 2020, to apply geophysical methods to the delineation ofsubsurface features such as bedrock buried valleys. The results of this research will lead to bettergroundwater flow models and ultimately more sustainable water resource decision making.

The QEII-GSST and OGSprograms are made

possible through the Ontario Student

Assistance Program (OSAP)

Queen Elizabeth II Graduate Scholarship in Science & Technology

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Arrell Food Institute Graduate ScholarshipAs part of the Arrell Food Institute Graduate Scholarship, Kathleen Johnson worked in a transdisciplinary team of fourgraduate students for 8 months on a project with a community partner, the Ecological Farmers Association of Ontario. Theirreflective journal article about the experience was published in Action Research Journal in November 2019. Kathleen alsoattended the 2019 University of Guelph Agri-Food Excellence Symposium and 2019 Arrell Food Summit.

Dr. John Cherry Awarded the 2020 Stockholm Water PrizeDr John Cherry receives the Stockholm Water Prize 2020 for discoveries that have revolutionizedour understanding of groundwater vulnerability. His research has raised awareness of howgroundwater contamination is growing across the world and has led to new, more efficientmethods to tackle the problem.methods to tackle the problem. The prize is awarded by SIWI in cooperation with the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences andwill be presented by H.R.H Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden, at a Royal Award Ceremony on August 26th , during WorldWater Week in Stockholm. The Stockholm Water Prize Nominating Committee said: “With the Stockholm Water Prize, JohnCherry is recognized for his contributions to science, education, practice and for translating his well-earned stature into apassionate and highly effective advocacy for groundwater science to inform current and future policies, laws and collectivedeliberations that governments must establish to protect water, our most essential and yet most imperiled resource.”

GraduationsMasters Graduates

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Chris Morgan, MASc (August 2019)Primary Supervisor: Dr. Beth ParkerThesis: Fracture Network Characterization of an Aquitard Surface within the Wonewoc Sandstone using Digital Outcrop Photogrammetry and Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) ModellingCurrent Position: Geoscientist (G.I.T) at Geofirma Engineering Ltd

Chrystyn Skinner, MSc (September 2019) Primary Supervisor: Dr. Beth ParkerThesis: High-Resolution Hydrogeological Characterization of a Fractured Dolostone Municipal Supply Aquifer to Create a Refined 3-D Conceptual Site Model with Hydrogeologic UnitsCurrent Position: Staff Researcher at G360 Institute for Groundwater Research

Terri Cheung, MSc (December 2019) Primary Co-supervisors: Dr. Bernhard Mayer (UCalgary) & Beth ParkerThesis: Establishing High-Resolution Hydrogeological, Geochemical and Isotopic Baseline Conditions of the Fresh Water Zone at a Field Research Site Near Brooks, Alberta, CanadaCurrent Position: Junior Hydrogeologist at Dillon Consulting

Conferences

2019 OU International WaTER ConferenceSeptember 16-17, 2019

NGWA Conference on Fractured Rock and GroundwaterSeptember 23-24, 2019 | Burlington, Vermont

10th International Groundwater Quality ConferenceSeptember 9-12, 2019 | Liège, Belgium

June 4th – 6th, 2019 | University of GuelphOctober 15th – 16th, 2019 | Colorado State University

Conferences Presented at in 2019 to March 2020

PFAS EXPERTS SYMPOSIUMMay 20-21, 2019 | Arlington, Virgina

May 28-31, 2019 | Waterloo, Canada

In 2019, the G360 group celebrated 5 graduations, two of which were featured in our 2019 Newsletter; Tim Spiers, MASc and Greg Martin, PhD.

Regional-Scale Groundwater Geosciencein Southern Ontario Open HouseFebruary 19-20, 2020 | Waterloo, Ontario

Workshop on Hydrogeology in Yukon February 19-20, 2020 | Whitehorse, Yukon

ALGA High Resolution Site Characterisation SeminarMarch 2, 2020 | Sydney, Australia

PublicationsParker Published Papers Jan 2019 – March 2020Walton, K. M., Unger, A. J. A., Ioannidis, M. A., Parker, B. L. 2019. Benchmarking NAPL redirection and matrix entry at fracture intersections below the water table. Water ResourcesResearch, 55(4), 2672-2689. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR023435

BenIsrael, M., Wanner, P., Aravena, R., Parker, B. L., Haack, E.A., Tsao, D.T., Dunfield, K.E. 2019. Toluene biodegradation in the vadose zone of a poplar phytoremediation systemidentified using metagenomics and toluene-specific stable carbon isotope analysis. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 21(1), 60-69.https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2018.1523873

Manna F., Murray S., Abbey D., Martin P., Cherry J.A., Parker. B.L. 2019. Spatial and temporal variability of groundwater recharge in a sandstone aquifer in a semiarid region.Hydrology and Earth System Science, 23(4), 2187-2205. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-2018-531

Maldaner, C., Munn, J., Coleman, T., Molson, J., Parker, B.L. 2019. Groundwater flow quantification in fractured rock boreholes using active distributed temperature sensing undernatural gradient conditions. Water Resources Research, 55(4), 3285-3306. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018WR024319

Harvey, T.M., Arnaud, E., Meyer, J.R., Steelman, C.M, Parker, B.L. 2019. Characterizing scales of hydrogeological heterogeneity in ice-marginal sediments, Wisconsin, USA.Hydrogeology Journal, 27(6), 1949-1968. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-01978-1

Klazinga, D., Steelman C. M., Endres, A. L., Parker, B.L. 2019. Geophysical response to methane migration in groundwater during a controlled injection into a sandy aquifer. Journalof Applied Geophysics, 168, 59-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.05.019

Marshall, R; Levison, J; McBean, E; Parker, B.L. 2019. Wastewater impacts to groundwater at a fractured sedimentary bedrock site in Ontario, Canada: implications for First Nations’source water protection. Hydrogeology Journal, 27(8), 2739-2753. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10040-019-02019-7

Wanner, P., Aravena, R., Fernandes, J., Ben-Isreal, M., Haack, E. A., Tsao, D. T., Dunfield, K. E., Parker, B. L. 2019. Assessing toluene biodegradation under temporally varying redoxconditions in a fractured bedrock aquifer using stable isotope methods. Water Research, 165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.114986

Simon, J.A., Abrams, S., Bradburne, T., Bryant, D., Burns, D., Cherry, J.A., Parker, B.L. et al., 2019. PFAS Experts Symposium: Statements on regulatory policy, chemistry and analytics,toxicology, transport/fate, and remediation for per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination issues. Remediation, 29(4), 31-48. https://doi.org/10.1002/rem.21624

Manna, F., Walton, K., Cherry, J.A., Parker, B.L. 2019. Five-century record of climate and groundwater recharge variability in southern California. Sci Rep, 9, 18215.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54560-w

Klazinga, D., Steelman, C.M., Cahill, A.G., Endres, A.L., Parker, B.L. 2019. Methane migration in an unconfined aquifer: Numerical simulations of a controlled release experiment atCFB Borden. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology 225(August 2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconhyd.2019.103506

Forde, O.N., Cahil, A.G., Mayer, K.U., Mayer, B., Simister, R.L., Finke, N., Crowe, S.A., Cherry, J.A., Parker, B.L. 2019. Hydro-biogeochemical impacts of fugitive methane on a shallowunconfined aquifer. Science of the Total Environment 690(2019), 1342. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.322

Bishop, P., Persaud, E., Levison, J., Parker, B. L., Novakowski, K. 2020. Inferring flow pathways between bedrock boreholes using the hydraulic response to borehole liner installation.Journal of Hydrology 580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124267

Saleem, S., Levison, J., Parker, B.L., Martin, R., Persaud, E. 2020. Impacts of Climate Change and Different Crop Rotation Scenarios on Groundwater Nitrate Concentrations in a SandyAquifer. Sustainability, 12(3), 1153. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12031153

Quinn, P., Cherry, J. A., Parker, B. L. 2020. Relationship between the critical Reynolds number and aperture for flow through single fractures evidence from laboratory studies.Journal of Hydrology 58, 124384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124384

Ben-Israel, M., Wanner, P., Fernandes, J., Burken, J.G., Aravena, R., Parker, B.L, Haack, E.A., Tsao, D.T., Dunfield, K.E. 2020. Quantification of toluene phytoextraction rates andmicrobial biodegradation functional profiles at a fractured bedrock phytoremediation site. Sciences of the Total Environment 707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135890

Filippini M., Parker B.L., Dinelli E., Wanner P., Chapman, S.W., Gargini A. 2020. Assessing aquitard integrity in a complex aquifer-aquitard system contaminated by chlorinatedhydrocarbons. Water Research, 171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.115388

Puigserver, D., Herrero, J., Parker, B. L., Carmona, J. M. 2020. Natural attenuation of pools and plumes of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform in the transition zone to bottomaquitards and the microorganisms involved in their degradation. Science of the Total Environment, 712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135679

Persaud, E., Levison, J., MacRitchie, S., Berg, S., Erlerd, S.J., Parker, B., Sudickyde, E. 2020. Integrated modelling to assess climate change impacts on groundwater and surface waterin the Great Lakes Basin using diverse climate forcing. Journal of Hydrology, 584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.124682

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Selected G360 PI Published Papers Jan 2019 – March 2020Larocque, M., Martin, A., Levison, J., Chaumont, D. 2019. A review of simulated climate change impacts on groundwater resources in eastern Canada. Canadian Water ResourcesJournal. 44(1), 22-41. https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2018.1503066

Binns, A.D., Fata, A., da Silva, A.M.F., Bonakdari, H., Gharabaghi, B. 2019. Modelling performance of sediment control wet ponds at two construction sites in Ontario, Canada.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 145(4), 1-12, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001581

Bonakdari, H., Zaji, A.H., Binns, A.D., Gharabaghi, B. 2019. Integrated Markov chains and uncertainty analysis techniques to more accurately forecast floods using satellite signals.Journal of Hydrology, 572, 75-95, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.02.027

Gomez, L. Canizo, B., Lana, B., Zalazar., G., Wuilloud, R., Aravena, R. 2019. Hydrochemical processes, variability and natural background levels of Arsenic in groundwater ofnortheastern Mendoza, Argentina. Journal of Iberic Geology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41513-018-00099-0

PublicationsSelected G360 PI Published Papers Jan 2019 – March 2020 (Continued)Colombani, N., Mastrocicco, M., Castaldelli, G., Aravena, R. 2019. Contrasting biogeochemical processes revealed by stable isotopes of H2O, N, C and S in shallow aquifers underlyingagricultural lowlands. Science of the Total Environment 691, p. 1282-1296. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.238

Vieira Suhogusoff, A., Hirata, R., Aravena, R., Robertson, W.D., Ferrari, L.C.K.M., Stimson, J., Blowes, D.W. 2019. Dynamics of nitrate degradation along an alternative latrineimproved by a sawdust permeable reactive barrier (PRB) installed in an irregular settlement in the municipality of Sao Paulo (Brazil). Ecological Engineering 138, p. 310-322.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.08.001

Molnar, I.L., Pensini, E., Asad, Md.A., Mitchell, C.A., Nitsche, L.C., Pyrak-Nolte, L.J., Krol, M.M. 2019. Colloid Transport in Porous Media: A Review of Classical Mechanics andEmerging Topics. Transport in Porous Media 130(1), p. 129-156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11242-019-01270-6

Iyer, A., Pensini, E., Singh, A. 2019. Removal of hexavalent chromium from water using hydrochar obtained with different types of feedstock. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering.https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2019-0215

Del Rosso, M., Collier, C., Brodie, H., Ramalingam, S., Cabral, D., Pensini, E. 2019. Characterization of Graphene Electrodes for Microsystems and Microfluidic Devices. Scientificreports 9(1), p. 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-42108-x

Siwik, A., Pensini, E., Macias Rodriguez, B., Marangoni, A.G., Collier, C.M., Sleep, B. 2019. Effect of rheology and humic acids on the transport of environmental fluids: Potentialimplications for soil remediation revealed through microfluidics. Journal of Applied Ploymer Science. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48465

Pensini, E., Dinardo, A., Lamont, K., Longstaffe, J., Elsayed, A., Singh, A. 2019. Effect of salts and pH on the removal of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from aqueous solutions throughprecipitation and electroflocculation. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 46(10), p. 881-886. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjce-2018-0705

Pfeuti, G., Longstaffe, J., Brown, L.S., Shoveller, A.K., Taylor, C.M., Bureau, D.P. 2019. Disulphide bonds and cross-linked amino acids may affect amino acid utilization in feather mealfed to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture Research 50(8), p. 2081-2095. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14079

Fallaise, D., Knozuk, J., Cheyne, C., Mack, E.E., Longstaffe, J.G. 2019. Nontargeted Analysis of a Non-Aqueous-Phase Liquid From a Chemical Manufacturing Site Using NuclearMagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 38(5) p. 947-955. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4394

Fallaise, D., Balkwill Tweedie, H., Konzuk, J., Cheyne, C. Mack, E.E., Longstaffe, J.G. 2019. Practical application of 1H benchtop NMR spectroscopy for the characterization of anonaqueous phase liquid from a contaminated environment. Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry 57(2-3), p. 93-100. https://doi.org/10.1002/mrc.4816

Mafa-Attoye, T.G., Thevathasan, N.V., Dunfield, K.E. 2019. Indications of shifting microbial communities associated with growing biomass crops on marginal lands in SouthernOntario. Agroforestry Systems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10457-019-00445-w

VanderZaag, A.C., Balde, H., Habtewold, E.L.L.R., Burtt, S., Dunfield, K., Gordon, R.J., Jenson, E., Desjardins, R.L. 2019. Intermittent agitation of liquid manure: effects on methane,microbial activity, and temperature in a farm-scale study. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 69(9), p. 1096-1106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10962247.2019.1629359

Chen, X., Jiang, N., Condron, L.M., Dunfield, K.E., Chen, Z., Wang, J., Chen, L. 2019. Soil alkaline phosphatase activity and bacterial phoD gene abundance and diversity under long-term nitrogen and manure inputs. Geoderma 349(1), p. 36-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.04.039

Day, N.J., Dunfield, K.E., Johnstone, J.F., Mack, M.C., Turetsky, M.R., Walker, X.J., White, A.L., Baltzer, J.L. 2019. Wildfire severity reduces richness and alters composition of soilfungal communities in boreal forests of western Canada. Global Change Biology 25(7), p. 2310-2324. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14641

Bonakdari, H. Gholami, A., Sattar, A.M.A., Gharabaghi, B. 2020. Development of robust evolutionary polynomial regression network in the estimation of stable alluvial channeldimensions. Geomorphology 350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2019.106895

Kazemian-Kale-Kale, A., Bonakdari, H., Gholami, A., Gharabaghi, B. 2020. The uncertainty of the Shannon entropy model for shear stress distribution in circular channels.International Journal of Sediment Research 35(1), p. 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2019.07.001

Bonakdari, H. Moradi, F., Ebtehaj, I., Gharabaghi, B., Sattar, A.A., Azimi, A.H., Radecki-Pawlik, A. 2020. A Non-Tuned Machine Learning Technique for Abutment Scour Depth in ClearWater Condition. Water 12(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/w12010301

Roy, A., Toose, P., Mavrovic, A., Pappas, C., Royer, A., Derksen, C., Berg, A.A., et al., 2020. L-Band response to freeze/thaw in a boreal forest stand from ground- and tower-basedradiometer observations. Remote Sensing of Environment 237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2019.111542

Collliander, A., Jackson, T.J., Berg, A.A., Bosch, D.D., Caldwell, T., Chan, S., Cosh, M.H., et al., 2020. Effect of Rainfall Events on SMAP Radiometer-Based Soil Moisture Accuracy UsingCore Validation Sites. Journal of Hydrometerology. doi: https://doi.org/10.1175/JHM-D-19-0122.1

Sokolov, V.K., VanderZaag, A., Habtewold, J., Dunfield. K., Wagner-Riddle, C., Venkiteswaran, J.J., Gordon, R. 2020. Greenhouse gas emissions from gradually-filled liquid dairymanure storages with different levels of inoculant. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 115(3), p. 455-467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-019-10023-2

Chen, X.D., Dunfield, K.E., Fraser, T.D., Wakelin, S.A., Richardson, A.E., Condron, L.M. 2020. Soil biodiversity and biogeochemical function in managed ecosystems. Soil Research58(1), p. 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1071/SR19067

Marshall, T., Gravelle, A., Marangoni, A.G., Elsayed, A., Pensini, E. 2020. Zein for Hydrocarbon Remediation: Emulsifier, Trapping Agent, or Both?. Colloid and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124456

Rixon, S., Levison, J., Binns, A. and Persaud, E. 2020, in-press. Spatiotemporal variations of nitrogen and phosphorus in a clay plain hydrological system in the Great Lakes Basin.Science of the Total Environment, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136328.

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G360 Project Sites: Informing Our Global Datasets

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EuropeSchkopau, DETubingen, DEBarcelona, ESMontpellier, FRFerrara, ITHelsingborg, SEHovmantorp, SE

G360 Project SitePending Project Site

Asia/AustralasiaAdelaide, AUChengdu, CNGuilin, CNHong Kong, CNShenzhen, CNTaiwan, CNNepalSingapore

United StatesFort Smith, AKCanoga Park, CAVandenberg AFB, CABridgeport, CTNorth Haven, CTCentral FloridaCocoa, FLFort Lauderdale, FLGainsville, FLNAS Jacksonville, FLOlathe, KSPlaquemine, LACape Cod, MALowell, MA

South AmericaCamaçari, BRSao Paulo, BRManaus, BRBarra Mansa, BR

AfricaBloemfontein, ZA

CanadaBrooks, ABVictoria, BCWhiteshell, MBFort Liard, NWTAngus, ONBorden, ONCambridge, ONCentre Wellington, ONChatham, ONClarington, ONCobalt, ONCornwall, ONEden Mills, ONElmvale, ON

Erin, ONGuelph, ONHalton Hills, ONKapuskasing, ONKitchener, ONOttawa, ONPuslinch, ONSarnia, ONWyoming, ONPEI (5 sites)Shawinigan, QCVarennes, QCFort Saskatchewan , SK

Rochester, NYWatervliet, NYFlorence, SCCottage Grove, WIMadison, WICheyenne, WYFe Warren, WY

Southbridge, MAWilmington, MALincoln, NEPease, NHDeepwater, NJGarfield, NJMiddlesex, NJSouth Plainfield, NJTrenton, NJBinghamton, NYEast Fishkill, NYHolley, NYHudson Falls, NYLeroy, NY

Thanks and Acknowledgements

If you would like more information on any of the material presented in this newsletter, please contact us. You can join our blog by visiting our website.

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The G360 Institute would like to sincerely thank all who supported us in 2019, presently, and in our long standing relationships.

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