news releas - management memoreleas oflab leson meni for release 1.0 ... media contact: (202)...
TRANSCRIPT
NEWSBUnEAU oU. S, D E P A
STnTISTI J-FBtS
FRI
ECSOR
RELEASOFLAB
LesonMENI
For release 1.0:00 a.m. (EST) Thursday, January 26,2017 usDL-17-0107
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 . [email protected] . www.bls.gov/cpsMedia contact: (202) 691-5902 , [email protected]
UNroN MnMsnns - 2016
The union membership rate-the percent of wage and salary workers who were members of unions-was 10.7 percent in2016, down 0.4 percentage point from 2015, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statisticsreported today. The number of wage and salary workers belonging to unions, at14.6 million in2016,declined by 240,000 from 2015. In 1983, the frrst year for which comparable union data arc available,the union membership rate was 20.1 percent, and there were 77 .7 million union workers.
The data on union membership are collected as part of the Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthlysample survey of about 60,000 eligible households that obtains information on employment and
unemployment among the nation's civilian noninstitutional population ages l6 and over. For moreinformation, see the Technical Note in this news release.
Highlights from the 2016 dataz
Public-sector workers had a union membership rate (34.4 percent) more than five times higherthan that of private-sector workers (6.4 percent). (See table 3.)
Workers in education, training, and library occupations and in protective service occupations had
the highest unionization rates (34.6 percent and 34.5 percent, respectively). (See table 3.)
Men continued to have a slightly higher union membership rate (11.2 percent) than women (10.2
percent). (See table 1.)
Black workers were more likely to be union members than were White, Asian, or Hispanicworkers. (See table 1.)
Median weekly earnings of nonunion workers ($8OZ¡ were 80 percent of earnings for workerswho were union members ($ 1,004). (The comparisons of earnings in this release are on a broadlevel and do not control for many factors that can be important in explaining earningsdifferences.) (See table 2.)
Among states, New York continued to have the highest union membership rute (23.6 percent),while South Carolina continued to have the lowest (l.6 percent). (See table 5.)
o
o
a
a
o
a
Industry and Occupation of Union Members
In2016,7.1 million employees in the public sector belonged to a union, compared with7.4 millionworkers in the private sector. The union membership rate for public-sector workers (34.4 percent) was
substantially higher than the rate for private-sector workers (6.4 percent). Within the public sector, the
union membership rate was highest for local government (40.3 percent), which includes employees inheavily unionized occupations, such as teachers, police officers, and firefighters. In the private sector,
industries with high unionization rates included utilities (21.5 percent), transportation and warehousing(18.4 percent), telecommunications (14.6 percent), construction (13.9 percent), and educational services
(12.3 percent). Low unionization rates occumed in ltnance (l.2 percent), agriculture and related
industries (1.3 percent), food services and drinking places (1.6 percent), and professional and technical
services (1.6 percent). (See table 3.)
Among occupational groups, the highest unionization rates in2016 were in education, training, and
library occupations (34.6 percent) and in protective service occupations (34.5 percent). The lowest
unionization rates were in farming, fishing, and forestry occupations (2.2 percent); sales and related
occupations (3.1 percent); computer and mathematical occupations (3.9 percent); and food preparation
and serving related occupations (3,9 percent).
Selected Characteristics of Union Members
In 2016, the union membership rate continued to be slightly higher for men (1 1.2 percent) than forvyomen (10.2 percent). (See table 1.) The gap between their rates has narrowed considerably since 1983
(the earliest year for which comparable data are available), when rates for men and women wete24.7percent and 14.6 percent, respectively.
Among major race and ethnicity groups, Black workers continued to have a higher union membership
rate in 2016 (13.0 percent) than workers who were White (10.5 percent), Asian (9.0 percent), or
Hispanic (8.8 percent).
By age, union membership rates continued to be highest among workers ages 45 to 64.In 2016, 13.3
percent of workers ages 45 to 54 and ages 55 to 64 were union members.
The union membership rate was 1 1.8 percent for full-time \ilorkers, more than twice the rate for part-time workers at 5.7 percent.
Union Representation
In2016,16.3 million wage and salary workers were represented by a union. This group includes both
union members (14.6 million) and workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are covered
by a union contract (1.7 million). (See table 1.)
Earnings
Among full-time wage and salary workers, union members had median usual weekly earnings of$1,004 in2076, while those who were not union members had median weekly earnings of $802. In
addition to coverage by a collective bargaining agreement, this earnings difference reflects a variety ofinfluences, including variations in the distributions of union members and nonunion employees by
occupation, industry, age, fîrm size, or geographic region. (See tables 2 and 4.)-z-
Union Membership by State
In2016,27 states and the District of Columbia had union membership rates below that of the U.S.
average, 10.7 percent, while 23 states had rates above it. All states in the West South Central divisionhad union membership rates below the national average, and all states in both the Middle Atlantic and
the Pacifîc divisions had rates above it. Union membership rates decreased over the year in 31 states and
the District of Columbia, increased in 16 states, and were unchanged in 3 states. (See table 5 and the
map.)
Nine states had union membership rates below 5.0 percent in2016, with South Carolina having the
lowest rate (1.6 percent). The next lowest rates were in North Carolina (3.0 percent), Arkansas (3.9
percent), and Georgi a (3.9 percent). New York was the only state with a union membership rate over
20.0 percent in 2016 at 23.6 percent.
State union membership levels depend on both the employment level and the union membership rate.
The largest numbers of union members lived in California (2.6 million) and New York (1.9 million).Over half of the 14.6 million union members in the U.S. lived in just 7 states (California,2.6 million;
New York, 1.9 million; Illinois, 0.8 million; Pennsylvania,0.T million; and Michigan, New Jersey, and
Ohio, 0.6 million each), though these states accounted for only about one-third of wage and salary
employment nationally.
Technical Note
The estimates in this release are obtained from the CurrentPopulation Survey (CPS), which provides basic information on
the labor force, employment, and unemployment. The survey is
conducted monthly for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the
U,S. Census Bureau from a scientifically selected national
sample of about 60,000 eligible households. The union
membership and earnings data are tabulated from one-quarter
of the CPS monthly sample and are limited to wage and salary
workers. All self-employed workers are excluded,
Beginning in January of each yeat, data reflect revisedpopulation controls used in the CPS, Additional informationabout population controls is available on the BLS website at
https ://www.b1s, gov/cps/documentation.htm#pop.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory
impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-
5200; Federal Relay Service: (800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and
nonsampling error, When a sample' rather than the entirepopulation, is surveyed, there is a chance that the sample
estimates may differ from the true population values they
represent. The exact difference, or sampling error, varies
depending on the particular sample selected, and this variabilityis measured by the standard error of the estimate, There is about
a 90-percent chance, or level of conftdence, that an estimate
based on a sample will differ by no more than 1,6 standard
erors from the true population value because of sampling error.
BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 9O-percent level ofconfrdence. The state section ofthis release preserves the long-
time practice of highlighting the direction of the movements in
state union membership rates and levels regardless of theirstatistical si gniftcance.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error,
Nonsarnpling error can occur for many reasons, including the
failure to sample a segment of the population, inability to obtain
information for all respondents in the sample, inability orunwillingness of respondents to provide correct information,and errors made in the collection or processing ofthe data'
Information about the reliability of data from the CPS and
guidance on estimating standard errors is available al
https ://www.bls. gov/cps/documentation.htm#reliability.
Union membership questions
Employed wage and salary workers are classified as union
members if they answer "yes" to the following question: Onthisjob, are you ø member of a labor union or of an employee
association similar to a union? Ifthe response is "no" to thatquestion, then the interviewer asks a second question: On thisjob, are you covered by a union or employee association
contract? If the response is "yes," then these persons, along
with those who responded "yes" to being union members, are
classifïed as represented by a union' Ifthe response is oono" to
both the hrst and second questions, then they are classiflted as
nonunlon
Defïnitions
The principal definitions used in this relcase are described
briefly below.
tJnion members. Data refer to members of a labor union or an
employee association similar to a union.
Union membership rate. Data refer to the proportion of total
wage and salary workers who are union members'
Represented by unions.Data refer to both union members and
workers who report no union affiliation but whose jobs are
covered by a union or an employee association contract'
Nonunion. Data refer to workers who are neither members ofa union nor represented by a union on theirjob'
Usual weekly earnings. Data represent earnings before taxes
and other deductions and include any overtime þaY,commissions, or tips usually received (at the main job in the
case of multiple jobholders). Prior to 1994, respondents were
asked how much they usually earned per week. Since January
1994, respondents have been asked to identify the easiest way
for them to report earnings (hourly, weekly, biweekly, twice
monthly, monthly, annually, other) and how much they usually
earn in the reported time period. Earnings reported on a basis
othcr than weekly are converted to a weekly equivalent, The
term "usual" is as perceived by the respondent. Ifthe respondent
asks for a defînition of usual, interviewers are instructed to
define the term as more than half of the weeks worked during
the past 4 or 5 months.
Medían earnings, The median is the amount which divides a
given earnings distribution into two equal groups, one having
earnings above the median and the other having earnings below
the median. The estimating procedure places each reported or
calculated weekly earnings value into $50-wide intervals whichare centcred around multiples of $50' The actual value isestimated through the linear interpolation of the interval in
which the median lies,
Wage and salary worker.r. Workers who receive wages,
salaries, commissions, tips, payment in kind, or piece rates, The
group includes employees in both the private and public sectors.
Union membership and earnings data exclude all self-employed
workers, both those with incorporated businesses as well as
those with unincorporated businesses.
Full-time workers. Workers who usually work 35 hours or
more per week at their sole or principal job'
Part-time workers. Workers who usually work fewer than 35
hours per week at their sole or principaljob.
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity. Refers to persons who identified
themselves in the enumeration procçss as being Spanish,
Hispanic, or Latino. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as
Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.
Table 1. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by selected characteristics,2015-2016 annualaverages
umbers in2016
Characteristlc
Reprêsentedby unions2
Percent
employedof
AGË ANO SEXTotal, 16 years ând over..............
16 to 24 years...25 years and over.........
25 to 34 years...35 to 44 years,..45 to 54 years...55 to 64 years...65 years and over,....,..,
Men, 16 years and over......,..16 to 24 years...25 years and ovor.......,.
25 to 34 years..,35 to 44 years...45 to 54 years...55 to 64 years...65 years and over,..,....
Womon, 16 years and over....,..,,,,...........16 to 24 years...25 years and over...,,....
25 to 34 years...35 to 44 yoars...45 to 54 ysars..,55 to 64 years,,.65 years and over,,.......
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,AND SEX
Whitê, 16 years and ovêr... ....,,..,..Men.. ...Women.,...,....
Black or African American, l6 years and over.,,Men.. ....,,......Women..........
Asian, 16 yoars and over........,.....Men. . . . . . , . . . . . . .
Wom€n..........
Hispanic or Latlno ethn¡city, 16 years and over.
Men. . . . . . . . . . . , . .
Women......,...
FULL. OR PART.TIME STATUS3Full-time workersParþtime workers,.........
12.0
5.3
13.0
10.4
13.3
14,8
14.7
10.8
12.3
6.013.3
10.8
13.6
15.3
14.9
10.7
11.6
4.612.7
9,9
12.9
14,4
14.6
1 1.0
11,7
12.1'1 1.3
14.5
15,7
13.6
10.1
9.3'10.9
10.0
10.3
9.6
13.1
6.7
r Data refer to members of a labor union or an employeo association simllar to a un¡on.2 Data refor to both union members and workors who report no union afflliation but whose jobs arg covored by a union or an employeo associatìon contract.3 The dist¡nction between full- and part-timo workêrs ¡s based on hours usually worked. Thess data w¡ll not sum to totals because full- or part-timo status on the principal
job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders
NOTE: Estimates for the above raco qroups (Whlte, Black or African American, and As¡an) do not sum to totals because data ars not presented for alì races. Persons whoseethnicitv is ¡dentified as Hispanic or Lãtind mày be of any race. Data refer to the solo or principaljob of full- and part-timê wage and salary workêrs. All
annually with thê release of January data.
2015
Represênledby unions2
Membersof
unionsl
Membêrsof
unionsl
Percentof
employedïotal
Percsntof
employod
ïotalomployed
TotalPercenl
ofemployed
Total
Totalemployed
ïotal
12,6
6.1
13.7
1 1.0
13.6
15.5'16.0
10.8
1 1.9
4.513.1
10.7
13.3
14,4
15.2
10.8
13,5
6.7
12.3
5.3
13.4
10.9
13.5
15.0
15.6
10.8
12.0
12.4
11.6
14.7
15.5
13.S
10.9
10.1
11.8
10.6
10.6
10.5
1 36,1 01
18,556117,54531,75028,51528,80721,778
6,696
70,5899,412
61,17716,93015,10214,77510,9573,412
65,512
9,14356,36814,82013,41214,03210,8203,283
1 06,1 60
56,00750,1 53
17 ,0147,8529,163
8,3404,3683,972
23,0851 3,1 25
9,960
1 1 1,0S1
24,832
14,555816
13,7392,9243,4233,8462,903
643
11,1206,1534,967
2,2091,104
1,105
752355
397
1 3,1 19
1,415
7,888484
7,4041,640
1,881
2,0481,51 1
Jao
6,667332
6,3351,2841,542
1,797
1,392
o¿u
2,0321,209
823
10.5
11.0
9.9
13.0
14.1
12.1
9.0
8.1
10.0
8.8
9.2q1
11.8
5.7
10,7
4.4
11 .7
9.2
12.0
13.3
13.3
9.6
11.2
5.1
12.1
9,7
12,5
13.9
13,8
9.5
10.2
3,6
11,2
8.7
1 1.5
12.8
12.9
9.8
16,271
988
15,2833,2963,7824,2ø93,209
726
8,704568
8,1 3ô
1,833
2,0512,2531,633
365
12,4366,7695,667
2,4751,2291,245
839404435
14,593
1,655
7,567420
7 ,1471,463
1,731
2,0161,57ô
361
2,3081,348
960
133,74318,31 1
115,43130,87028,101
28,76421,2886,408
69,2989,250
60,04816,55014,84414,69610,6983,259
64,4459,061
55,38414,32013,257
14,06810,590
3,1 49
104,991
55,40249,590
16,5527,5588,995
7,8834,1133,770
22,35112,6709,681
109,08024,445
14,795800
13,9952,9853,4573,909
3,035610
1 1,301
6,2225,079
2,2461,097
1,149
367
403
13,340
1,431
7,963485
7,4781,639
1,857
2,0791,588
315
6,833315
6,5181,346
1,600
1,8301,447
¿Y1
2,1041,211
892
12.2
5.9
11.1
4.44t 4
9,7
12.3
13.6
14.3ÕÃ
11 .5
5.212.5
9.9
12.5
14.1
14.8oa
10.6
3.511.8
9.4
12.1
13.0
13.7
9.3
10.8
11.2
10.2
13.6
14.5
12.8
9.88.9
10.7
9.49,69.2
16,441
967
15,4743,3633,7854,3063,329
691
8,760563
8,1 97
1,8252,0232,2811,717
352
7,681
4057,2771,538
1,7622,0251 ,613
?aÕ
12,627
6,8755,752
2,4271,174
1,253
860
416444
14,7681,646
2,3651,346
1,019
Table 2, Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation and selectedcharacteristics 2015-2016 annual
201 6
Characleristic
AGE AND SEXïotal,'16 yeaß and over..,.,.....
16 to 24 years...25 years and over........,
25 to 34 years...35 to 44 years...45 to 54 years.,.55 to 64 years...65 yêars and over.........
M€n, 16 y€ars and ovor.,..16 to 24 years...25 years and over.,.....
25 to 34 years...35 to 44 ysars...45 to 54 ysars..,55 to 64 years...65 years and over.........
Women, 16 years and over.....16 to 24 years.,.25 years and over....,
25 to 34 years...35 to 44 years,.,45 to 54 years.,.55 to 64 years..,65 years and over.........
RACE, HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY,AND SEX
White, 16 years and over...........Men. . . . . . . , . , , . . .
Women..
Black or African American, 16 years and over. ,,... .
Men.........Women..
Asian, 16 years and ovèr....,.....,,,,Mên. . . . . . . . . . . . . ,
Women..,....,..
Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, 16 years and over.,,..,Men. , . . . . , . . . . . . .
Women.....,....
Non-union3
$802497
858
734908oan
930
846
890
509
950
775
990
1,057
1,090
988
723
481
757
685
804
800
778723
827
915
738
646
690
616
1,0221,160
892
608
637
565
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employee association similar to a union.2 Data refer to both union members and workars who report no union affiliation but whose jobs aro covered by a union or an employee associatìon contract.3 Data refer to workers who are neìther members of a union nor represented by a union on their job.
NOTÊ: Persons whose ethnic¡ty is idont¡fied as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. Dala refer to the sole or principal job of fulllime ivage ?19 salary workêrs. All
annually with ths release of January data.
2015
TotalMembors
ofunionsl
Repre-sented
by unlons2
Non-union3
TotalMembors
ofunionsl by unions2
Reprs-sented
$832501
885
751
934
955952866
915
512969794
1,007
1,075
1,102992
749486
784705
839
836
812749
862
s42766
b/ö
718641
1,021
1,151
902
624663
586
$1,004600
1,022893
1,071
1,084
1,072984
1,050
582
1,080ol Ã
1,1231, 146
I, tJO
1,022
oÃÃ
628
s72865
1 ,0151,006
999
942
1,050
1,111
989
808818799
1,020'1,061
985
886
908
844
$995599
1,014890
1,059
1,0ô9
1,069
988
1,042581
1,074915
1,1201,1401,1401,029
942o¿+
960
860
1,004
988
992
964
1 ,0341,099
975
807
826
790
1,017
1,076
975
876
901
829
$8og487
öÞu
735900otz
927
873
895
510
947
770
983
1,040
1,0641,003
726
450to I
690804
799
784740
835s20743
641
680615
oÕâ
1,129877
604
631
566
$980616997
886
1,050
1,0291,020
961
1,017
6551,041
888
1,093
1,107
1,084
1 ,010
928
5þ/944884
1,002958
937
894
1,007
1,051
s52
800
824768
1,094
1,097
1,091
862901
778
$975605994
8821,048
1,0241,017
963
1,014633
1,038
889
1,094
1,110
1,082998
921565
940
8761,001
950
934
905
999
1,044944
798
821
768
1,107
1,1251,090
847
887783
869505
927
756
963
,023
,059
,005
697
443736
667
764768
759
718
803
895
715
617
650
595
977
1,130
835
586
o tu
541
$776482831
/ tþ870899
904
852
1
1
I
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2015'2016 annualaverages
bers in2016
Representedby un¡ons'
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATION
Management, professional, and rolatedoccupations.,....Management, business, and financial operations
occupations. . . . . .
Management occupatlons......Business and financial operations
occupatÌons, . . , . .
Professional and related occupations.
Computer and mathematical occupations. '. .,
Architecturs and engineering occupations. . . ..
Life, physical, and soclal scienceoccupations, . . . , ,
Community and social service occupations. , . 'Legal occupationsEducation, training, and library occupations' ..
Arts, design, entertainment, sports, ãnd mediaoccupations.,....
Healtlfcare pract¡tioner and technicaloccupations. . . . . .
Service occupations. , . . . . . . . . , , . . . .
Healthcaro support occupations. . . . . , . . . ' ' . . . ' . ,
Protsctive service occupations........Food pr€parat¡on and serving related
occupations. . . . . .
Building and grounds cleaning and ma¡ntonancêoccupations, . . , , .
Personal care and service occupations . '... '. '
Sales and office occupations
Sales and related occupations,..,.. ...... '. ... .
Office and administrative support occupations' .
Natural resources, construction, and maintenanceoccupations. , . . . .
Farming, fishing, and forostry occupatìons'.....Construction and extraction occupatlons. .. '.. 'lnstallation, malntenance, and repair
occupations......Production, transportatìon, and material moving
occupations. , . . . .
Production occupatlons......Transportation and matêrial moving
occupations,....,
INDUSTRY
Pr¡vate sector...,Agriculturo and rolated industries..
Nonagricultural industr¡os...',..'Mining, quarrying, ând oll and gas extraction..
Construction. , , . .
Manufacturing, . . .
Durable goods...Nondurable goods..,.........
Wholesale and retail trade. .....Wholesale 1rado......,......Retail trade..
Transportation and utilitlos...Transportat¡on and warehousing
Utilities...lnformation3..,...
Publishing, except lnternet.
Motion p¡ctures and sound recordingindustries...,.....
ofPercent
13.3
5.6
5.4
5.818,2
5.2
7.4
10.8
16.3
6.838.2
7.5
14.2
10.7
8.1
Jb.þ
4.ô
10,0
6.87.53.5
10.5
16,3
3.219.4
14.6
15.0
12.9
16.9
t.ó2,1
7.4
6.314,6
9.69.89.34.84.24,9
20.520.0
23.010.1
5.2
2015
Membersof
unionsl
Mêmbersof
unlonsl
Represenledby unions2
Totalemployed
TotalPercent
ofemployed
TotalPercont
ofemployed
TotalPercent
ofemployed
Totalemployed
Total
6.5
3.9
1 1.6
13.3
15.6
1 1.0
4,64.5
4.8
16.1
3.9
6.4
8.8
14.8
5.0
34.6
9.66.9
34.5
8.8
6,6
3.1
9.4
15.1
2.2
18.4
13.7
r1.0
6.4'1.3
b,bþ.b
13.9
8.8
8.9
9.4
4.23.7
4,3
18.9
18.4
21.59.04.9
8,4e728
8,40948
1,095
1,422
906
515
887
tJt750
1,239
1,014
225250
24
162
394
43
649
138
408
95
3,344
1,475
6,916
I ItO
736
393
5,787
222
219
1,199
2,596
275
1,133
491
304
2,314483
1,831
1,920cl
1,240
2,5241,049
I,41122
8,38957
9921,462
oaâ
529
962
139
8231,1 59
946
24922
40
187
381
710
6,983
1,422
1,057
701
JCþ
5,926221
219
139
412100
3,466
1,183
2,759314
1,189
537
338
2,311505
1,806
1,868
25
1,133
2,5211,098
13.7
5.4
5.3
12.8
8.8
4.8
16.7
15.7
5.518.9
5.3
7.9
r0.616.4
6.839.5
14.5
11,7
9.538.5
11.0
8.07.5
3.7
10.4
16.0
2.518.3
15.1
13.4
7.4
1.7
7.5
6.514,0
10.0
10.0
10.1
5.1
4.2
20.3
19.8
22,3oo
4.4
52,1 08
20,28913,563
6,72631 ,818
4,301
2,541
8,45924,271
3,3733,093
4,8974,441
31,051
13,671
17,380
11,812988
6,387
16,8598,1 50
115,4171 ,315
114,102765
7,48814,7839,2475,536
18,51 5
3,28816,227
6,0485,073
9752,473
455
349
2,158
8,466
4,438
8,708
1,276
2,5061,412
8,765
7,43517
7,41943
1,039
1,295927
468780
120
ô60
1,145
935
210222
22
605
6,064
38
141
333
589
1,355
322
5,1 38
166
187
112
372
79
3,031
1,051
¿,JJ I
2331,069
430
272
2,051
421
1,631
1,788
1,177
2,31s959
50,939
19,63613,213
6,42331,3024,1952,777
8,14223,503
3,3053,092
4,8684,222
30,931
13,574
17,357
11,694
9716,1 93
16,676
8,1 80
113,1521,269
111,882866
7,10914,547
9,2885,258
1 8,7983,346
15,4525,7224,765
oÃ7
2,525495
314
2,120
8,016
4,530
8,496
1,3092,5171,4758,766
7,55415
7,53947
9401,369
874494
871
126745
1 ,106901
205
217
19
6,132
871
581
'161
329
666
37
1,334
290
5,261162
190
109
386
83
3,112
1,059
2,492279
1,123
473288
2,055441
1,614
1,751
18
1,067
2,3651,031
7.6
4.1
9.7
6.86.6aa
9.3
12.0
14.7
15.7
11,7
4.44,4
4.516.8
3.9
6.8
0.J15.3
5.6
13.0
10.6
8.436.3
15.0
1.9
17.2
14.2
12.6
6,71.2
6.75,4
13.2
9.49.4
9.44.6J.O
4.8
19.3
18.9
21.4
8.6
Seê footnotes at end of table,
12.3
Table 3. Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by occupation and industry, 2015-2016 annual
- Continuedtn
2016
Occupation and industry
Representedby unions2
Percentof
employed
Radio and television broadcasling andcable subscr¡ption programm¡n9.....,...
Tolocommunications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Financial activities.........Finance and insurance....
Finânce.,.,......lnsurãnce. . . . . . . .
Real estate and rental and leasing... . . ...Professional and business services.....,....
Professional and technical services.......Management, adm¡nistrative, and waste
services..........Education and health services...... ....... ..
Ëducational sorvices..........Health care and social assistanco.. ...., .,
Leisure and hospitality.......Arts, ontertainment, and recreation....,. . .
Accommodation and food services..,,....Accommodation.,Food services and drlnking places. . . ., .
Othor services3..Other services, excopt privale households.
Public sector..,..Foderal government. . . . . . . , . , , . . . . .
State government. . . . . . , . . , . , . . . . .
Local government,,,.,........
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an smployee associat¡on simìlar to a unlon'2 Data refer to both union m€mbers and workers who report no union âff¡liation but whose jobs are covered by a union or an employee association contract3 lncludes othêr industries, not shown separately.NOTE: Data rêfer to the sole or principal iob of full- and part{ime wage and salary workers. All self-employed workers are excluded, both those with incorporatedbusinesses as well as those witfi unlnðorþorated businesses. Updatoð population'conlrols aro introduced annually with the reloasa of January data.
8.0
15.8
3.1
2,1
2,0
2.3
5.8J.J
4.69.5
14.3
8.3
3.56,02.98.22.0
c. I
3,4
37.931 .1
32.8
43.9
2015
Memborsof
unionsr
Representedby unions2
Membersof
unionslTotålemployed
TotalPercent
ofemployed
Total
Totalemployed
ïotalPorcont
ofemployed
TotalPerc€nt
ofemployed
6.7
13.3
2.4
1.6
1.3
2.1
4.7
¿,o
1.7
3.8
8.7
13.7
7.3
3.1
6.4
?,4
7.4
1.5
J.J
35.2
27.3
30,2
41.3
48131
24212970
59
113
458218
2402,132
7201,412
449158
291
127
165
227
2058,031
1,160
2,3124,559
8,5'14,8
2.82,01.7
2.45.1
2.6
4.49.9
15.8
8.3J.b
7,02.98.0{o3.94.1
39.032.3JJ.O
45.0
534
ó¿t8,9636,6164,1422,4732,347
14,257
8,728
5,52922,1524,557
1 7,595
12,687
2,32910,358
1,506
8,8525,9735,258
20,6843,6746,965
1 0,045
32
119
205
91
49
42
114
J40141
2051,808
561
1,247
381
126
255
114
141
155
1527,1201,006
2,0644,050
5.9
14.6
¿,c
1.41)
1.7
4.9
1.6
8.2
12.3
7.1
3,0
5.4
2,5
¡/.þ
1.b
2,6
2.9
34,427,4
29.640.3
2532,107
6521,464
438139
299
1231761ðb
179
7,8341,1442,2824,409
43
129274
138
81
57
tJo464211
561
8838,7916,5504,1262,4242,231
1 3,7388,327
5,41121,572
4,551
17,02112,357
2,25410,107
1,5758,5325,867
5,05520,591
3,591
6,87510,126
37
118
208103
F?
51
105
348
142
2061,867
6251,242
389144245116
125177
166
7,241979
2,0794,183
Table 4. Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, and2015-2016 annual
201 6
Occupation and industry
OCCUPATIONManagement, professional, and rolatod occupations...
Management, business, and financial operat¡onsoccupations. . . . . ,
Manãgement occupations,...,.Businoss and financial operations occupations....
Profess¡onal and reìated occupations.,....Computer and malhematical occupations., . .. .. . .
Arch¡tecture and engineering occupatlons., ....,. .
Life, physical, and social science occupat¡ons,..,,Community and social servic€ occupations......,,Legal occupations, . . . , , , . . . . . . . . . .
Education, training, and library occupations.... ...Arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media
occupations. . , . . ,
Healthcaro practitioner and technical occupations.
Service occupations. . . . , . . . . . , . , , , .
Healthcare support occupations..,,...Protective servico occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .
Food preparation and serving related occupations,..Bu¡ld¡ng and grounds cloanlng and maintenance
occupations. . . . . ,
Personal care and service occupations,, ,. ..,,.... ..Sales and office occupat¡ons
Salos and related occupations.....,,..........'...,.Office and admlnistratlve support occupations,,., . . .
Nâtural resources, construction, and ma¡ntenanceoccupations. , , , , .
Farming, fishing, and forestry occupatìons.... .......Construclion and oxtract¡on occupations.. '.... '.. 'lnstallation, maintenance, and repair occupations.,.
Production, transportation, and material movingoccupations. . . . . .
Production occupations......Transportation and material movlng occupations,. . .
INDUSTRY
Private sector..,,Agriculture and rslated industries..
Nonagricultural industrios....Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction... ..,Construction. , , . .
Manufacturing. . . .
Durable goods...Nondurable goods.......,,.,.
Wholesale and retail trade.............Wholesalo trade.......,...Retail trade,......
Transportation and utilities.......Transpoltation and warehousing
Ut¡lities. . . . . . . . . . .
lnformationa. . . . . .
Publishing, except lnternet.
Mot¡on p¡ctures and sound recording lndustries,
Radio and television broadcasting and cablesubscription programming.....
Telecommunications. , . , . , . . . .
Financ¡al activit¡ôs..........Finance and insurance........
Financ€. . . . . . . . . .
lnsuranc€. . . . . . . .
Real ostate and rental and leas¡ng....,,,..,...Profossional and business services.
Professional and technical servlces....,......,
Non-union3
$1,197
1,2851,368
1,1641,140
1,458
1,490
1 ,195872
1,419887
1,0281,087
505
520694
459
498
686
745661
735518
719
822
631
641
622
789
571
793
1,1 90
780
852890
799675868
o¿¿
808
757
1,242
1,133
1,1021,030
1,020
1,153
981
1,047
I ,101
980
817
995
1,273
201 5
TotalMembêrs
ofunionsl
Repro-sented
by unions2
Non-u nion3
TotalMembers
ofunionsl by unions2
Ropre-sented
$1,166
937
s37
27;896
t,:
1
1,127
1 ,168885
907
839
701
921
6451,033
s721,408
1,238
977
887
1,309
1,263
1,389
1,1461,1 56
1,372
1,4241,288
1,095
1 ,6151 ,130
1,2521,191
771
6021,088
597
664559
810717
826
1,153
1,076
881
841
913
$1,1 59
876
837
904
o+t546
804
724
818
1,111
1,1421,069
932
933
1,r4;884910827
700
905
6451,023
9691,388
1,257
'1,306
916
853813
907970
9351,277
1,266
1,408
1,141
1,1461,332
1,411
1,2781,0761,621
1,114
1,224
1,175753
602
1,074581
918
1,082
1,066
850824876
917
$1,152
1,070
1,099
876
889
849
673
876
621
1,007
980
1,1941,260
1,212
s15983923988
891
8741,257
1,273
1,386
1,1 08
1,1401,388
1,393
1,249
1,0141,551
1,095
1,2281,211
753
5441,031
515
648
515810
702
831
$1,148
842826859
912
1,052
1,064
1,051
913
1,1701,093
868881
841
o/ I
863
6221,003
977
1,188
1,242
1,208
9241,004
1,082981
893
9061,268
1,2911,3801,1321,1321,327{ aoo
1,2661,008
1,547
1,074
1,2121,1 94
742546
1,029
512
628521
801
710821
765
519
769
1J62743833871
768652840609803
1,116
1,077
1,102935
9841,014
489495687436
711460695799
622635
610
$1 ,160
469496
662716639
9681,148
9641,0241,060
o7c
772953
1,255
1,257
1,349
1 ,1381,103
1,4341,427
I JA7855
1,373860
801
572
806
1,197
822857
893
793b/b871
623
860
795
1,2641,1431,094
1,085
510
505
698744
679
665668
ooz
$1 ,1 88
786
520784861
1,2841,370
1,161
1,141
1,4431,4821,209
919
1,431
984
1,040
I,104523525809
465
1,017
1,182977
1,039
1,0s9
977
827
992
1,273
tt6Êat
7811,162
784839
872776ODJ
841
610
843
790
I,1331,1021,098
996
761464749839
656
663
646
$1,158
1,258
1,351
1,137
1,1121,4281,4241,206
889
1,391
956
1,001
1,041Ãôo
498796
441
486
498673
716656
980
1,162964
1,0241,061
973
782951
1,256
See footnotes at end of table,
Table 4, Median weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers by union affiliation, occupation, andind 2015-2016 annual - Continued
2016
occupation and ìndustry Non-union3
Management, administrativê, and waste services.Education and health services..,......,......
Educatlonal services........Health cãre and social assistance... ......,
Leìsuro ånd hospitality.,,,....Arts, entertainment, and recreation........,Accommodation and food sorvices....,....
Accommodation..Food services and drinking places.......
Other servicesa,.Other services, except private households.
Publ¡c sector.
Fedêral governmênl. , , . , . . . . . . . . . . . .
State government............Local government. . . . . . . . , , , , . , . . . .
1 Data rofer to mêmbêrs of a ìabor union or an employeo association similar to a union.2 Data refer to both union members and workors who report no union affiliation but whose jobs aro coverod by a union or an employee association contract.3 Data refer to workers who are nelther membors of a union nor represented by a union on theh job.a lncludes other industries, not shown separately.- Data not shown where base is less than 50,000.NOTE: Data refer to the sole or pr¡ncipal job of full{ime wage and salary workers. All self-employed workors are excluded, both those wlth incorporated businesses as wellas those with unincorporated businesses. Updated populat¡on controls are introduced annually w¡lh th€ release of January data.
$610700
931
771
522b/J501
564
490
681
703
900
I ,188883
817
2015
ïotalMembers
ofun ions 1
Rspre-sented
by unions2Total
Membersof
unionsl
Repre-sented
by unions2
Non-union3
$605787
918754515
657
492
546
480
684
710944
1,1 13
909
914
$684962
1,025916606ot ¿
579645492903916
1,0291,058
9881,043
$672946
1 ,015904592680
558
639490879900
1,023
1,064982
1 ,033
$603768
896
742
511
655489532
480677
703
878'l ,159
867
783
$613817
936785
528
b/ö504
582
491
686708967
1,149931
940
$687944967
929
670
720642698
567
959
9651,0701,093
1,0221,089
$682937
965
921
667
720637
703575869
893
1,055
1,099
1,011
1 ,071
Table 5, Union affiliation of employed wage and salary workers by state, 2015-2016 annual averagesumbers in thousands
201 6
State
A|abama. . . . . . . . . . , .
Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ar¡zona, . . , . . , . , . . . ,
Arkansas,.. ,. ......Cal¡fornia. . . . . . . . . . ,
Colorado. . . , . , . , . . . .
Connecticut. . . . . , . . .
Delawaro..... ......District of Columbia.Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Representedby unions2
ofPorcent
9.0
19,9
5.0
17,5
10.8
18.4
13.3
10.7
7.1
4.920.9
6.8
15,3
11.4
10,5
10.3
13,4
4,9
13.5
12,3
12.9'15.5
15.2
8.1
10,7
13.9
8.5
15.0
1 1.0
16.6
8.2
25.2
4,1
7.0
14.1
6.6
15.8
12,7
16.9
¿,o
7.0
6.4
5.3
6.0
12.9
6.0
18.7
13.2
9.0
L5
Georg¡a. . . . . . . . .
Hawaii. . . . . . . . . ,
ldaho, . . . . . , . . . .
llllnois. . . . . . . . . . .lndiana. . . . . . . . , .
|owa. . . . . . , . , . . .
Kansas... .... ,.Kentucky. . , . . . . .Lôuisiana. . . . . . ,
Malne........ ...
Maryland........Massachusêtts..Michigan. . . . , . . .
Minnesota. .. ..,Mississlppi. . . . . .
Missourl. , , . . . . , .
Montana.....,..Nobraska....,,.Nevada.,,,,,.,.New Hampshire,
Nêw Jersêy.....N€w Mexico.. ..Now York,......Norlh Cårolinâ..
North Dakota.,.Oh|o. . . . . . , . . . . .
Oklahoma.......Orogon,,,......Pennsylvania...Rhode lsland...
South Carolina.South Dakota.,Tonnessee...,,Texas..,,..,,..Utah.... ... ....Vormont....,..Virginia. . . . . . . .
Wash¡ngton. ...West Virginia..Wisconsln...,,,Wyoming......
1 Data refer to members of a labor union or an employeo association sim¡lar to a un¡on.2 Data refer to both unlon members and workers who report no union affillatlon but whose jobs are covêrod by a union or an ðmployeê association contract.
NOTE: Data refor to the sole or principal job of full- and parþtime wage and salary workers. All sðlf-€mployed workers are exclud€d, both those with lncorporatedbusinesses as well as those witli uninborþorated businosses. Updated population controls arê introduced annually with the release of Januâry data,
2015
Mombersof
unionsl
Represontedby unions2
Mombersof
unlonslTotalemployed
TotalPercent
ofemployed
TotalPercent
ofêmployêd
Totalemployed
TotalPercent
ofemployed
Total
1,895
297
2,727
1 ,18616,00 1
2,4381,568
419343
8,113
4,249597
689
5,5872,9271,4541,274
1 ,7101,799
567
2,8153,1 58
4,1962,5631 ,1082,711
418876
1,211
669
4,007784
8,2274,225
363
4,9701,4821,691
5,686481
1,981
379
2,74611,457
1 ,318290
3,7483,090
bbv
2,696248
153
55
122
47
2,551238
275
48
32
456
165
119
42
812304
129
109
190
76
65
c tu
381
606
365
¿o¿
50
64
146
63
64449
1,942129
20
617
80
228685
74
32
20
158
462ô¿
160
539
79
219
10
8.1
18.5
4.5
3.915.9
9.8
17,5
11.4
9,55.6
3.9
19.S
6.1
14,5
10,4co
8.6
11.1
4.211.4
'1 1.0
12.1
14,4
14.2
6.6o7
11.9
7.4
12.1
9.4
16.1
6.3
23.6J.U
5.512.4
5,4
13.5
12,1
15.5
1.6
5,2
4.04.7
1 1,5
4.317 ,4
11.8
8.1
6.3
210125
47
856
335
153
132228
88
347
407
651
388
90
290
58
74
18274
6ô6
64
2,075174
25
702
97
267
724
81
52
26
174
606
7g
226
577
88
244
18
17059
151Ão
2,796¿oJ
288
56
37
574
1,863
304
2,6611 ,155
1 5,6572,3101,587
412334
7,994
4,016583
6795,5662,8281,435
1,2551,7051,847
549
2,7573,1 03
4,0832,5651,103
2,615427882
1,232
641
3,880782
8,2494,089
352
4,9141,567
1,586
5,601
483
1,960
382
2,69311,177
1,274
2843,7362,977
6652,682
261
287
402621
363
60
230
52
68
177
62
59649
2,038123
19
60688
747
68
41
22
146503
50
36
202500
83
223
19
190
60
138
58
2,486194
26938
35
546
162r1946
847
283138
110
187
107
64
15.4
o,¿
24.73.0
5,4
12.3
5.6
14.8
IJ.J
14.2
¿.1
5.9
5.4
4.53.9
12.6
5.4
16.8
12.4
8.37.1
10.2
19.6
5.2
5,1
15.9
8.4
17.0
9,210.4
6.8
4.020.46.8
15.2
10.0
9.6
8.7
I 1.0
5.8
11 .ô
10.4
12.9
15.2
14.2
5.4
8.812.2
7.714.3
9.7
20466
163
74
2,6892152774340
671
206126
50
8923'19
174136
207
12675
337
441
672385
75
257
59
80
20373
64461
2,141167
24
670116256804
72
57
26
175o¿o
67
42258
536
91
25322
11.0
21.76.1
6.417.2
9,317.4
10,4
12,1
8.4
5.1
21,7aà
16.0
11.3
10.8
12.1
6.813.6
12.2
14.2
16.5
15.0
6.89.8
13.9
9.0
16.5
11.4
16.6
7.926.0
4,1
6.813.6
7,4
16.2
14.4
14.5
2.9
6.96.55.65,2
14.7
6.918.0
13.7
9.4
8.2
Chart 1. Union membership rates by state, 2016 annual averages
(U.S. rate = 10.7 percent)
MountainWest
North Central
/East
North Central
EastSouth Central
New
Middle
W.VA.
MD
VA-
DEL.
SouthAtlantic
D.C.
20.0o/o or more
15.0% to 19.9%
1O.Oo/o to 14.9Yo
5.0% to 9.9%
4.97" or less
e@ qèatoS>
S*lrrr';v\rHAWAII
ALASKA
WestSouth Central
Iffi
ffin
WASH
ORE.
coLo.
MONT.
WYO.
UTAH
ARIZ
NEV.
ARK.OKLA.
TEXAS
KAN.
oHto
MICH.
WlS.
FLA
N.C.
ALA.
TENN.
Mtss.