news presentation and evidentiality in tv news
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News presentation and evidentiality in TV news. News presentation. two levels / phases of presentation : the programme itself : the product of the institution semiotic , visual aspects in opening sequence of signature graphics , logo, images of NPs , studio verbal : headlines - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
News presentation and evidentiality in TV news
News presentation• two levels/phases of presentation:– the programme itself : the product of the
institution• semiotic, visual aspects in opening sequence of
signature graphics, logo, images of NPs, studio• verbal: headlines
– the item (kernel) of the NP, the representative of the institution
From transmission to communication• Evolution of the news bulletin from a concern with
the transmission of news/a message• to a concern with the communication of news/a
message– newsreader - previous formats– reads with no distractions from the message, thus:
• lack of background• head and shoulders frame • only one person at a time• no extraneous or spontaneous comments• no personalisation
• Also consistent with this conception of the news :– Irregular nomination of reporter in the field and
his/her location– Lack of an obvious studio space/place
Space of the studio
• Visual and verbal references to geographical position
• Signalled iconically• Newsroom as background• Proximal and distal deixis• Site of enunciation• Discourse of headlines
Mode of address
• Autocue, teleprompter allowed direct relationship with audience with eye contact
• Qualitatively different from direct address• Not grounded in reciprocity• Parasocial interaction• the frame is established through direct
greetings
The turn to communication
• Developments in technology • Recognition of potential, self-awareness• Shifting of focus from transmission to communication
of message
– PR firms engaged to re-vamp institutional images– Communicative skills and personal qualities of NPs and
studio, which represent the institution– More relaxed and informal presentation, personalisation,
consistent with growing self-referentiality
BBC logo 1987
ITV Studio 1992-99
ITV studio 2005
ITV studio Trevor and Julie 2008
ITV studio 2010
Markers which indicate
• The kind of evidence one has for making factual claims
• The indication of the nature of the evidence for a given statement
• Knowledge of the source and comittment to the truth of a proposition
Choices
• Attribution of a proposition to another person or voice is a kind of evidentiality – x says y
• Witness – I was there, I saw y• Secondhand or hearsay – attributes to other
witnesses, the neighbours reported hearing a• Sensory- I felt, it seemed, it looked as if, it
sounded like• Inferential , - clues and indications
Modality
Use of simple present or past:
Use of present perfect:
Use of modals:
Visuals
• Visuals can be live or archive (some archive footage is a shorthand to illustrate institutional or social situations the viewer is meant to recognise)
• They can back up the verbal text basically showing what is being said
• they can juxtapose archive footage and they can add impressions without explicitly making a point
Post production editing
• The more a channel takes pains to edit and compile, the more they seem to be evaluating the news as important (worth making the effort)
Voices
• Some sources are given live camera footage or are interviewed on screen
• Some are given still photos• Some just their words on the screen• Some have their words paraphrased or
summarised by the NP
• You need to think about the effects of such choices
Interaction
• Sometimes we hear the question and see the participants together
• Sometimes we just hear the answer• Answers usually depend on questions