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What are Earthquakes?What are Earthquakes?
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a seismometer, also known as a seismograph
Interesting Facts About EarthquakeInteresting Facts About Earthquake
The largest recorded earthquake in the United states was a magnitude 9.2 that struck Prince William Sound, Alaska on Good Friday, March 28, 1964
Interesting Facts About EarthquakeInteresting Facts About Earthquake
The Largest Recoded Earthquake in the world was a Magnitude 9.5 in Chile on May 22, 1960
Interesting Facts About EarthquakeInteresting Facts About Earthquake World’s deadliest recoded earthquake occurred in1556 in Central China, killing an estimated 830,000 people in 1976 another deadly earthquake struck Tangshan, China where more than 250,00 people were killed.
Tidal wave Tidal wave vs vs TsunamiTsunami Although both are sea waves the two has two different and unrelated phenomena
• Tidal Wave – is a shallow water wave caused by the gravitational interaction between the sun, moon, and earth.
•Tsunami – is a sea wave caused by an underwater earthquake or landslide (usually triggered by an earthquake) displacing the ocean water
Hypocenter of an earthquake is the location beneath the earth’s surface where the rupture of the fault begins
Epicenter of an earthquake is the location directly above the hypocenter on the surface of the earth
It is estimated that there are 500,000 detectable earthquakes in the world each year. 100,000 of those can be felt, 100 of them cause damage.
Magnitude Magnitude & & IntensityIntensity
Magnitude is a measured value of the earthquake size. The Magnitude is the same no matter where you are, or how strong or weak the shaking was in various location
Intensity is a measure of the shaking created b the earthquake, and this value does vary with location
Why do we need to Conduct an Why do we need to Conduct an Earthquake Drill ?Earthquake Drill ?
Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and cannot be Earthquake is a natural phenomenon and cannot be prevented. It can strike quickly without warning.prevented. It can strike quickly without warning.
Earthquake can damage lives and properties.Earthquake can damage lives and properties.
No available technology that give an No available technology that give an accurate earthquake prediction.accurate earthquake prediction.
TO MITIGATE EARTHQUAKE DISASTERTO MITIGATE EARTHQUAKE DISASTER..
Date : 17 January 1995Date : 17 January 1995
Time : 5:46 am (Jap. Time)Time : 5:46 am (Jap. Time)
Magnitude : 6.9Magnitude : 6.9
Depth : 22 kmsDepth : 22 kms
Casualties : 5,502Casualties : 5,502
Injured : 36,896Injured : 36,896
~200,000 buildings are damaged or destroyed.~200,000 buildings are damaged or destroyed.
~300,000 people were evacuated to temporary ~300,000 people were evacuated to temporary sheltersshelters
Source: USGSSource: USGS
The Great Hanshin EarthquakeThe Great Hanshin EarthquakeKOBE, JAPANKOBE, JAPAN
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES To ensure the safety of everybodysafety of everybody during and after a damaging
earthquake.
To help the building administrators and their disaster action groups to design a specific response planto design a specific response plan for earthquakes.
To train the building occupantstrain the building occupants on proper action and response during earthquakes.
To test various elementstest various elements of the response plan designed by the Disaster Management Committee (DMCDMC).
Stage 1Stage 1
Planning/Organizing
Stage 2Stage 2
Developing an Evacuation Plan
Stage 3Stage 3
Orientation prior to Earthquake drill
Stage 4Stage 4
Actual Conduct of Earthquake Drill
Stages in Conducting Earthquake DrillStages in Conducting Earthquake Drill
STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
A. Form a Disaster Management CommitteeDisaster Management Committee (DMC) (DMC) composed of several teams with specific task and designate an over-all coordinator.
First Aid or First Aid or Medical TeamMedical Team
Fire SafetyFire SafetyTeamTeam
Overall Overall CoordinatorCoordinator
Site SecuritySite SecurityTeamTeam
CommunicationCommunicationTeamTeam
EvacuationEvacuationTeamTeam
Have the following information available yearly:
Total numberTotal number of building occupantsof building occupants Total number of occupants at each roomeach roomTotal number of occupants at each flooreach floorTotal number of occupants at each buildingeach buildingIdentify occupants with special needsspecial needs (sick, old, disabled) and their their locationlocation
STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
Members of the Disaster Management CommitteeDisaster Management Committee (DMC) (DMC) should evaluate the building.
STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
Members of the Disaster Management CommitteeDisaster Management Committee (DMC) (DMC) should evaluate the building.
Acquire the most recent grounds layoutgrounds layout or vicinity plan/mapvicinity plan/map.
STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
Observe hazardous areas/practiceshazardous areas/practices within the building premises and dangerous conditions that may exist which people have not noticed before. This should be plotted on the layout.
Examples: * Any hanging, unstable objects or structure* Condition of power lines and utility poles* Narrow alleys between buildings* Corridors are too narrow* Are there blockages along the corridors and exit
points?* Do exit point remain open during working hours?* Doors that swing in instead of swing out.
B. Members of the DMC should conduct building watching building watching exerciseexercise and identify safe and unsafe spotssafe and unsafe spots inside the building. This is necessary for stressing the do’sdo’s and dont’sdont’s.
STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
Swing Out DoorSwing Out Door
Shelf nearShelf nearEntranceEntrance
Narrow ExitNarrow Exit
Glass WindowGlass Window
DecorationDecoration
Building Watching ExerciseBuilding Watching Exercise
STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
Electic PostElectic Postand wiringsand wirings
Gate’s ShadeGate’s Shade
Flower PotsFlower Pots
Building Watching ExerciseBuilding Watching Exercise
STAGE 1STAGE 1
Planning/Organizing an Earthquake DrillPlanning/Organizing an Earthquake Drill
Suggest corrections or improvementscorrections or improvements of current set-up.
Examples: * clean up stuff that blocks the corridors and exit points.
* exit points must remain unlocked during working hours.
Assess the structural integritystructural integrity of the building/s by a qualified civil/structural engineer.
The engineer could be tapped from the local city/municipal engineer’s office
Members of the DMC should conduct building watching building watching exerciseexercise and identify safe and unsafe spotssafe and unsafe spots inside the building. This is necessary for stressing the do’sdo’s and dont’s.dont’s.
STAGE 2STAGE 2
Developing the Building Earthquake Developing the Building Earthquake Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan
STAGE 2STAGE 2
Developing the Building Earthquake Developing the Building Earthquake Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan
The Building Earthquake Evacuation Plan should have provisions to utilize all available open spacesopen spaces nearest the building that are evaluated as safesafe from falling debris and other materials that may cause injuries.
Parking AreaParking Area ParkPark
STAGE 2STAGE 2
Developing the Building Earthquake Developing the Building Earthquake Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan
Determine if there is sufficient open space for all. Areas to be occupied should be computed assuming 4 ‘evacuees’4 ‘evacuees’ would occupy a 1 sq m area1 sq m area.
Determine how many persons can occupy an open space.Determine how many persons can occupy an open space.
Assumption 1 : 800 persons Assumption 2 : 4 persons/m2
(800 persons) ÷ (4 persons/m2) = 200 m2
Is the space enough for the total number of evacuees?Is the space enough for the total number of evacuees?
STAGE 2STAGE 2
Developing the Building Earthquake Developing the Building Earthquake Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan
Determine the flow of trafficflow of traffic from each building along the street using the information on actual number of occupants per building and their designated evacuation area.
Indicate by arrows, the flow of evacuation coming out of each room down to their designated evacuation site. This will be the suggested earthquake evacuation route for the evacuation route for the building occupantsbuilding occupants.
One way traffic: Determine the flow
of traffic
STAGE 2STAGE 2
Developing the Building Earthquake Developing the Building Earthquake Evacuation PlanEvacuation Plan
Flow of Traffic and Evacuation RouteFlow of Traffic and Evacuation Route
One way traffic: persons One way traffic: persons shall walk in one directionshall walk in one direction
Evacuation SiteEvacuation Site
Use arrows to indicate Use arrows to indicate the flow of evacuationthe flow of evacuation
STAGE 3STAGE 3
Orientation Prior to the Orientation Prior to the Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill
STAGE 3STAGE 3
Orientation Prior to the Orientation Prior to the Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill
A. Prepare the building occupants a week beforea week before the scheduled earthquake drill.
Identify safe spotsIdentify safe spots (e.g. under tables, desks, doors, etc) and danger danger zoneszones (e.g. windows and glass, shelves, machinery, cabinets and furniture that may topple or slide as well as all hanging and heavy objects).
When dangerous areas have been identified, ask the building occupants/administrators to correctcorrect these and to take actiontake action.
Introduce the suggested evacuation routeevacuation route prepared by the DMC. Also introduce the assigned open areaopen area where they should evacuate
after an earthquake. Assign somebody who will be in charge of making sure that all exit all exit
points are open during the shakingpoints are open during the shaking.
STAGE 3STAGE 3
Orientation Prior to the Orientation Prior to the Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill
B. The main concern during an ongoing shaking is how to protect oneself.protect oneself.
Give specific instructions on what to do what to do DURINGDURING an earthquake an earthquake.
Duck, Cover and HoldDuck, Cover and Hold
Take coverTake cover under a sturdy table or strongly supported doorway.
Watch outWatch out for falling objects.
Keep calmKeep calm and don’t panic.
STAGE 3STAGE 3
Orientation Prior to the Orientation Prior to the Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill
B. The main concern during an ongoing shaking is how to protect oneself.protect oneself.
Give specific instructions about what to do what to do AFTERAFTER as soon as the as soon as the shaking stopsshaking stops: :
Be alert…Be alert…
ListenListen to the Teacher’s instructions.
Walk outWalk out of the building in an orderly manner.
STAGE 3STAGE 3
Orientation Prior to the Orientation Prior to the Conduct of an Earthquake DrillConduct of an Earthquake Drill
B. The main concern during an ongoing shaking is how to protect oneself.protect oneself.
While walking along the alleys/streets, be alertbe alert and watch outwatch out for falling debris.
DON’T RunDON’T Run
DON’T PushDON’T Push
DON’T TalkDON’T Talk
DON’T ReturnDON’T Return
DON’T bring your thingsDON’T bring your things
STAGE 4STAGE 4
Actual Conduct of an Earthquake DrillActual Conduct of an Earthquake Drill
1. Prior to the scheduled drill, inform the neighborhoodinform the neighborhood regarding the conduct of the drill.
2. Identify and assign observersassign observers for each exit points of the building and evacuation areas. They will give their comments and observations during the evaluation of the drill.
STAGE 4STAGE 4
Actual Conduct of an Earthquake DrillActual Conduct of an Earthquake Drill
3. For the Actual Drill.
Assumptions: 1-minute strong shaking1-minute strong shaking signified by 1 minute siren/bell Person can not standcan not stand. Buildings may have been damaged but no collapsedamaged but no collapse. Possible falling objectsfalling objects including glass windows No immediate assistanceNo immediate assistance will be available for at least several hours. Self-help and sustenanceSelf-help and sustenance are required. Possible injuriesPossible injuries, fear, panic among building occupants.
STAGE 4STAGE 4
Actual Conduct of an Earthquake DrillActual Conduct of an Earthquake Drill
3. For the Actual Drill.Give instructions/reiterate the what to do’swhat to do’s: once the siren is heard, do the proper and expected actionsdo the proper and expected actions. Participants during this 1-minute siren should perform the
duck, cover and holdduck, cover and hold After the 1-minute siren, participants quietly go out of the
building/s and proceed to previously designated open spaceproceed to previously designated open space. Team leaders should make head counthead count while in the ground.
While the drill is ongoing, observers should take noteobservers should take note on how the participants performed.
STAGE 4STAGE 4
Actual Conduct of an Earthquake DrillActual Conduct of an Earthquake Drill
3. For the Actual Drill.Give instructions/reiterate the what to do’swhat to do’s: When all the participants have converged at the designated
evacuation area, the assigned observers will give their give their commentscomments (if drill was conducted properly, if the evacuation proceeded smoothly, etc.) and suggestions on how to correct and improve.
To be effective earthquake drills To be effective earthquake drills must be done regularly.must be done regularly.
Phase 1. ALARMPhase 1. ALARM
siren / bell rings for 1 minutesiren / bell rings for 1 minute
ongoing “ground shaking or earthquake”ongoing “ground shaking or earthquake”
Phase 2. RESPONSEPhase 2. RESPONSEduring the “shaking”during the “shaking”
perform “DUCK, COVER and HOLD”perform “DUCK, COVER and HOLD”
Remain in that Remain in that position until position until “shaking” stops“shaking” stops
Still BE ALERT, open your Still BE ALERT, open your eyeseyes
Observers should take noteof how teachers and students performed
Phase 3. EVACUATIONPhase 3. EVACUATIONafter the “shaking”after the “shaking”
All building occupants evacuate, All building occupants evacuate, following pre-determined routes, to the following pre-determined routes, to the EVACUATION AREASEVACUATION AREAS
Phase 4. ASSEMBLYPhase 4. ASSEMBLY
At the designated evacuation area, the ‘evacuees’ must be grouped togethergrouped together.
Phase 5. HEAD COUNTPhase 5. HEAD COUNT
Team leaders (Teachers) should checkcheck and make sure all ‘evacuees’ are accounted for.
Phase 6. EVALUATIONPhase 6. EVALUATION
An evaluation of the drill must be conducted to identify problemsidentify problems encountered during the drill and how this can be corrected in future earthquake drills.