new zeland (recovered)

7/29/2019 New Zeland (Recovered)

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The Islamia University Of Bahawalpur

Submmited By Waleed Ahmed Abbasi

(BBA 7th) Eve

Roll # 39

Submitted To Sir Idrees Awan

Country Of Poject NewZealand


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NewZealand


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Map Of NewZealand:


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Main Cities Of NewZeland:

New Zealand is a relatively small country, with a population of little

more than 4 million people. Consequently, our cities and towns are mostly quite small with

large amounts of forestry and farmland surrounding them. If you are looking for a great

place to holiday, then New Zealand is the perfect place. Throughout the North Island the

South Island you will find beautiful scenery, adrenaline activities, world-class skiing,

geothermal attractions, towering alps, cascading waterfalls and vast glaciers.

North Island:

Some of the main cities and tourist towns in the North Island of New Zealand include:

Auckland:Auckland is the largest city in New Zealand. The city is built around 2

large harbors and has many world famous attractions including the Sky Tower. The

Auckland Region has a population of about 1.3 million people, and enjoys a warm,

temperate climate.

Wellington:Wellington is the Capital City of New Zealand and is home to Parliament,

the head offices of all Government Ministries and Departments and the bulk of the

foreign diplomatic missions in New Zealand. It is also home to Te Papa (the ground-

breaking interactive Museum of New Zealand) and the New Zealand Symphony

Orchestra.

Hamilton: Hamilton rests on the banks of the Waikato River, south of AucklandCity. The vast underground network of caves and caverns at Waitomo are near to

Hamilton City.
http://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/new-zealand-main-cities.php#southislandhttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/auckland-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/wellington-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/hamilton-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/hamilton-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/wellington-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/auckland-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/new-zealand-main-cities.php#southisland


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Tauranga:Tauranga City rests on the south-eastern edge of the Tauranga Harbour

and enjoys a sunny, "subtropical" climate. One of New Zealand's fastest growing cities,

the Port of Tauranga is a main New Zealand export port. The sunny, beachy lifestyle

attracts holiday makers from around the world - many come to swim, surf, kayak andkitesurf the local beaches.

Palmerston North:Palmerston North is a vibrant city with a large youth population. The city

enjoys a rich arts and theatre scene with many restored heritage buildings. Here you will

find Massey University and several other institutes of importance.

Rotorua:

Rotorua is a multi-cultural city, built in the heart of a geothermalwonderland, with bubbly mud pools, spouting geysers and hissing vents. There are 17lakes in the Rotorua district that offer great freshwater fishing, waterskiing, swimmingand other water activities.

Hastings:Located less than 20 kilometres from Napier, Hastings has many heritage

buildings. Other local attractions include Splash Planet - a large amusement park, CapeKidnappers - home to the world's largest mainland gannet colony and Te Mata Peak.

Napier:A seaport, Napier was leveled in 1931 by a devastating earthquake, and

rebuilt in the Art Deco style of the day. Today Napier prides itself as the "Art DecoCapital". Wine tours, heritage tours, sailing, fishing and other activities are popular here.

New Plymouth:New Plymouth is a port city, known for its beautiful gardens. A popular

attraction is the Coastal Walkway - an 11 kilometre path that forms an expansive sea-edge promenade stretching almost the entire length of the city.

Taupo:Taupo is nestled on the shores of Lake Taupo. With a surface area of 616

square kilometres, Lake Taupo is the largest lake by surface area in New Zealand. Otherpopular attractions include the spectacular Huka Falls and the Craters of the Moonthermal area.
http://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/palmerston-north-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/rotorua-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/taupo-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/taupo-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/rotorua-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/palmerston-north-new-zealand.php


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South Island:

Some of the main cities and tourist towns in the South Island of New Zealand include

Christchurch:

Christchurch City is the largest city in the South Island of NewZealand. The city is known as the "Garden City"; The city suffered greatly with severallarge earthquakes in 2011 - 2012, and is still in the process of rebuilding its city center.

Dunedin:Dunedin is the second largest city in the South Island of New

Zealand. Nestled on the shores of the Otago Harbour, Dunedin is a large eco tourismattraction. Explore the penguin colonies and other natural attractions on the OtagoPeninsula.

Nelson:Nelson is a sunny city located at the top of the South Island of

New Zealand. Nelson is home to the World of Wearable Art and Classic Cars Museum,and is near to three National Parks - the Abel Tasman National Park, the KahurangiNational Park and the Nelson Lakes National Park.

Invercargill:Invercargill is the most southern city of New Zealand, resting

on the Southland Plains beside the Oreti River. Invercargill is home to the SouthernInstitute of Technology, a polytech that offers a zero-fees scheme to students.

Blenheim:Blenheim is well known for its many wineries. The town

enjoys on of New Zealand's sunniest climates, with hot dry summers. Attractions includethe Omaka Aerodrome - the setting for the biennial Classic Fighters Marlboroughairshow, the annual "Blues, Brews and BBQ's" festival and the nearby town of Picton.
http://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/christchurch-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/dunedin-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/nelson-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/invercargill-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/invercargill-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/nelson-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/dunedin-new-zealand.phphttp://www.lovenewzealand.net.nz/christchurch-new-zealand.php


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Queenstown:Queenstown is a four season lake and alpine resort town, and

the "Adventure Capital" of New Zealand. The town plays host to a constant stream oftourists year round. Queenstown has world class skiing, bungy jumping, sky diving,luging, Gondolas and many other activities.

Greymouth:Greymouth is the largest town on the West Coast of New

Zealand. Greymouth is located at the mouth of the Grey River. Local attractions includeLake Brunner and the nearby Pancake Rocks at Punakaiki. Local activities includefishing, hiking, boating and gold mining tours.

Wanaka:
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Wanaka is a resort town nestled on the shores of Lake Wanaka.The town is the gateway to Mount Aspiring National Park. Alongside the national parkand beautiful Lake Wanaka, other attractions include Puzzling World and the biennialWrbirds over Wanaka airshow.

Cromwell:Cromwell is a small tourist town located in the heart of the Central

Otago region. Cromwell attractions include Old Cromwell Town, Cromwell Gorge, theBendigo Goldfields and a huge range of stone fruit orchards.

Kaikoura:Kaikoura is a popular holiday town, nestled between the Kaikoura

Coast and the Seaward Kaikoura Range. The town is famous for its crayfish, southern furseals, albatrosses and other marine wildlife. There are a range of walking tracks and youcan join a cruise and swim with dolphins and whales.

Mount Cook Village:The Mount Cook Village is nestled beneath Mt Cook, in the

Canterbury region of New Zealand. While few people live here, it is a very popular

tourist destination offering a range of river and glacial walks, mountaineering, scenic

flights and more.


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Universities New Zealand:

Name Main Campus EstablishedStudents(EFTS,2009)

GovernmentFunding ($M,

2009)

Auckland University ofTechnology

CBD,Auckland 2000i 17,821 132

Lincoln University Lincoln 1878 2,668 31

Massey UniversityPalmerston

North1927 19,424 176

University of Auckland CBD,Auckland 1883 31,688 337

University of Canterbury Christchurch 1873 15,624 140

University of Otago Dunedin 1869 19,179 248

University of Waikato Hamilton 1964 10,606 91

Victoria University ofWellington

Wellington 1897 17,785 142
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_CBDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_CBDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_New_Zealand#endnote_AUThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_New_Zealand#endnote_AUThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_University,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_CBDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_CBDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Canterburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waikatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waikatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_University_of_Wellingtonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Waikatohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Otagohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christchurchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Canterburyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_CBDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmerston_Northhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massey_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_University,_New_Zealandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_New_Zealand#endnote_AUThttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aucklandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_CBDhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_University_of_Technology


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Christchurch Airport:

Christchurch International Airport is located about 12 kilometres northwestof the city centre. It is the South Islands largest and busiest airport.International flights

operate directly to and from four Australian destinations - Brisbane, Gold Coast, Sydney

and Melbourne - as well as Fiji and Singapore. Tokyo has direct flights to Christchurchfrom late October to February.Domestic flights are operated by Air New Zealand andJetstar.

Dunedin Airport:

Dunedin International Airport is located at Momona, about 30 kilometres south of theCity Centre.International flights are operated by Virgin Australia and Air New Zealand(sometimes these airlines code share on each others flights) between Dunedin and threeAustralian destinations - Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney.Domestic flights to and from

Dunedin are operated by Air New Zealand and Jetstar, with many other airlines offeringservices to Dunedin on a code share basis.

Hamilton Airport:

Hamilton International Airport is located about 15 kilometres south of thecity centre.Domestic flights to and from Hamilton are operated by Air New Zealand andSunair.

Queenstown Airport:

Queenstown Airport is located close to the town centre, in the suburb ofFrankton.International flights operate between Queenstown and three Australiandestinations - Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne.

Rotorua Airport:

Rotorua International Airport is perfectly positioned for travellerswho want to explore the Central North Islands fascinating phenomena.Located about 10

minutes drive from the city centre, the airport handles international flights from Australia(Sydney) and domestic flights from Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch andQueenstown. All passenger flights are provided by Air New Zealand.
http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/christchurch-airport/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/christchurch-airport/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/christchurch-airport/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/dunedin-airport-new-zealand/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/hamilton-airport-new-zealand/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/queenstown-airport-new-zealand/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/rotorua-airport-new-zealand/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/rotorua-airport-new-zealand/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/queenstown-airport-new-zealand/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/hamilton-airport-new-zealand/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/dunedin-airport-new-zealand/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/christchurch-airport/


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Wellington Airport:

Wellington International Airport is located eight

kilometres southeast of downtown Wellington in the suburb of Rongotai.Internationalflights operate to and from four Australian destinations - Brisbane, Gold Coast, Sydneyand Melbourne - as well as Fiji.Domestic flights are provided by Air New Zealand,Jetstar, Sounds Air, Air2there and Air West Coast.

Airport shuttles:

Shuttle buses operate to and from all New Zealand internationalairports and most domestic airports.With airport shuttles, you can be picked up or dropped off atyour accommodation, or in the central business district of your destination. Many transport

companies are flexible and can take you to a private address, if youre staying with friends.Anairport shuttle is generally cheaper than taking a taxi if youre on your own or travelling with justone other person. However you can expect a longer journey because the shuttle may make anumber of stops along the way. When you book your shuttle ride, ensure that the company isaware of your check-in time. Journey times also depend on traffic conditions.If youre lookingfor an even cheaper option for airport transfers, check out the local bus services.
http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/wellington-airport/http://www.newzealand.com/int/airport-shuttles/http://www.newzealand.com/int/airport-shuttles/http://www.newzealand.com/int/feature/wellington-airport/


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Major Passenger Railway Stations:

Auckland Picton

Britomart Railway Station Picton Railway Station

Address: 12 Queen Street, City Centre Address: Auckland Street

- Located in central city in the Britomart TransportCentre- Set down/pick up and long term paid parking isavailable

- Interchange for local suburban train and bus services- Optional taxi/shuttle bus services are available

- 10 minutes walk to Picton ferry termicentre- Set down/pick up parking only- Optional taxi service is available

Hamilton Blenheim

Frankton Railway Station Blenheim Railway Station

Address: Fraser Street, Frankton Address: Sinclair Street

- Railway station is not located in city centre

- Located 15-20 minutes walk from city centre- Set down/pick up parking available only- Medium or long parking is not available- Optional taxi/shuttle bus service is available

- Located 10-15 minutes walk from tow

- Set down/pick up parking only is ava- Optional taxi/shuttle bus service is a- Interchange for bus services to PictoMotueka and Takaka (Able Tasman N


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National Park (Tongariro National

Park)

Kaikoura

National Park Railway Station Kaikoura Railway Station

Address: Ruapehu Street Address: Whaleway Station Road

- 15 minute walk to National Park village

- Set down/pick up parking only.

- Shuttle bus services to National Park or Whakapapa

Village is available for an additional fare

- 15 minute walk to town centre

- Set down/pick up parking only

- Optional taxi service is available

- Departure point for Whale Watching

Ohakune Christchurch

Ohakune Railway Station Christchurch Railway Station

Address: Thames Street Address: Troup Drive off Clarence St,

- Railway station is not located in town centre


- 20 minutes walk to town centre

- Railway station is not located in city - Set down/pick up parking only- Limited unsecure all day day parkingowners/hirers risk- Optional taxi/shuttle bus services are- 10 minutes to city centre by taxi or s

Palmerston North Arthurs Pass

Palmerston North Railway Station Arthurs Pass Railway Station

Address: Matthew Avenue Address: Main Road (State Hwy 73)

- Railway station is not located in city centre


- No medium or long term parking is available

- Optional taxi/shuttle bus service is available

- Located 10 minutes walk from village- Set down/pick up parking only- Gateway to Arthurs Pass National P

- Park Headquarters located in the vil


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Wellington Greymouth

Wellington Railway station Greymouth Railway Station

Address: Bunny Street, City Centre Address: Mackay Street

- Located in city centre.- Set down/pick up parking only- No medium or long term parking is available- Interchange for suburban train and bus services- Bluebridge Ferry Terminal opposite Station- Departure point for Cook Strait ferries courtesyshuttle

- 10-15 minutes walk to town centre- Set down/pick up parking only- No medium or long term parking is a- Rental car pick up/drop off available- Departure for all bus services for theNelson- Optional taxi service is available


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Religion in New Zealand:-

Christianity:-

After the arrival of large numbers of European immigrants (most of whom were British)

Mori enthusiastically adopted Christianity in the early 19th century, and to this day,

Christian prayer (karakia) is the expected way to begin and end Mori public gatheringsof many kinds. Christianity became the major religion of the country, with the Anglican,

Catholic and Presbyterian churches all establishing themselves strongly. The arrival of

other groups of immigrants did little to change this, as Pacific Islanders and other

primarily Christian ethnic groups dominated immigration until the 1970s.

In the following decades, Christianity declined somewhat in percentage terms, mostlydue to people declaring themselves as having no religion as well as by the growth of non-Christian religions. The five largest Christian denominations in 2001 remained the largestin 2006. The Catholic and Methodist denominations increased, while Anglicandenomination, the Presbyterian, Congregation and Reformed denomination, and

undefined Christian denominations decreased. While smaller groups, there were largerpercentage increases in affiliations with other Christian denominations between 2001 and2006: Orthodox Christian religions increased by 37.8 percent, affiliation withEvangelical, Born Again and Fundamentalist religions increased by 25.6 percent, andaffiliation with Pentecostal religions increased by 17.8 percent.

[6]

Despite strong affiliation to Christianity throughout its history, church attendance in New

Zealand has never been high compared to other Western nations.[11]

Estimates of church

attendance today range from 1020%, while research by the Bible Society of New

Zealand in 2008 indicated that 15% of New Zealanders attend church at least once a

week, and 20% attend at least once a month.
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Mori religion:-

Traditional Mori religion, that is, the pre-European belief system of theMori, was

little modified in its essentials from that of their tropical Eastern Polynesian

homeland, conceiving of everything, including natural elements and all living things

as connected by common descent through whakapapa or genealogy. Accordingly, all

things were thought of as possessing a life force or "mauri". Very few Mori still

identify themselves as adhering to traditional Mori beliefs (2,412 people at the

2006 Census).

Hinduism:-The 1st New Zealand Hindu Youth Conference was organised on 2 May

2009. More than 130 delegates participated in the conference. Several parliamentariansincluding Pansy Wong, Minister for Ethnic Affairs and the Minister of Womens Affairs

addressed the delegates.[13]

At the last census, Hindus made up 1.6 percent of the

population.

Buddhism:-

Buddhism is the third largest religion in New Zealand, at 1.3% of the population.In 2007 the NZ$20 million Fo Guang Shan Temple was opened in Auckland for thepromotion ofHumanistic Buddhism. It is the largest Buddhist temple in New Zealand.
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Islam:-

Islam in New Zealand began with the arrival of Muslim Chinese gold

prospectors in the 1870s. The first Islamic organisation in New Zealand, the New

Zealand Muslim Association, was established in Auckland in 1950. 1960 saw the arrival

of the first imam, Maulana Said Musa Patel, from Gujarat, India. Large-scale Muslim

immigration began in the 1970s with the arrival ofFiji Indians, followed in the 1990s by

refugees from various war-torn countries.[14]

In April 1979 the three regional Muslim

organisations of Canterbury, Wellington and Auckland, to create the only national

Islamic body the Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand.[15]Early in the

1990s many migrants were admitted under New Zealand's rfugee quota, from war zones

in Somalia, Bosnia, Afghanistan, Kosovo and Iraq. Since the 11 September attacks there

was a spike in conversions to Islam among Maori prisoners in jail. At the 2006 census

0.9% of the population, or 36,072 people, identified themselves as Muslim.

Sikhism:-

The Sikhs have grown 83.0% between 2001 and 2006 and compose 0.2% ofthe population. There are thirteen gurdwaras (the Sikh place of worship) in New Zealand.

Judaism:-

The history of the Jews here begins in the 1830s including noted early settler JoelSamuel Polackand continued to grow from immigration.

[19]Among the prominent New Zealand

Jews include nineteenth century Premier Julius Vogel and at least five Auckland mayors,including Dove-Myer Robinson. The current Prime Minister, John Key of the National Party isof part Ashkenazi Jewish descent, although he does not practice Judaism. Currently, the Jewishpopulation is estimated at around 7,000 out of the total New Zealand population of 4.2 million.The majority of New Zealand Jews reside in Auckland and Wellington, though there is also asignificant Jewish community in Dunedin which is believed to have the world's southernmostpermanent synagogue.[20]In 2006, 0.2% of the population identified as Jewish/Judaism.

Bah' Faith:-

The first Bah' in the Antipodes was Englander Dorothea Spinney who had

just arrived from New York in Auckland in 1912. About 1913 there were two convertsRobertFelkin who had met `Abdu'l-Bah in London in 1911 and moved to New Zealand in 1912 and isconsidered a Bah' by 1914 and Margaret Stevenson who first heard of the religion in 1911 andby her own testimony was a Bah' in 1913. The first Bah' Local Spiritual Assembly waselected in 1926.and their first independent National Spiritual Assembly in 1957. By 1963 therewere four Assemblies. At the 2006 census 0.07% of the population, or 2,772 people, identifiedthemselves as Bah'. There are some 45 local assemblies and smaller registered group.
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Immigration System Of NewZealand:-

A visa is needed to work or study in New Zealand. Visas can betemporary, lasting from one to three years, or more permanent with the option tobecome a resident of the country. These are resident visas. A visa is easier to obtain ifan applicant is qualified in a field in which New Zealand needs more skilled workers.

Types of visa :

Temporary Visa:-

A temporary visa is one that is granted for a defined and relatively shortperiod of time. There are several types of temporary visa. They have different entry requirementsfor people of different ages, skills and qualifications and for those holding a job offer in NewZealand.

Work to Residence Visas:-

A work to residence visa allows the holder to begin the process ofbecoming a resident of the country from the moment they arrive in New Zealand. They are validfor up to 30 months and are good for people who do not yet qualify for residency and need workexperience to help them do so. There are several types of work to residence visas for people who


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have a job offer, particular skills needed in the country, or a recognised talent in sport, art orculture.

Resident Visas

A resident visa is for those who want to live permanently in NewZealand. A resident visa allows the holder to live, work and study freely in the countryindefinitely. Holders can vote, have full access to government funded education and health careand can study in the country without paying international student fees. Unless an applicant caninvest significant financial resources in the country, visas are awarded on the basis of pointsgiven for education, skills and work experience. An applicant's health, character and proficiencyin English are also assessed in the visa application process

Resident Visas:-

A resident visa is for those who want to live permanently in New Zealand. A resident visa allowsthe holder to live, work and study freely in the country indefinitely. Holders can vote, have fullaccess to government funded education and health care and can study in the country withoutpaying international student fees. Unless an applicant can invest significant financial resources inthe country, visas are awarded on the basis of points given for education, skills and workexperience. An applicant's health, character and proficiency in English are also assessed in thevisa application process.

Law of New Zealand;-

The law of New Zealand can be found in several sources. The primarysources of New Zealand law are statutes enacted by the New Zealand Parliament and decisionsof the New Zealand Courts. At a more fundamental level, the law of New Zealand is based onthree related principles: parliamentary sovereignty; the rule of law; and the separation of powers.
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As a former British colony, the New Zealand legal system is heavily based on the English legalsystem, and remains similar in many respects. There are also important differences, which reflectthe unique legal culture that has developed in New Zealand.

The New Zealand Legal System ;-

When many people think of the legal system, they think of lawyers and courts. While the courtsare an important part of New Zealand's legal system, it also has many other parts.

The New Zealand legal system is derived from the English one and comes from two mainsources:

The common law, which is a body of law built up from decisions made in the UnitedKingdom and in New Zealand. Developments made by New Zealand courts mean thatNew Zealand now differs from the United Kingdom on some aspects of the common law.

Statute law, which is all the law made by Parliament.
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An integral feature of our system is the separation of power among three different branches ofgovernment. The division of power seeks to ensure that no one branch can act unconstitutionally.Although each branch has a different role, the separation is not absolute.

The Legislature -New Zealand's Parliament has developed from the British parliamentarysystem known as the Westminster system of government and is the highest law-makingbody in New Zealand.Parliament has two parts:

1.The Head of State of New Zealand (Queen Elizabeth II) who isrepresented by the Governor-General.

The Governor-General is appointed by the Sovereign on the Prime Minister'srecommendation for a term of five years.The Governor-General exercises the Queen'sroyal powers (prerogative powers) which are found in the Letters Patent 1983. TheGovernor-General's main constitutional function is to invite the Leader of the majority

party to form a government. The Governor-General is also able to make regulations andhis or her assent is required for all Bills passed by the House of Representatives beforethey can become law. He or she also holds the figurehead position of Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces.The Governor-General is required by constitutional conventionto follow the advice of ministers. This means the Governor-General does what theGovernment advises him or her to do. Although there could be situations where the


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Governor-General could be required to exercise independent judgement, this has nothappened for a long time.

2.The House of Representatives;-The New Zealand Parliament has one chamber, called the House of

Representatives. The second chamber, known as the Legislative Council, was abolished

in 1951.One hundred and twenty Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected to the Houseof Representatives for a three year term. They meet in the Parliamentary Buildings inWellington. New Zealanders aged 18 years and over, elect the Members of Parliament byvoting in elections. This is how New Zealanders have a say in who runs the country.The House's responsibilities are to debate and pass legislation, provide a Government,supervise the Government's administration by requiring it to explain policies and actions,supply money, and represent the views of the people of New Zealand. It has a number ofSelect Committees which examine proposed legislation (Bills) in detail, often hearingsubmissions from interested members of the public.

The Executive :-The Executive is made up of the Prime Minister, Cabinet and the public

sector. The Executive conducts the Government, deciding on policy and administeringlegislation.All important Government policy decisions and legislative proposals eithercome from or are agreed to by Cabinet. Cabinet also co-ordinates the work of Ministers.Cabinet consists of Ministers who are members of the governing party or parties inParliament and is presided over by the Prime Minister. Usually each Cabinet Minister isresponsible for one or more government departments, but there can be Ministers "withoutportfolio", who do not have permanent responsibility for any department. Cabinet, likeParliament, has committees that examine specific subjects in detail. Cabinet Ministers areadvised by public servants.Although it has great power, Cabinet is not a body establishedby statute. Its power comes from long-recognised convention. In contrast, the ExecutiveCouncil, which is formally constituted, does not have the power to make policy decisions.

It gives legal effect to decisions made elsewhere, eg regulations, Orders and Notices. TheExecutive Council is presided over by the Governor-General and in practice the othermembers are the Cabinet of the day.

The Judiciary ;-The independence of the judiciary is an important principle of the

New Zealand constitution, so freedom from political interference is an essential feature ofthe judiciary's position. This reflected in the standing orders of the House ofRepresentatives (their rules) which prohibit members from criticising a judge.Ajudgement may be criticised but personal attacks on or attempts to influence a judge arenot allowed, and could put the people concerned in contempt of court. If an MP does notlike the decision reached in a case, the proper course is to introduce a Bill to change thelaw in question.It is the Judges' role to apply the law to every case that comes before theCourt. Judges, however, also develop the law by deciding what legislation passed byParliament means by interpreting it. A growing area of the Judiciary's work is judicialreview, examining the acts of government and private administrative bodies to seewhether they acted fairly and within their powers.


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Judges are appointed by the Governor-General. All judges are lawyers with at least sevenyears experience.

New Zealand's Constitution :

A constitution is central to a country's legal system because itdefines the principles on which the system is based. It sets up the most importantinstitutions of government, states their principal powers and makes broad rules about howthose powers can be used. In some countries the constitution is written down in one placeand that document is called the constitution.New Zealand's constitution, which is thefoundation of our legal system, is drawn from a number of important statutes, judicialdecisions, and customary rules known as constitutional conventions.New Zealand doesnot have a single written constitution. New Zealand's constitutional arrangements can befound in a number of key documents. These, together with New Zealand's constitutionalconventions, form the nation's constitution. Key written sources include the ConstitutionAct 1986, the New Zealand Bill Of Rights Act 1990, the Electoral Act 1993, the Treaty

of Waitangi and the Standing Orders of the House of Representatives. Aspects of theconstitution are also found in United Kingdom and other New Zealand legislation,judgments of the courts, and broad constitutional principles and conventions.

Constitutional Conventions :-Constitutional conventions are rules that have become established

by frequent use and custom. Conventions are an important part of the relationshipsbetween and within the legislature and the executive. Although some conventions havebeen put into statutes, most of them are not enforceable laws. Their continued existencedepends on people respecting and obeying them. An example of a constitutionalconvention is that the Governor-General acts on the advice of his or her ministers.

The Rule of Law :-The rule of law also forms a significant part of the New Zealandconstitution. The principles of the rule of law are not easily defined, but encompass ideassuch as:

the powers exercised by parliamentarians and officials are based on legal authority;


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there are minimum standards of justice to which the law must conform, eg laws affectingindividual liberty should be reasonably certain and clear;

the law should have safeguards against the abuse of wide discretionary powers;

unfair discrimination should not be allowed by the law;

a person should not be deprived of his or her liberty, status or other substantial interestwithout the opportunity of a fair hearing before an impartial court or tribunal.

The Treaty of Waitangi ;-The Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840, as an agreement between

the British Crown and a large number of the Maori of New Zealand. Today the Treaty iswidely accepted to be a constitutional document, which establishes and guidesrelationships between the Crown in New Zealand (as embodied by our government) andMaori. The Treaty of Waitangi had at its heart a promise to protect a living Maori culture;

to enable Maori to continue to live in New Zealand as Maori, while at the same timeconferring on the Crown the right to govern in the interests of all New Zealanders. Thismeans that the Treaty relationships between the Government and Maori are ongoing anddynamic.

The status of the Treaty in New Zealand law is, however, less thansettled. The orthodox view is that where legislation makes no reference to the Treaty,then Treaty rights are unenforceable. Where the Treaty is referred to expressly in statute,the current approach of the courts has been to give effect to the reference. There are anumber of statutes which contain references of this type.

There is also evolving jurisprudence to suggest that where relevant,Treaty principles could guide the actions of executive government and permeate domestic

statutes without express incorporation. In addition, New Zealand is to some degree underan international obligation to maintain some of the rights ascribed to the Treaty, asParliament has incorporated into domestic law the International Covenant on Civil andPolitical Rights which upholds the individual and group rights of minorities. Article IIITreaty of Waitangi rights (the right to equality before the law) are largely protected underthe New Zealand Bill of Rights Act and Human Rights Act.

Although there are limits on the extent to which Treaty rights can beargued in the courts system, as indicated above, the Waitangi Tribunal provides a forumfor the hearing of historical and contemporary grievances regarding breaches of theTreaty of Waitangi. Under the Treaty of Waitangi Act 1975, any Maori may take a claimto the Tribunal that he or she (or the group to which he or she belongs) has been

prejudicially affected by any legislation, policy or practice of the Crown since 1840. TheTribunal has the power to make recommendations to the Government. Theserecommendations are non-binding except in relation to particular assets, includingforestry assets and other assets, owned or formerly owned by State Owned Enterprisesand certain other state institutions.

The main means through which claims concerning historical breachesof the Treaty are settled is by direct negotiation with the Crown (through the Office of


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Treaty Settlements). This often occurs after the Waitangi Tribunal has issued a report onthe grievance.

The Electoral System :-The 1996 general election was the first held in New Zealand

under the mixed member proportional system (MMP). Under the MMP system votershave two votes; a party vote and an electorate vote. Voters can choose what party theywant in Parliament with their party vote and which person they want to represent theirelectorate with their electorate vote.New Zealand is divided geographically into 61general electorates and 6 Maori ones. There are also 53 seats for list MPs. The number ofgeneral electorates changes as the population changes. All voters live in an electoral areaand vote in that same area. People of Maori descent can choose whether to be on the

Maori or general electoral rolls. The Maori seats can change as the number of Maorivoters on the Maori roll changes.The Electoral Act 1993, which sets out the way the NewZealand electoral system works, is the only statute in New Zealand with entrenchedprovisions. Being "entrenched" means that if certain changes to the Electoral Act are tobe made, for example the length of the Parliamentary term, they must be passed byeither:75 percent of MPs; or a majority vote in a referendum of all voters on the electoralrolls.Usually a simple majority (51 percent) of MPs is all that is required to make changesto an Act.

The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 :-The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 safeguards the civil and

political rights of New Zealanders.The Act protects the following categories of rights andfreedoms: life and security of the person; democratic and civil rights; non-discriminationand minority rights; search, arrest and detention; criminal procedure; and right to justice.The Act is not higher law and does not "override" other laws, but it does neverthelessprovide protection for the rights in it. The Courts must interpret other laws consistentlywith the Bill of Rights Act if at all possible. Further, all bills are assessed for consistencywith the Bill of Rights Act before they are introduced into Parliament. Where there is aninconsistency in a bill, the Attorney-General must inform Parliament. While this does notprevent Parliament passing inconsistent laws, it does ensure that any issues are fullydebated.

The Human Rights Act 1993 :-

The Human Rights Act 1993 is aimed at giving all people equalopportunities and preventing unfair treatment on the basis of irrelevant personalcharacteristics. The Human Rights Act covers discrimination on the grounds of sex,marital status, religious belief, ethical belief, colour, race, ethnic or national origins,disability, age, political opinion, employment status, family status, and sexual orientation.It is unlawful to discriminate on these grounds in the following areas of public life:employment, education, access to public places, provision of goods and services, and


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housing and accommodation. People who think they have been discriminated against maycomplain to the Human Rights Commission.

GENERAL LEGAL SYSTEM INFORMATION Civil and Criminal Law

There are two main divisions of law - civil law and criminal law.

Civil lawcovers disputes between individuals, companies and sometimes local orcentral government, and usually doesn't involve of the police. The disputes usually

involve money, with a wide range of cases coming before the courts -disputes overbusiness contracts, wills, tax, land or other property; cases where negligence has causedanother's loss; and family matters such as custody of children and division of matrimonialproperty. Many civil cases are settled without a court hearing being needed -all partiesagree on a solution, usually after negotiations by the parties' lawyers. In a civil case, theplaintiff (the person who brings the action or "sues") must prove their case to the balanceof probabilities -it must be more likely than not that the plaintiff's version of events iscorrect.

Criminal lawhas a high profile as it usually involves the police investigating crimeseg theft, murder, and trials which are often reported by the news media. The accused hasthe right to be represented by a lawyer and to have the evidence against him or her heard

in an open court (open to the public) and tested by cross-examination. The offence mustbe proved beyond reasonable doubt. If convicted of a crime, a person will be sentenced inaccordance with the law, and has a right to appeal against conviction andsentence.Criminal prosecutions are usually brought by the police but are also brought byothers, for example, the Ministry of Transport, Department of Inland Revenue and LocalAuthorities.

Court ProceedingsIn the District Court and High Court the Judge sits alone or with a

jury. A jury is made of 12 ordinary people selected at random from the jury roll (which isbased on the electoral roll), and its role is to decide questions of fact. Various laws saywhen there has to be a jury, and when there is a choice to have one or not. Questions of

law are decided by the Judge, who also directs the jury on the law where necessary.InNew Zealand courts the adversary system is usually used to determine issues. In thissystem, the Judge generally plays the role of a neutral referee while each party presentsevidence and arguments (on the facts and on the law) in support of its own case. Rules ofevidence determine what can and cannot be presented to the court. These rules are aimedat ensuring a fair trial of hearing for each party. The verdict (decision on the case) isgiven after all evidence and arguments have been presented. Where a person is tried


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without a jury, the verdict is given by the Judge.An inquisitorial system similar to thatused, for example, in France is used to a certain extent in administrative tribunals andcommissions of inquiry. In this system the judge or person in charge takes a more activerole, asking questions and in general the proceedings take the form of an investigationrather than a trial.

Legal Profession;-In the New Zealand legal profession most lawyers are both

barristers and solicitors. This means they are able to appear in court and deal directly withthe public. A small number are barristers only ("barristers sole") who have chosen tospecialise in arguing cases in court. Barristers in general do not deal directly withmembers of the public, and instead clients are referred to them by solicitors.

Legal Aid ;-A government funded Legal Aid scheme enables those who cannot afford

legal representation to be represented by lawyers in both civil and criminal cases.


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Economy of New Zealand:

Economy of New Zealand

The Auckland central business district

Rank 60th

Currency1New Zealand dollar(NZD$) = 100 cents

Fiscal year 1 April31 March

Tradeorganisations

APEC,WTOandOECD

Statistics

GDP US$135.723 billion (2010 est.)

GDP growth 1.4% (YTD December 2011 est.)GDP per capita $28,000 (2011 est.)

GDP by sectorAgriculture (4.7%), industry(24%), services (71.3%) (2011est.)

Inflation(CPI)0.8% (YTD September 2012Statistics New Zealand)

Populationbelowpoverty line

n/a

Gini coefficient 36.2 (1997)Labour force 2.353 million (2011 est.)

Labour forceby occupation

Agriculture (7%), industry (19%),services (74%) (2006 est.)

Unemployment 6.6 % (1st quarter)

Main industries Food processing,textiles,
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machineryand transportationequipment, finance,tourism (toNZ),mining (in NZ)

Ease of Doing

Business Rank

3rd

External

Exports $40.92 billion (2011 est.)

Export goodsDairyproducts,meat,woodandwoodproducts,fish,machinery

Main exportpartners

Australia23.1%,China11.2%,U.S.8.6%,Japan7.8% (2010)

Imports $35.07 billion (2011 est.)

Import goods

Machineryand equipment,

vehicles and aircraft,petroleum,electronics,textiles,plastics

Main importpartners

Australia18.1%,China16%,U.S.10.5%,Japan7.4%,Germany(4.1%) (2010)

Gross externaldebt

$256.4 billion (125.3% of GDP)(2012 est.)

Public finances

Public debt 33.7% of GDP (2011 est.)

Revenues $61.94 billion (2011 est.)Expenses $75.31 billion (2011 est.)

Economic aid donor: $99.7 million (FY99/00)

Credit rating

Standard & Poor's:AAA (Domestic)AA+ (Foreign)AAA (T&C Assessment)Outlook: Negative

Moody's:

AaaOutlook: Stable Fitch:

AA+Outlook: Negative
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Foreign reserves US$20.626 billion (March 2011)

New Zealand has a market economy that is greatlydependent on international trade, mainly with Australia, the European

Union, the United States, China, South Korea and Japan. It has onlysmall manufacturing and high-tech sectors, being strongly focused ontourism and primary industries such as agriculture. Free-market reformsof recent decades have removed many barriers to foreign investment,and the World Bank in 2005 praised New Zealand as being the mostbusiness-friendly country in the world, before Singapore

.

Profile

Gross Domestic Product trend of New Zealand at market prices estimated by theInternational Monetary Fund

YearGross Domestic

Product(NZ$ millions)

1 US dollarexchange

Inflation index(2000=100)

Per capitaincome

(as % of USA)

1980 22,976 NZD 1.02 30 58.671985 45,003 NZD 2.00 53 38.93

1990 73,745 NZD 1.67 84 55.80

1995 91,881 NZD 1.52 93 59.02

2000 114,563 NZD 2.18 100 38.98

2005 154,108 NZD 1.41 113 62.99

Traditionally, New Zealand's economy was built upon on a narrowrange of primary products, such as wool, meat and dairy products. As an example, fromapproximately 1920 to the late 1930s, the dairy export quota was usually around 35% of the total

exports, and in some years made up almost 45% of all New Zealand's exports. Due to the highdemand for these primary products such as the New Zealand wool boom of 1951 NewZealand enjoyed high standards of living. However, commodity prices for these exportsdeclined, and New Zealand lost its preferential trading position with the United Kingdom in1973, due to the latter joining the European Economic Community. Partly as a result, from 1970to 1990, the relative New Zealand purchasing power adjusted GDP per capita declined fromabout 115% of the OECD average to 80%. New Zealand's economy has traditionally been based
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on a foundation of exports from its very efficient agricultural system. Leading agriculturalexports include meat, dairy products, forest products, fruit and vegetables, fish, and wool. NewZealand was a direct beneficiary of many of the reforms achieved under the Uruguay Round oftrade negotiations, with agriculture in general and the dairy sector in particular enjoying manynew trade opportunities in the long term. The country has substantial hydroelectric power and

sizeable reserves of natural gas, much of which is exploited due primarily to major Keynesianimport substitution-oriented industrial projects (See Think Big). Leading manufacturing sectorsare food processing, metal fabrication, and wood and paper products. Some manufacturingindustries, many of which had only been established in a climate of import substitution with hightariffs and subsidies, such as car assembly, have completely disappeared, and manufacturing'simportance in the economy is in a general decline.

Liberalisation

Since 1984, the government of New Zealand has undertaken major economicrestructuring (known first as Rogernomics and then Ruthanasia), moving an agrarian economy

dependent on concessionary British market access toward a more industrialised, free marketeconomy that can compete globally. This growth has boosted real incomes, broadened anddeepened the technological capabilities of the industrial sector, and contained inflationarypressures. Inflation remains among the lowest in the industrial world. Per capita GDP has beenmoving up towards the levels of the big West European economies since the trough in 1990, butthe gap remains significant. New Zealand's heavy dependence on trade leaves its growthprospects vulnerable to economic performance in Asia, Europe, and the United States.

Between 1984 and 1999, a number of measures of New Zealand's economicand social capital showed a steady decline: the youth suicide rate grew sharply into one of thehighest in the developed world; the number of food banks increased dramatically; marked

increases in violent and other crime were observe. ] the number of New Zealanders estimated tobe living in poverty grew by at least 35% between 1989 and 1992 and health care was especiallyhard-hit, leading to a significant deterioration in health standards among working and middle-class people.

Between 1985 and 1992, New Zealand's economy grew by 4.7% during the sameperiod in which the average OECD nation grew by 28.2%. From 19841993 inflation averaged9% per year, New Zealand's credit rating dropped twice, and foreign debt quadrupled. Between1986 and 1993, the unemployment rate rose from 3.6% to 11%.
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Outlook and challenges

New Zealand net overseas debt 19932012

New Zealand Government overseas debt 19902012

The New Zealand economy has recently been perceived as successful.However, the generally positive outlook includes some challenges. New Zealand income levels,

which used to be above much of Western Europe prior to the deep crisis of the 1970s, have neverrecovered in relative terms. The New Zealand GDP per capita is for instance less than that ofSpain and about 60% that of the United States. Income inequality has increased greatly, implyingthat significant portions of the population have quite modest incomes. Further, New Zealand hasa very large current account deficit of 89% of GDP. Despite this, its public debt stands at 33.7%(2011 est.of the total GDP, which is small compared to many developed nations. However,between 1984 and 2006, net foreign debt increased 11-fold, to NZ$182 billion, NZ$45,000 foreach person. The combination of a modest public debt and a large net foreign debt reflects thatmost of the net foreign debt is held by the private sector. At 31 June 2012, gross foreign debt wasNZ$256.4 billion, or 125.3% of GDP.]At 31 March 2012, net foreign debt wasNZ$141.65 billion or 104.4% of GDP.

New Zealand's persistent current account deficits have two maincauses. The first is that earnings from agricultural exports and tourism have failed to cover theimports of advanced manufactured goods and other imports (such as imported fuels) required tosustain the New Zealand economy. Secondly, there has been an investment income imbalance or
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net outflow for debt-servicing of external loans. The proportion of the current account deficit thatis attributable to the investment income imbalance (a net outflow to the Australian-ownedbanking sector) grew from one third in 1997 to roughly 70% in 2008.

History Regulation and welfare state

Historically, New Zealand had a highly protected, regulated andsubsidised economy. This stemmed at least partly from trends started in the first half of the 20thcentury, when the First Liberal Government and later the First Labour Government introducedsocial security systems with, for the time, very wide-ranging scope (from state pensions tounemployment benefits and free education and health care), while also regulating industry,mandating trade unionism and industrial arbitration. Imports were also heavily regulated. Whilecalled "welfare statism" by some,it was accepted that until at least the 1950s both main parties(Labour and National) generally supported this trend, even though critics pointed to negativeeffects on the general economy and argued that increasing emigration could be blamed to a large

degree on these policies.

By the 1960s, the New Zealand economy's terms of trade began to decline. This was largely dueto the decline in export receipts from the United Kingdom, which in 1955 took 65.3 percent ofNew Zealand's exports. By the year ended June 1973, during which Britain formally entered theEuropean Economic Community, this had fallen to 26.8 percent. By the year ended June 1990 itsshare had fall en to 7.2 percent and in the year ended June 2000 its share was 6.2 percent.

To a substantial degree, the economic restrictions remained in place or were even sometimesextended in the early second half of the 20th century. However, reforms in the 1980s and early1990s were then to turn this situation into its opposite.

Reform and liberalisation

Between 1984 and 1995, successive New Zealand governmentsenacted policies of economic deregulation informed by microeconomics. The policies aimed toliberalise the economy and were notable for their very comprehensive coverage and innovations.Specific polices included: floating the exchange rate; establishing an independent reserve bank;performance contracts for senior civil servants; public sector finance reform based on accrualaccounting; tax neutrality; subsidy-free agriculture; and industry-neutral competition regulation.Economic growth was resumed in 1991. New Zealand was changed from a somewhat closed andcentrally controlled economy to one of the most open economies in the OECD.

Since 1984, government subsidies including agricultural subsideswere eliminated; import regulations were liberalised; the exchange rate was floated; and controlson interest rates, wages, and prices were removed; and marginal rates of taxation were reduced.Tight monetary policy and major efforts to reduce the government budget deficit brought theinflation rate down from an annual rate of more than 18% in 1987. The deregulation of
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government-owned enterprises in the 1980s and 1990s reduced government's role in theeconomy and permitted the retirement of some public debt.

Deregulation created a very business-friendly regulatoryframework. A 2008 study and survey ranked it 99.9% in "Business freedom", and 80% overall in

"Economic freedom", noting amongst other things that it only takes 12 days to establish abusiness in New Zealand on average, compared with a worldwide average of 43 days. Otherindicators measured were property rights, labour market conditions, government controls andcorruption, the last being considered "next to non-existent" in the Heritage Foundation andWallStreet Journalstudy.

According to the Heritage Foundation, New Zealand has thestrongest private property rights in the world, scoring 95 on a scale of 100.

In its 'Doing Business 2008' survey, the World Bank (which in that year rated New Zealand asthe second-most business-friendly country worldwide), ranked New Zealand 13th out of 178 in

the business-friendliness of its hiring laws.

The 1990s liberalisations also have been blamed for a number ofsignificant negative effects. One of them was the leaky homes crisis, where the liberalisation ofbuilding standards (in the expectation that market forces would assure quality) led to manythousands of severely deficient buildings (mostly residential homes and apartments) beingconstructed over a period of a decade. The costs of fixing the damage has been estimated at overNZ$11 billion.

Recent trends

Economic growth, which had slowed in 1997 and 1998 due to thenegative effects of the Asian financial crisis and two successive years of drought, rebounded in1999. A low New Zealand dollar, favourable weather, and high commodity prices boostedexports, and the economy is estimated to have grown by 2.5% in 2000. Growth resumed at ahigher level from 2001 onwards due primarily to the lower value of the New Zealand dollar,which made exports more competitive. The return of substantial economic growth led theunemployment rate to drop from 7.8% in 1999 to 3.4% in late 2005, the lowest rate in nearly 20years.

Although New Zealand enjoyed low unemployment rates in theyears immediately prior to the financial crisis beginning in 2007, subsequent unemployment

rose.

New Zealand's large current account deficit, which stood at morethan 6.5% of GDP in 2000, has been a constant source of concern for New Zealand policymakersand hit 9% as of March 2006.The rebound in the export sector is expected to help narrow thedeficit to lower levels, especially due to decreases in the exchange rate of the New Zealanddollar during 2008.
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Foreign business relations

Treemap of New Zealand's Exports (2009)

New Zealand's economy has been helped by strong economicrelations with Australia. Australia and New Zealand are partners in "Closer Economic Relations"(CER), which allows for free trade in goods and most services. Since 1990, CER has created asingle market of more than 25 million people, and this has provided new opportunities for NewZealand exporters. Australia is now the destination of 19% of New Zealand's exports, comparedto 14% in 1983.Both sides have also agreed to consider extending CER to productstandardisation and taxation policy. New Zealand initiated a free trade agreement with Singaporein September 2000 which was extended in 2005 to include Chile and Brunei and is now knownas the. New Zealand is seeking other bilateral/regional trade agreements in the Pacific area.

U.S. goods and services have been competitive in New Zealand,though the then-strong U.S. dollar created challenges for U.S. exporters in 2001. The market-ledeconomy offers many opportunities for U.S. exporters and investors. Investment opportunitiesexist in chemicals, food preparation, finance, tourism, and forest products, as well as infranchising. The best sales prospects are for medical equipment, information technology, andconsumer goods. On the agricultural side, the best prospects are for fresh fruit, snack foods,specialised grocery items (e.g. organic foods), and soybean meal. A number of U.S. companieshave subsidiary branches in New Zealand. Many operate through local agents, with some jointventure associations. The United States Chamber of Commerce is active in New Zealand, with amain office in Auckland and a branch committee in Wellington.

However, as of the 2010s, China is now New Zealand's second-largest trading partner, behind Australia

.On 17 June 2010, Xi Jinping, China's vice-president,

travelled to Auckland, New Zealand for a three-day visit, along with more than 100 seniorbusiness leaders. New Zealand welcomes and encourages foreign investment withoutdiscrimination. The Overseas Investment Commission (OIC) must however give consent toforeign investments that would control 25% or more of businesses or property worth more thanNZ$50 million. Restrictions and approval requirements also apply to certain investments in land
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and in the commercial fishing industry. In practice, OIC approval requirements have nothindered investment. OIC consent is based on a national interest determination, but noperformance requirements are attached to foreign direct investment after consent is given. Fullremittance of profits and capital is permitted through normal banking channels.

This free investment by foreign capital has also been criticised.Groups like Campaign Against Foreign Control of Aotearoa (CAFCA) consider that NewZealand's economy is substantially overseas-owned, noting that direct ownership of NewZealand companies by foreign parties increased from $9.7 billion in 1989 to $83 billion in 2007(an over 700% increase), while 41% of the New Zealand sharemarket valuation is now overseas-owned, compared to 19% in 1989. Around 7% of all New Zealand agriculturally productive landis also foreign-owned. CAFCA considers that the effect of such takeovers has generally beennegative in terms of jobs and wages.

Unemployment

Prior to the economic shocks which occurred upon Britain'sjoining the EEC in the 1970s and closing as a primary New Zealand export market, measuredunemployment in New Zealand was very low. In 1959 and 1960, for example, the country wasofficially at full employment. One Labour party representative recently joked in a speech that thePrime Minister of the day knew the name of every unemployed person. In the middle 2000s, thenational unemployment rate stood at 3.4% (December 2007), its lowest level since the currentmethod of surveying began in 1986. This gave the country the 5th-best ranking in the OECD(with an OECD average at the time of 5.5%). The low numbers correlated with a robust economyand a large backlog of job positions at all levels. It is worth noting, however, that unemploymentnumbers are not always directly comparable between OECD nations, as they do not all measurevoluntary and involuntary separation from the labour market in the same way.

The percentage of the population employed also increasedin recent years, to 68.8% of all inhabitants, with full-time jobs increasing slightly, and part-timeoccupations decreasing in turn. The increase in the working population percentage is attributed toincreasing wages and higher costs of living moving more people into employment.The lowunemployment also had some disadvantages, with many companies unable to fill jobs.

In the late 2000s, mainly as a result of the global financial crisis, unemployment numbers rose toa 10-year high of 6% in mid-2009, with job losses especially high amongst women. Seasonallyadjusted employment levels fell 0.4 per cent to 2.17 million people, while the number ofunemployed rose to 138,000 people.
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Taxation

As of 2010, New Zealand had the second-lowest personal tax burden in theOECD, once all compulsory effects (such as superannuation and other mandatory deductions)were included in the tax-take. Only Mexico's citizens had a higher percentage-wise "take home"

proportion of their salaries.

There is an ongoing political debate between left-leaning and right-leaningpolitical parties as to whether further lowering taxes is appropriate. One of the most contentiousquestions is whether to adjust the relative tax burden of the highest-income earners

Corruption Perceptions Index

New Zealand is the highest ranked (i.e. least corrupt) country on theTransparency International Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) of 2011.

Other indicators

The Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter has been noted as providing asignificant boost for the country's overall trade balance, and is one of the country's largestindustrial sites.

Tourism, like here on the Milford Sound (special bus with viewing gallery), is New Zealand'slargest 'export' earner.
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Agriculture (especially dairy farmingsuch as for the Fonterra plant shown) is another majorexport earner.

Industrial Production Growth Rate: 5.9% (2004) / 1.5% (2007)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:

Lowest 10%:0.3% (1991) Highest 10%:29.8% (1991)

AgricultureProducts: wheat, barley, potatoes, pulses, fruits, vegetables; wool, beef, dairyproducts; fish

Exportscommodities: dairy p

new zeland (recovered)

Documents