new zealand’s vascular epiphytes, vines & parasites · 2019. 12. 5. · new zealand’s...
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New Zealand’s vascular
epiphytes, vines & parasites
Catherine Bryan
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Key terms
Vascular:
plant which possesses a well-developed system of conducting tissue to
transport water, mineral salts and sugars.
Holo-epiphyte:
plants that spend their entire life cycle in the canopy
Hemi-epiphyte:
plants that spend some stage of their life rooted in terrestrial soil
primary hemi-epiphyte – canopy germination
secondary hemi-epiphyte – forest floor germination
Parasite:
plants that obtain nourishment from another organism
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Key terms
Hemi-parasite:
plants that obtain some of their nourishment from another organism but also
produce their own resources through some photosynthesis
Vine:
plants that root in terrestrial soil but cannot stand upright without structural
support from other plants
Woody vine/liane/liana:
plants that climb using roots, stems, petioles, tendrils or hooks
Herbaceous vine:
predominantly ferns that climb using roots and grow within subcanopies,
disturbed areas, or forest edges
Nest epiphyte:
Collospermum and Astelia species that form large canopy clumps which trap
and store organic material and water
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0
20
40
60
Number of species
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ferns
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Creeping Hymenophyllum armstrongii
H. australe
H. bivalve
H. dilatatum
H. flabellatum
H. flexuosum
H. frankliniae
H. lyallii
H. malingii
H. minimum
H. multifidum
H. peltatum
H. rarum
H. revolutum
H. rufescens
H. sanguinolentum
H. villosum
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Creeping Cardiomanes reniforme
Grammitis ciliata
Lastreopsis hispida
Loxogramme dictyopteris
Microsorum novae-zealandiae
M. pustulatum subsp. pustulatum
Polyphlebium colensoi
P. venosum
Pyrrosia eleagnifolia
Rumohra adiantiformis
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Tufted Abrodictyum strictum
A. oblongifolium
A. shuttleworthianum
Blechnum nigrum
Ctenopteris heterophylla
Grammitis billardierei
G. magellanica subsp. nothofageti
G. magellanica subsp. magellanica
G. pseudociliata
G. rawlingsii
G. rigida
Hymenophyllum pulcherrimum
H. scabrum
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Pendent Asplenium flaccidum
A. polyodon
Huperzia varia
Tmesipteris elongata
T. horomaka
T. lanceolata
T. sigmatifolia
T. tannensis
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Climbing Arthropteris tenella
Blechnum filiforme
Lygodium articulatum
Microsorum scandens
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0
10
20
30
creeping tufted pendent climbing
Fern growth forms
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orchids
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Pendent Earina aestivalis
E. autumnalis
E. mucronata
Winika cunninghamii
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Non-pendent Mat
Tufted
Erect
Adelopetalum tuberculatum
Ichthyostomum pygmaeum
Taeniophyllum norfolkianum
Drymoanthus adversus
D. flavus
Pterostylis silvicultrix
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shrubs
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Brachyglottis kirkii
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Griselinia lucida
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Pittosporum Pittospormum cornifolium
P. kirkii
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nests
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Collospermum Collospermum hastatum
C. microspermum
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Astelia solandri
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lianes & climbers
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Tendril climbers Passiflora tetrandra
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Twining leaf climbers Clematis cunninghamii
C. foetida
C. forsteri
C. paniculata
C. quadribracteolata
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Twining stem climbers Muehlenbeckia australis
M. complexa
Parsonsia capsularis
P. heterophylla
Ripogonum scandens
Tecomanthe speciosa
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Root climbers Freycinetia banksii
Metrosideros albiflora
M. carminea
M. colensoi
M. diffusa
M. fulgens
M. perforata
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Hook climbers Rubus australis
R. cissoides
R. schmidelioides
R. squarrosus
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0
2
4
6
8
roots twining stems twining leaves hooks tendrils
Woody vine growth forms
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stem parasites
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Beech mistletoes Alepis flavida
Peraxilla colensoi
P. tetrapetala
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Green mistletoes Ileostylus micranthus
Tupeia antarctica
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Pygmy mistletoes Korthalsella clavata
K. lindsayi
K. salicornioides
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Parasitic vines Cassytha paniculata
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succulents
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Peperomia blanda
P. tetraphylla
P. urvilleana
Peperomia
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hemi-epiphytic trees
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Metrosideros Metrosideros robusta
M. bartlettii
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Obligate: Almost always as epiphytes
Facultative: Just as often terrestrial as epiphytic
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Occasional: Survive and
reproduce
Accidental: Do not often survive
to reproductive
maturity
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Thank you
Photos:
Catherine Bryan
Leon Perrie
Phil Bendle
Bill Clarkson
Birds Ferry Lodge
P.B. Pelser
Maurice Needham
Phil Garnock-Jones
Petra Ballings
Kahuroa
Environmental Research Institute
University of Waikato