new world beginnings instructor: mr. vaglio i. shaping/ peopling of americas -pangaea -10 million...
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NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS
Instructor: Mr. Vaglio
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I. Shaping/ Peopling of Americas
- Pangaea- 10 million years ago – North America was created- 2 million years ago – Ice Ages began and ended
10,000 years ago – Bering Strait - By 1492 when the Europeans came – 54 million
people populated the Americas- 2000 separate languages
- Countless tribes
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Incas – Peru
Mayans – Central Mexico
Aztecs – Mexico
Relied primarily on the cultivation of mazie – fed 20 mil in Mexico alone
Built very impressive cities without animals such as horses or oxen
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Corn was developed about 5,000 BC form a staple of wild grass –foundation of Aztec & Incan Societies
Corn reached the Pueblo people of Rio Grande about 1200BC (intricate irrigation systems)
No dense populations or complex nation states existed outside of Mexico (north)
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Anasazi – 600 room Pueblo (Chaco Canyon)Mississippian Settlement – Cahokia – home to 40,000 Cultivation of corn reached Atlantic region 1,000 AD –three sister farmingHighest densities of population on NA – Cherokee, Choctaw,Creek
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Iroquois – created closes civilization to that of Aztecs & Incas – inspired by legendary leader Hiawatha!
Most part natives in NA were living in small scattered bands upon European arrival
Men hunted/ women gathered (matrilineal culture)
1492 only 4million native in NA
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II. Indirect Discoverers of the New World
1,000 AD (Norse) The Vikings discovered present day Newfoundland – colony failed
The Crusades – created “European Sweet Tooth”
Marco Polo – how can he be considered a indirect discoverer of the New World?
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A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492
A Map of the Known A Map of the Known World,World, pre- 1492pre- 1492
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Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
Motives for European Motives for European ExplorationExploration
1. Crusades by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia.
2. Renaissance curiosity about other lands and peoples.
3. Reformation refugees & missionaries.
4. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue.
5. Technological advances.
6. Fame and fortune.
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New Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologiesNew Maritime New Maritime TechnologiesTechnologies
Hartman Astrolabe
(1532)
Better Maps [Portulan]
Sextant
Mariner’s Compass
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New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
New Weapons New Weapons TechnologyTechnology
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III. Europeans enter Africa
1450 Prince Henry the NAVIGATORInventionsBartholomieu Dias 1488
• Trading posts• Madeira, Canaries, Sao Tome, Principe
( Significance?)
Vasco Da Gama 1498
Spain – united with the marriage of Ferdinand & Isabella – (Reconquista)
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Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
Prince Henry, the Prince Henry, the NavigatorNavigator
School for Navigation, 1419
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Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
Museum of Museum of NavigationNavigationin Lisbonin Lisbon
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Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
Portuguese Maritime Portuguese Maritime EmpireEmpire
1. Exploring the west coast of Africa.
2. Bartolomeo Dias, 1487.
3. Vasco da Gama, 1498.
Calicut.
4. Admiral Alfonso de Albuquerque (Goa, 1510; Malacca, 1511).
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IV. Columbus comes to the New World
Reasons for continued explorationThirst for spices at cheaper prices (how)
Africa source of cheap slave labor – sugar plantations
Renaissance• Printing Press
• Mariners Compass
Columbus – set sail August 1492 six weeks later found land October 12,
Believed he has skirted the rim of the “Indies”
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Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]
Christofo Colon Christofo Colon [1451-1506][1451-1506]
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Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
Columbus’ Four Columbus’ Four VoyagesVoyages
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His discovery would bring into contact 4 Continents creating an Interdependent Global Economic System.
EUROPE – markets, capital, technology
AFRICA - furnished the labor
NEW WORLD (NA/SA) – raw materials
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Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
Other Voyages of Other Voyages of ExplorationExploration
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Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc
Ferdinand Magellan & Ferdinand Magellan & the First the First
Circumnavigation of the Circumnavigation of the World:World:Early 16Early 16cc
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Atlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic ExplorationsAtlantic Explorations
Looking for “El Dorado”Looking for “El Dorado”
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V. When Worlds CollideItems offered by the New World
IguanasSnakesMaize, beans, tomatoes, tobacco,Potatoes3/5ths the crops in the world originated in the AmericasIntroduction of New World Foodstuffs offset Slave Trade
Items offered by the Old World
Cattle, swine, horses• APACHE, SIOUX,
BLACKFOOT
SUGAR REVOLUTION
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE
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The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange”
The “Columbian The “Columbian Exchange”Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet
Potatoes
Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine
Cocoa Pineapple
Cassava POTATO
Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE
Syphilis
Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice
Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley
Grape Peach SUGAR CANE
Oats
Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE
Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox
Flu Typhus Measles Malaria
Diptheria Whooping Cough
Trinkets
Liquor
GUNS
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Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Cycle of Conquest & Cycle of Conquest & ColonizationColonization
Explorers Conquistadores
Mission
arie
s
PermanentSettlers
OfficialEuropeanColony!
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VI. The Spanish Conquistadors
Treaty of Tordesillas 1494
Spain became the dominant exploring and colonizing power of Europe in the 1500s
Balboa - 1513
Magellan (1519 – 1522) 5 ships – 1ship
Juan Ponce de Leon- discovered Florida
Francisco Coronado – Grand Canyon, Colorado River
Hernando de Soto – Mississippi River
Francisco Pizarro - conquistador
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The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
The Treaty of Tordesillas, The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & 1494 &
The Pope’s Line of The Pope’s Line of DemarcationDemarcation
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VII. Conquest of Mexico
Cozumel,Malinche, Noche Triste
20 million to 2 million in 1 century
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Fernando CortezFernando CortezFernando CortezFernando Cortez
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
The First Spanish The First Spanish Conquests:Conquests:The AztecsThe Aztecs
Montezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma IIMontezuma II
vsvs..
vsvs..
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The Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma IIThe Death of The Death of Montezuma IIMontezuma II
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Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez
Mexico Surrenders to Mexico Surrenders to CortezCortez
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Spanish Colonial Structure
Peninsulares, Creoles, mestizoInfluences – laws,crops, language, religion, animals – all proved adaptable (assimilation)
Encomienda System –
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Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas
Father Bartolome de Father Bartolome de Las CasasLas Casas
New Laws New Laws 1542 1542
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Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
Trans-Atlantic Slave Trans-Atlantic Slave TradeTrade
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The Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave TradeThe Slave Trade1. Existed in Africa before the
coming of the Europeans.
2. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans.
Sugar cane & sugar plantations.
First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518.
275,000 enslaved Africans exportedto other countries.
3. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.
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Slave ShipSlave ShipSlave ShipSlave Ship
““Middle Passage”Middle Passage”
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““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
““Coffin” Position Coffin” Position Below DeckBelow Deck
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African CaptivesAfrican CaptivesThrown OverboardThrown OverboardAfrican CaptivesAfrican Captives
Thrown OverboardThrown Overboard
Sharks followed the slave Sharks followed the slave ships!ships!
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The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
The Colonial Class The Colonial Class SystemSystem
PeninsularPeninsulareses CreolesCreoles
MestizoMestizoss
MulattMulattosos
Native IndiansNative Indians Black SlavesBlack Slaves
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Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World
Administration of the Administration of the Spanish Empire in the Spanish Empire in the
New WorldNew World1. Encomienda
or forced labor.
2. Council of the Indies.
Viceroy.
New Spain and Peru.
3. Papal agreement.
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The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
The Influence of the The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Colonial Catholic
ChurchChurch
Guadalajara Guadalajara CathedralCathedral
Our Lady of Our Lady of GuadalupeGuadalupe
Spanish Spanish MissionMission
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VIII. Spread of Spanish AmericaSpanish cities and towns flourished within a half century of 1492
University of Mexico at Mexico City University at Lima, Peru
Other Imperial countries became interested in the New World – Spain secured her Northern Periphery
John CabotVerrazanoJacques Cartier*** 1565 St. Augustine Florida
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TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
TreasuresTreasuresfrom the Americas!from the Americas!
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New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
1. Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.
2. Spain in Asia consolidated its holdings in the Philippines.
3. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591.
Surat in NW India in 1608.
4. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.
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New Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial RivalsNew Colonial Rivals
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Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion
Impact of European Impact of European ExpansionExpansion1. Native populations ravaged
by disease.
2. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate.[“Price Revolution”]
3. New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”].
4. Deepened colonial rivalries.
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5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade
5. New Patterns of 5. New Patterns of World TradeWorld Trade
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Troubles in Mexico
Don Juan de Onate-
Pope’s Rebellion
Alamo – response to Robert de la Salle
California – Father Junipero – 21 missions
“Black Legend”