new walnut varieties - fruit and nutsccfruitandnuts.ucanr.edu/files/239180.pdf · •yield –...
TRANSCRIPT
UC Davis Walnut Improvement Program
Department of Plant Sciences
Sac-Solano-Yolo Walnut Day
Feb 23rd, 2016
New Walnut Varieties
Scion BreedingStandard cultivarsBlackline resistanceGenomics/DNA markers
Rootstock ImprovementRootstock BreedingTissue cultureClonal rootstocks
Walnut Improvement Program
• Yield– Precocity, Lateral flowering, No PFA
• Kernel color• Early harvest dates• Kernel halves• Nut traits
– Size, fill, shell and seal strength• Reduced input costs
– Disease/insect resistance– Reduced water use
Scion Breeding Goals
What do we want in new varieties?
Breeding Process
Nuts from crosses are flagged
Plants ready for field planting
Seed collected
Germinated in greenhouse
Planting and Field Evaluation
• PhenologyLeafing dateFlowering datesHarvest date
• Precocity• Lateral bearing• Yield• Tree form• PFA• Blight resistance
Nut and Kernel Evaluation
SealThicknessColorTexture
Shell traits
ColorWeightKernel percentFill ShrivelPlumpnessEase of halves
Kernel traits
Nut weight
Grower Field Trials and Input
This year we generated 3,546 seed from crosses.We continue evaluating 3,900 seedlings and 94 selections for cultivar development
Year CrossesOriginal
seedlings SelectionsUnder
Evaluation(n) (n) (n) (n)
1990 15 591 - -1991 18 493 - -1992 15 243 - -1993 14 116 1 11994 15 587 - -1995 15 758 1 11996 7 333 - -1997 13 611 - -1998 5 1759 - -1999 1 993 - -2000 12 2503 - -2001 16 210 - -2002 5 1200 1 12003 11 4608 9 142004 7 6000 3 72005 9 3332 12 242006 22 954 15 322007 27 1045 21 462008 33 929 7 402009 32 1187 18 1312010 32 1081 6 2892011 37 761 - 3632012 60 758 - 6862013 83 1550 - 15312014 58 787 - 7872015 25 3546* -Total 587 33389 94 3953
Seed collected from 2015 crosses for 2016 germination.
Male Parent
Female Parent Ivan
hoe
PI 1
5956
8
56-2
24
00-0
06-2
27
03-0
01-1
938
03-0
01-2
357
06-0
05-3
1
Chandler 214Ivanhoe 37 109Cheinovo sd. 117PI 159568 51Pedro 12 16576-080 16391-090-41 25791-096-3 162 393-028-20 19495-007-13 17300-006-227 29302-005-870 3203-001-1372 30303-001-1938 44003-001-2357 37703-001-2440 10905-001-94 2006-005-31 7907-002-5 11007-019-9 121
Parents chosen for:Color Blight resistanceHarvest date
Ivanhoe x 03-001-977 Cross
UC Davis Breeding ProgramGene Serr & Harold Forde
1948 - 1979
Lateral Bearing
Variety Date of
Cross Date
Released Midland 1948 1968 Vina 1948 1968 Pioneer 1950 1968 Gustine 1951 1968 Lompoc 1951 1968 Pedro 1952 1968 Amigo 1955 1968 Chico 1955 1968 Tehama 1957 1968 Serr 1958 1968 Chandler 1963 1979 Howard 1963 1979 Sunland 1965 1979
French Introductions
Gene Serr
Harold Forde
Franquette
Payne
Walnut Breeding Program 1982-2009
Cultivar Released Cisco 1990 Tulare 1993 R. Livermore 2001 Sexton 2004 Gillet 2004 Forde 2004 Ivanhoe 2010 Solano 2013
Durham 2016
Gale McGranahan
Large, oval, smooth, attractive nuts
Solid shells with good seals
55% kernel weight
8.3 g kernels - consistently light , plump
Tulare or earlier harvest
Leafs a few days before Chandler
Has had very little blight
Mid-season in-shell competitor with Hartley
Durham(93-028-20)
Chandler x PI159568
Pedigree of Walnut Varieties
Durham
Durham
Davis Chico
Kearney
Durham
Durham
Chandler
Howard
Tulare
Solano
Hartley
Leafing date 3/30
4/5
4/4
4/1
3/25
4/4
Days after Payne 11
17
15
14
6
16
Days after Chandler -6
0
-2
-4
-11
-1 Peak pollen 4/4
4/13
4/10
4/13
4/3
4/13
Peak female bloom 4/18
4/23
4/21
4/19
4/14
4/23 Harvest date 9/25
10/8
9/29
9/27
9/22
10/4
Days after Payne 10
23
12
12
7
18
Days after Chandler -15
-2
-11
-12
-17
-6
Durham Phenology
Durham Nut and Kernel Traits
Durham
Chandler
Howard
Tulare
Solano
Hartley
Inshell weight 15.1
12.9
14.0
14.0
16.0
14.1
Kernel weight 8.3
6.4
7.1
7.5
7.9
6.4
Percent kernel 55.1
49.6
50.9
53.9
53.8
45.7
Fill 5.4
4.5
5.0
4.9
5.5
4.3
Plumpness 7.0
4.2
5.0
5.0
5.3
4.2
Ease of Removal 4.2
3.9
4.7
4.6
4.6
5.0
% Extra light 43.0
50.1
17.0
7.0
37.7
9.4
% Light 53.1
42.4
61.5
74.8
55.8
68.9
% Tip shrivel 12.6
29.8
3.5
6.0
8.9
0.0
% Veins 4.0
15.9
28.8
13.2
10.6
13.1
Ser
r
Ser
r
Har
tley
Har
tley
Cha
ndle
r
Cha
ndle
r
Cha
ndle
r
How
ard
How
ard
76-8
0
Sola
no
Sola
no
Dur
ham
Dur
ham
91-0
90-4
1
91-0
90-4
1
91-0
96-3
95-0
07-1
3
95-0
07-1
3
96-0
14-1
2
Durham
Tulare harvest date or earlier Leafs a few days before Chandler 55% kernel 8.3 g kernels consistent light color, plump Low blight Large, oval, smooth nuts – attractive appearance Very solid shells with good seals Mid-season in-shell replacement for Hartley
DurhamChandler x PI159568
Solano Early harvest (Vina time)Precocious strong yield54 % kernel, 7.9 g nutsLight colorSolid uniform shellsUpright growth habitStandard tree sizeLeafing later than Ivanhoe
Solano
UC67-13
Tehama
Serr
Payne
Waterloo
Payne
PI159568
ChicoSharkey
Marchetti
UC 95-011-16
SolanoPhenology Camparisons
Trait Payne Solano Vina Chandler
Leafing date 3/18 3/25 3/25 4/05
Peak female 4/7 4/13 4/13 4/23
Peak male 4/1 4/03 4/5 4/13
Harvest 9/15 9/22 9/23 10/08
SolanoNut and Kernel Comparisons
Trait Vina Solano Chandler
In shell wt. (g) 12.8 14.7 g 13.4 g
Kernel wt (g) 6.3 g 7.9 g 6.6 g
Percent kernel 49% 54 % 49 %
% Extra light 3% 38 % 50 %
% Light 43% 56 % 42 %
Solano Solano
Solano DurhamIvanhoeChandler
Ivanhoe Very early harvest date High yield, precocityExcellent color57% kernel, 7.4 g, easy halvesSmaller treeBlight susceptibleReleased for South Valley in 2010
UC 67-13 x Chico
Femalesbloom first
Chandler IvanhoeIvanhoeKernels
Varie
ty
Nut
wt
Ker
nel w
t
% k
erne
l
Ex L
ight
Ligh
t
Leaf
Dat
e
Har
vest
da
te
Ivanhoe 12.9 7.4 57 45 47 3/20 9/12
Serr 14.6 8.3 57 10 65 3/19 9/18
Solano 14.7 7.9 54 38 56 3/25 9/22
Vina 12.8 6.3 49 3 43 3/25 9/22
Durham 15.1 8.3 55 43 53 3/30 9/25
Tulare 14.0 7.6 54 7 75 4/1 9/27
Howard 14.1 7.1 51 17 62 4/4 9/29
Chandler 13.4 6.6 49 50 42 4/5 10/8
Comparing Varieties
03-001-2357 (Chandler x Phase II)
Outstanding color and yieldHarvests a week before Chandler, better yield and fillLeafs a week after Payne8.5 g kernels, easy halves, 60% kernel Hulls split well and still hold nuts in tree
03-001-1938 (Chandler x Phase II)
Mid-season harvest similar to TulareExcellent color and yield7.9 g kernels, 58% kernelEasy removal of halves
In the Future ?
CiscoLeafs and harvests after Chandler6.5 g kernels, 45% kernel, 7% ExLite
00-006-227Harvests with VinaLeafs a few days before Chandler7.9 g kernels, 60% kernel, 56% ExLiteVery good yield, shells are thin but sufficiently strong
03-001-977Harvests with TulareLeafs a few day before Chandler8.1 g kernels, 58% kernel, 20% ExLiteSolid shells and seals, low blight
04-003-143Harvests a week before ChandlerLeafs a week before Chandler9.1 g plump kernels, 55% kernel, 36% ExLiteGood yield, large smooth nuts with easy removal
Pollenizers for Chandler with Inverse Bloom Habit
00-006-227(76-80 x O.P)
00-006-227 Serr
Suggested Pollenizers for Recent Releases
Ivanhoe Serr, Payne
Solano Chandler, Tulare, Howard
Durham Chandler
Robert Livermore
Tulare Fall Leaf Drop