New UV Emitters: Radioisotopes and XRFSources Explained by First Mapping ofPhoton, Electron, Proton and Neutron

M.A. Padmanabha Rao114 Charak Sadan, Vikas Puri, New Delhi - 110 018

Abstract: The “UV dominant atomic spectra from solids” newly detected atroom temperature from salts or metals present as XRF sources and radioisotopeslike 137Cs (radiochemical) and 57Co (cobalt metal) represent fundamental opticalemission caused by previously unknown core-valence excitation. Spectacular 28UV photons caused by each of the 4000 Rb X-rays emitted from gamma excitedRubidium salt (Rb XRF source) is noteworthy. The new physical insight, sameperformance for gamma, X-ray and beta at any given energy during Coulombinteraction, in contradiction to beta’s known particle behaviour could be due tothe fact that excited atoms recognise their energy as the sole criterion. Toresolve such key issues in physics, the first ever mapping of photon, electron,proton and neutron through advanced Yoga technique is attempted. The sketchesof proton, electron and gamma photon revealed that they all possess electric,magnetic and gravitational fields providing them both shape and size. Increasein shape and size of these fields, particularly for an electron when escaped fromatom, better explains why an electron behaves like photon within excited atomand as a particle outside. Reduction in size of electron and photon with increasein energy explains why gamma reaches faster than light photons from gammaray bursters (GRBs). Electron transforming into gamma or X-ray and vice versain Coulomb field seemingly are different manifestations of energy. Core electronhooked to proton better explains its rotation in fixed orbit and it could be onestep ahead to Bohr’s atom.

Keywords: Radioisotopes, XRF sources, UV, VIS, NIR emissions, Bharatradiation, Atomic phenomenon, Room temperature atomic spectra, Metallicsolids, Core-valence excitation.

IntroductionThis article highlights the previously unexplored area of subatomic research intohighly excited atoms of solid radioisotopes and XRF sources leading to discovery

Advances in Electronic Materials and DevicesEdited by P.K. Bajpai, H.S. Tewari and A. KhaskalamCopyright © 2007, Anamaya Publishers, New Delhi, India

New UV Emitters: Radioisotopes and XRF Sources Explained 219

of their fundamental UV dominant optical emission. Spectacularly high countsdetected from unexpected Rb XRF source (AMC 2084, UK) unusually kept onbare PMT (9635QB, THORN EMI) hinted the possibility of optical radiation whensteeply dipped on keeping a thin black polyethylene sheet in between sourceand PMT demanding confirmation by a foolproof method.

Despite the limitation that these calibration sources yield very poor lightintensity that cannot be seen, use of a pair of sheet polarisers enabledcharacterisation of the optical spectrum from UV (up to 400 nm), VIS (400 to710 nm) and NIR (beyond 710 nm) radiation intensity measurements. Twoextraordinary spectral features: (i) UV dominance and (ii) dependence of UV, VISand NIR intensities on energy of predominant ionising radiation experimentallyobserved in the case of both radioisotopes and XRF sources were supportivemore of emission than previously known luminescence, scintillations or Cherenkovradiation [1, 2].

The unprecedented UV dominant optical radiation detected from 57Co metallicsolid provided definite clue on atomic emission by free metal atoms, formed asa result of valence excitation of nuclear and/or core excited atoms situated inbetween unexcited atoms [3-9]. The new insight is strongly suggestive of existenceof a kind of “atomic state of matter” within solid radioisotopes and XRF sourcesat room temperature. The first “room temperature atomic spectra detected fromsolids” by non-thermal valence excitation could be spectacular advancement inthe field of atomic spectroscopy. The author’s explanation that ionising radiationspassing through core Coulomb field first generate exciting energies at eV level(termed Bharat radiation) necessary to cause valence excitation that in turngenerate the optical spectrum within the excited atom is increasingly gainingground [3-9].

New understanding of fundamental properties of beta, not exhibiting itsparticle behaviour to be distinctly different from gamma or X-ray, stems from thefinding – same percentage of UV, VIS and NIR intensities at any given ionisingradiation energy – as has been explained due to their common transit throughcore Coulomb field within excited atom in vacuum.

ExperimentalThe radioisotopes selected for the study were present either as radiochemicalsor metallic solids in kBq or MBq activities. The handy variable energy X-raysource (AMC 2084, UK) provided Rb, Ba and Tb XRF from solid Rb, Ba and Tbsalts and Cu, Mo or Ag XRF from Cu, Mo and Ag metallic solids during gammaexcitation from 241Am.

The experimental set-up is nothing but a simple gamma ray spectrometerwith a difference in its probe [3, 4, 7, 10]. Unexpected detection of UV dominantoptical radiation did owe its success to (a) the use of bare photo multiplier tube(9635QB THORN EMI) on which the source was directly kept and (b) gain of thelinear amplifier set relatively higher than the requirement for gamma rayspectrometer, and the time constant at 0.1 µs. Optimally low background rate (13cps) of the PMT noticed, despite high gain setting, ensured satisfactory operating

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condition of the PMT free from any light leak. Ultimately, 8 K MCA displayeda single pulse height spectrum for simultaneously detected optical and ionisingradiation intensities by thin quartz window of the PMT. The integral countsaccrued under the spectrum that represent combined radiation intensity for 4 minbut shown in terms of counts per s (cps) are given in Table 1.

Table 1. First evidence on radioisotopes and XRF sources as UV emitters

The parallel pair of diachronic visible light linear polarisers employed in thestudy block characteristic UV radiation upto 400 nm but transmit low percentlinear polarised visible (VIS) light from 400 to 710 nm as well as NIR radiationrapidly increasing from nearly 710 nm onwards. The crossed pair excellently

Source

55FeRb XRF133BaBa XRF152EuTb XRF241Am201TI57Co99mTc147Pm45Ca113Sn141Ce22Na137Cs131I110mAg204TI59Fe60Co86Rb90Y

Cu XRFMo XRFAg XRF57Co60Co

Emission

Mn X-raysRb X-raysCs X-raysBa X-raysSm X-raysTb X-rays

γHg X-rays

γγββγβγββγβγγββ

Cu X-raysMo X-raysAg X-rays

γγ

Energy(MeV)

0.005890.013390.030970.032190.040120.044470.059540.070820.1220.1410.2240.2520.3930.4440.5110.5140.6070.65770.7631.0991.331.772.27

0.008050.017480.022160.1221.33

Gross lightintensity (cps)

125(0.9)125,321(23)2,803(3.9)2,064(7.3)3,052(6.2)

37(1.1)1678(2.1)1,830(2.8)626(1.8)468(4.5)

3,606(3.9)2,333(3.2)91,105(23)727(0.9)

2,284(3.5)8,579(7.0)

234,079(5.0)48,393(28)84,984(24)39,985(16)2,207(3.4)38,677(23)29,563(19)

22(0.8)27(0.9)30(1.0)

6,343(8.1)30,123(34)

UV(%)

99.6297.5195.6490.33

98.0395.7396.0194.0299.3695.7696.9598.7694.9296.8196.6488.0796.6095.9892.9873.5683.36

88.18

VIS(%)

0.371.463.835.90

1.913.831.763.850.584.202.211.102.500.853.234.362.961.522.319.828.02

5.71

NIR(%)

0.011.030.533.77

0.060.442.232.130.060.040.840.142.582.340.147.570.442.504.71

16.628.62

6.11

Sources present as metallic solid

The number in the parenthesis denotes standard deviation of counts. The counts causedby ionising radiations are intentionally not given here, light emission being the main focusof the study.

New UV Emitters: Radioisotopes and XRF Sources Explained 221

extinct visible light yet transmit NIR radiation beyond 710 nm. Based on thesecharacteristics, the author designed a decisive and deceptively simple technique(Fig. 1) that enabled measurements of UV (upto 400 nm), VIS (400 to 710 nm) andNIR (beyond 710 nm) radiation intensities, segregating from ionising radiationsthat emerge as a single beam from source.

Fig. 1. Schematic of the technique showing first ever evidence of UV dominantoptical emission from 137Cs. (a) When 137Cs source was kept directly onthe thin quartz window of the PMT (9635QB, THORN EMI), the PMTdetected 9098 (6.2) cps presumably due to UV (upto 400 nm), VIS (400-710 nm), NIR (beyond 710 nm), ionizing radiation (IRs) intensities fromthe source. (b) On introducing the parallel pair of polarisers between PMTand source blockage of UV resulted in steep dip in counts, yet VIS, NIRradiation intensities from 400 nm onwards and IRs caused 793 (3.6) cps.(c) On rotation of one of the polarisers to 90° (crossed pair) blockage ofeven the linearly polarized VIS light resulted in further dip in counts, yetNIR radiation from 710 nm onwards and IRs caused 720 (3.5) cps. (d) Onintroducing a 0.26 mm thin black polyethylene sheet between PMT andcrossed polarisers blockage of NIR radiation resulted in further dip incounts, yet IRs caused 519 (2.9) cps. UV, VIS and NIR intensities could beestimated from the difference in counts between steps (a) and (b), (b) and(c), and (c) and (d) respectively.

UV radiation intensity = 8305 (9.8) cpsVIS radiation intensity = 73 (7.1) cpsNIR radiation intensity = 201 (6.4) cps

These intensity estimates disclose first and definite evidence for the UVdominant optical radiation from 137Cs. Unification of data, expressing the estimated

137Csγ: 0.662 MeV

β: 0.514 MeV

Ba X-rays

P.M. tube

UV, VIS, NIR

Sheetpolarisers(crossed)

Blackpolyethylene

sheet

UV + VIS + NIR + IRs = 9098 (6.2) cps VIS + NIR + IRs = 793 (3.6) cps

NIR + IRs = 720 (3.5) cps IRs = 519 (2.9) cps

Sheetpolarisers(parallel)

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

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UV, VIS and NIR radiation intensities as percent of the gross light intensity couldaddress the problem of unequal source strengths and the standard units ofradioisotopes and XRF sources. Quantitatively, dominant UV from 137Cs hasbeen a staggering 96.81% of the gross light intensity, in comparison to VIS andNIR radiation intensities limited to 0.85% and 2.34%, respectively (Table 1).

Results and DiscussionDetection of analogous UV dominant optical radiation from all the tested XRFsources and radioisotopes has been a key success of the experimental study [3,4, 7] when previous researchers could neither predict such a possibility nor wereable to see UV because of invisibility (Table 1). Radioisotopes like 137Cs, 131I,137Cs, beta emitter like 90Sr and Rb XRF source can serve as handy roomtemperature UV sources in material science. The percent UV, VIS, and NIRintensities of any source showing a clear link with ionizing radiation energy ofabundant radiation, regardless of type of emission and source is another majoroutcome of the study.

Gross light intensity measurements made from Cu, Mo, and Ag XRF sourcesand 60Co metallic solid and UV dominant spectrum observed from 57Co metallicsolid provide the first ever evidence of metallic solids giving rise to roomtemperature optical radiation (Table 1). Rb XRF source exhibiting excellent opticalproperties may have significance in material science. The observation 4400 RbX-rays in single ‘pi’ geometry causing high quantum yield, 125,321(23) UVphotons in 1 s from Rb XRF source analogous to strong lines in Rb atomicspectrum provided strong evidence on atomic emission [3, 4, 7].

This study may hopefully prompt futuristic line spectra with highly activesoft beta emitters like 90Sr on exposing the PMT for long hours. It couldpractically be a laboratory model for the well-established astronomical phenomenonof brilliant after glow at optical wavelengths from X-ray pulsars and gamma raybursts.

Eventually, the current subatomic research enabled new understanding offundamental dynamical properties of beta, gamma and X-ray while they make acommon transit through core Coulomb field in vacuum within the core-excitedatoms, inaccessible outside excited atoms in any medium [3-9]. Figure 2 providesexperimental evidence on same percentages of UV, VIS and NIR intensities at anygiven energy of beta, gamma or X-ray suggesting absence of beta’s particlebehaviour within the excited atom.

To better understand the fundamental properties of photon, electron, protonand neutron, their sketches were drawn through advanced Indian yogic technique.For the first time, their shape could be known by mapping when not previouslypossible to scientists by any other means. The sketches reveal previouslyunknown gravitational field to photon, electron, proton and neutron (Fig. 3).Proton has shown spin (Fig. 3, bottom left). Interestingly, electron is attached atthe centre of proton retaining their individual identity, while acting together asneutron (Fig. 3, bottom right). As a result of the attachment, proton lost itscharacteristic spin.

New UV Emitters: Radioisotopes and XRF Sources Explained 223

(a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 2. (a) Unprecedented UV dominance and (a, b, c) key control of energy ofionising radiation with maximum abundance on percent UV (upto 400 nm),VIS (400 to 710 nm) and NIR (beyond 710 nm) radiation intensities as givenin Table 1 have been the two emissive features of the new spectra commonlyobserved from both XRF sources and radioisotopes.

20

15

10

5

0

% N

IR

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5Ionising radiation energy (MeV)

100

90

80

70%

UV

15

10

5

0

% V

IS

Fig. 3. First ever sketches of photon, electron, proton and neutron asdrawn by the author.

Photon Electron

Electrical field: redmagnetic field: greengravitational field:violet

NeutronPhoton

Electricalfield (red) Magnetic

field (fibra)

Photon

Electron Electrical field: redmagnetic field: fibra.gravitational field: green

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AcknowledgementThe author thanks his colleagues Dinesh Bohra and Arvind Parihar for theircollaboration in conducting initial experiments with black polyethylene sheet.

References

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4. Rao, M.A.P., 1997, “Light Emission Observed from Ionizing Radiation Sources byan Atomic Phenomenon”, National Symposium on Contemporary Physics: SomeAspects, Physics Department, Presidency College, Kolkata, India, www.geocities.com/raomap/kolkata.html

5. Rao, M.A.P., 1998, “Radioisotopes and X-ray Sources Emit Fluorescent Light byan Atomic Phenomenon”, Proc. 12th National Symposium on Radiation Physics, eds.P.K. Bhatnagar and A.S. Pradhan (Eds.), Hindustan Enterprises, Jodhpur, India,p. 273, www.geocities.com/raomap/jodhpur1998.html

6. Rao, M.A.P., 1998, “X-ray Source Emits Not Only X-rays But Also Low EnergyElectromagnetic Radiation”, 1998 Symposium on Radiation Measurements andApplications (Ninth in a Series), College of Engineering and Others, The Universityof Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA, 3PW26, www.geocities.com/raomap/michigan1998symp.html

7. Rao, M.A.P., 1999, “Possible Biological Effects by UV Radiation Newly Detectedfrom Internally Administered Radioisotopes”, Proc. Symposium on Low LevelElectromagnetic Phenomena in Biological Systems (BIOSYS-’99), J. Behari (Ed.),School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, p. 68,www.geocities.com/raomap/uvdosimetry.html

8. Rao, M.A.P., 2001, “Discovery of Light Emission from XRF Sources”, 50th AnnualDenver X-ray Conference, Colorado Sate, USA, F-01, www.geocities.com/raomap/denver2001.html

9. Rao, M.A.P., 2002, “Room Temperature Atomic Spectra from Solid Radioisotopesand XRF Sources”, 34th European Group for Atomic Spectroscopy (34EGAS),Department of Physics, University of Sofia, Bulgaria, F2-4, p. 103, www.geocities.com/raomap/egas34.html

10. Bohra, D., Parihar, A. and Rao, M.A.P., 1992, “The Photomultiplier as a BetaDetector”, Nucl. Inst. and Meth. in Phy. Res., A320, p. 393, www.angelfire.com/sc3/1010/pmt.html