SUB Hamburg

A/547661

New technologies inaquaculture

Improving productionefficiency, quality and

environmental management

Edited byGavin Burnell and Geoff Allan

CRC PressBoca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC

WOODHEAD PUBLISHING LIMITEDOxford Cambridge New Delhi

Contents

Contributor contact details xixPreface xxix

Part I Genetic improvement and reproduction 1

1 Genome-based technologies useful for aquaculture research andgenetic improvement of aquaculture species 3Z. Liu, Auburn University, USA1.1 Introduction 31.2 DNA marker technologies 41.3 DNA sequencing technologies 181.4 Gene discovery technologies 261.5 Genome mapping technologies 281.6 Genome expression analysis technologies 351.7 Acknowledgements 411.8 References 41

2 Genetic improvement of finfish 55G. Hulata, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel, andB. Ron, Israel Oceanographic & Limnological Research Ltd,Israel2.1 Introduction: current status of aquaculture genetics 552.2 Key drivers for genetic improvement of finfish 562.3 Case studies - risks associated with selective breeding

programs 69

vi Contents

2.4 Future trends 712.5 Sources of further information and advice 722.6 Acknowledgement 722.7 References 72

3 Genetic variation and selective breeding inhatchery-propagated molluscan shellfish 87R Boudry, Ifremer, France3.1 Introduction 873.2 Monitoring genetic diversity and risks related to

inbreeding 883.3 Inheritance of traits important for aquaculture 903.4 Current status of established molluscan shellfish

breeding programs 923.5 Present needs and future trends: use of marker assisted

selection and genomics 973.6 References 100

4 Controlling fish reproduction in aquaculture 109C. Mylonas, Hellenic Center for Marine Research, Greece,and Y. Zohar, University of Maryland BiotechnologyInstitute, USA4.1 Introduction 1104.2 The fish reproductive cycle and its control 1104.3 Reproductive strategies and dysfunctions in captivity 1164.4 Hormonal therapies for the control of reproduction 1184.5 Induction of oocyte maturation and ovulation 1224.6 Induction of spermiation 1264.7 Spontaneous spawning versus artificial insemination 1274.8 Future trends 1284.9 Sources of further information and advice 1304.10 References 130

5 Producing sterile and single-sex populations of fish foraquaculture 143T. Benfey, University of New Brunswick, Canada5.1 Introduction 1435.2 Sterile populations 1445.3 Single-sex populations 1545.4 Future trends and further reading 1575.5 References 159

6 Chromosome set manipulation in shellfish 165X. Guo, Y. Wang, Z. Xu, Rutgers University, USA, andH. Yang, Louisiana State University Agriculture Center, USA6.1 Introduction 165

Contents vii

6.2 Principles and methods of chromosome setmanipulation 166

6.3 Triploid shellfish 1746.4 Tetraploid shellfish 1836.5 Gynogensis, androgenesis and aneuploids 1876.6 Summary and perspectives 1876.7 Acknowledgements 1886.8 References 188

Partn Health 195

7 Advances in disease diagnosis, vaccine developmentand other emerging methods to control pathogens inaquaculture 197A. Adams, University of Stirling, UK7.1 Introduction 1977.2 Key drivers to improve disease diagnosis and vaccine

development 1987.3 Limitations of current diagnostic methods 1987.4 Advances in methods of disease diagnosis (mainly

for bacterial diseases) 1997.5 Advances in vaccine development 2037.6 Other emerging methods to control pathogens 2077.7 Future trends 2087.8 Sources of further information and advice 2097.9 References 211

8 Controlling parasitic diseases in aquaculture:new developments 215C. Sommerville, University of Stirling, UK8.1 Introduction 2158.2 Effects of parasitic disease in aquaculture 2168.3 Advances in the understanding of parasite biology

and host-parasite interactions 2188.4 Advances in methods of identifying parasites 2208.5 Advances in methods of controlling parasites 2218.6 Future trends 2378.7 References 237

9 Controlling viral diseases in aquaculture: new developments 244T. Renault, Ifremer, France9.1 Introduction 2449.2 Overview of viral diseases in aquaculture 2459.3 Limitation of current management techniques 248

viii Contents

9.4 Advances in understanding of immunity ofaquacultured species to viral diseases 249

9.5 New methods to control viral diseases in aquacultureand future trends 254

9.6 References 259

10 Diet and husbandry techniques to improve diseaseresistance: new technologies and prospects 267F. J. Gatesoupe, INRA-Ifremer, France10.1 Introduction 26710.2 Fighting the pathogens 26810.3 Improving welfare 27310.4 Improving feed 27610.5 Concluding remarks 28910.6 Sources of further information and advice 29010.7 References 291

Part III Diet and husbandry 313

11 Fish larvae nutrition and diet: new developments 3155. Kolkovski, Dept of Fisheries, Australia, J. Lazo, FishNutrition Laboratory, Mexico, D. Leclercq, ACUI-T,France, and M. Izquierdo, Grupo de Investigacion enAcuicultura, Spain11.1 Introduction 31511.2 Determination of nutritional requirements of larvae 31911.3 Nutritional requirements offish larvae 32211.4 Feed identification and ingestion 33211.5 Ontogeny of digestive capacity in marine

fish larvae 33611.6 Digestive system capacity 34311.7 Diet manufacturing methods 34611.8 Microdiet characteristics 34911.9 Feeding system 35411.10 Dosage system 35511.11 Future directions 35911.12 References 360

12 Aquaculture feeds and ingredients: an overview 370R. Hardy, University of Idaho, USA12.1 Introduction 37012.2 Sustainability of feed ingredients 37112.3 Safety of farmed fish products from harmful residues

and pollutants 374

Contents ix

12.4 Categories of environmental pollutants andresidues comprising risks to the safety of farmed fishproducts 375

12.5 Alternate protein and lipid sources 37812.6 Future trends 38312.7 Sources of further information and advice 38312.8 References 384

13 Ingredient evaluation in aquaculture: digestibility,utilisation and other key nutritional parameters 387B. Glencross, CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research,Australia13.1 Introduction 38813.2 Characterisation and preparation of ingredients 39013.3 Defining ingredient digestibility 39313.4 Ingredient palatability 39913.5 Defining effects on growth and utilisation 40213.6 Ingredient functionality and feed technical qualities 40813.7 Frontier technologies for ingredient evaluation 40813.8 References 410

14 Quantifying nutritional requirements in aquaculture:the factorial approach 417/. Lupatsch, Swansea University, UK14.1 Introduction 41714.2 Quantification of nutritional requirements 41914.3 Feed ingredient evaluation 43114.4 Feed formulation and feeding strategies 43314.5 Future trends 43714.6 References 438

15 Advances in aquaculture nutrition: catfish, tilapia andcarp nutrition 440D. Davis, Auburn University, USA, T. Nguyen, Nong LamUniversity, Vietnam, M. Li, National WarmwaterAquaculture Center, USA, D. M. Gatilin III, Department ofWildlife and Fisheries Sciences, USA, and T. O'Keefe,Aqua-Food Technologies, Inc., USA15.1 Introduction 44015.2 Nutrient requirements 44315.3 Sources of further information and advice 45615.4 References 456

x Contents

16 Advances in aquaculture feeds and feeding: basses and breams.... 459M. Booth, New South Wales Department of PrimaryIndustries, Australia16.1 Introduction 45916.2 Asian seabass 46116.3 Red sea bream and gilthead sea bream 46616.4 Grouper 47616.5 Future trends 48316.6 References 484

17 Advances in aquaculture feeds and feeding: salmonids 498S. Refstie, Nofima Marin and Aquaculture Protein Centre(APC), Norway, and T. Asgard, Nofima Marin, Norway17.1 Introduction 49817.2 Feed technology and formulation 50017.3 Digestive physiology 50117.4 Nutritional requirements 50617.5 Nutrition and health 50717.6 Dietary additives 51117.7 Species differences 51417.8 Practical formulations 51517.9 Feeding and feeding systems 51717.10 Future trends 51817.11 References 522

18 Monitoring viral contamination in shellfishgrowing areas 542F. S. Le Guyader and M. Pommepuy, Ifremer, France, andR. L.Atmar, Baylor College of Medicine, USA18.1 Introduction 54218.2 Source of pollution 54418.3 Methods 55018.4 Input and flux 55318.5 Strategies for reducing contamination 56218.6 Other issues 56518.7 Future trends 56818.8 References 569

19 Impacts of harmful algal bloom on shellfisheriesaquaculture 580Y. Matsuyama, National Research Institute of Fisheries andEnvironment of Inland Sea, Japan, and S. Shumway,University of Connecticut, USA19.1 Introduction 58019.2 Global increase of harmful algal blooms (HAB) 581

Contents xi

19.3 Impact of harmful algal bloom species onshellfisheries industries 587

19.4 Prevention of harmful algal bloom threats 59519.5 Conclusions 60119.6 Acknowledgements 60119.7 References 602

20 Advances in microalgal culture for aquaculture feed andother uses 610M. R. Tredici, N. Biondi, E. Ponis, L. Rodolfi, Universitddegli Studi di Firenze, Italy, and G. Chini Zittelli, Istituto perlo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Italy20.1 Introduction 61020.2 Current status and new techniques for microalgae

culture 61120.3 Microalgae for aquaculture feed 62120.4 Microalgae as dietary supplements, animal feed and

nutraceuticals 63520.5 Microalgae as source of Pharmaceuticals and

probiotics 64320.6 Wastewater reclamation and biofuel production by

algae-bacteria consortia 65320.7 Future trends 65720.8 Sources of further information and advice 65820.9 References 659

Part IV Environmental issues 677

21 Predicting and assessing the environmental impact ofaquaculture 679C. Crawford and C. MacLeod, University of Tasmania,Australia21.1 Introduction 67921.2 Interactions between aquaculture and the

environment 68121.3 Site selection and carrying capacity 68421.4 Considerations in developing an environmental

monitoring and assessment program 68621.5 Monitoring and assessment techniques 69021.6 Recent technological advances and future trends 69621.7 Sources of further information and advice 69921.8 References 700

xii Contents

22 Spatial decision support in aquaculture: the role ofgeographical information systems and remote sensing 707L. G. Ross, N. Handisyde, D.-C. Nimmo, University ofStirling, Scotland22.1 The spatial planning context 70722.2 Database construction and project methodology 71122.3 Decision support systems and tools 71822.4 Selected applications and examples of

geographical information systems in aquaculture 72022.5 Case study: climate change 72622.6 Case study: multi-site coastal zone planning 73922.7 Summary and future trends 74522.8 Acknowledgements 74622.9 References 747

23 Zooremediation of contaminated aquatic systems throughaquaculture initiatives 7505. Gifford, G. R. MacFarlane, C. E. Roller, R. H. Dunstan,The University of Newcastle, Australia, and W. O'Connor,NSW Department of Primary Industries, Australia23.1 Introduction 75023.2 Zooremediation of pollutants 75123.3 Zooremediation and pearl aquaculture:

a case study 75823.4 Future trends 76123.5 Sources of further information and advice 76423.6 References 764

Part V Farming new species 769

24 Farming cod and halibut: biological and technologicaladvances in two emerging cold-water marine finfishaquaculture species 771V. Puvanendran and A. Mortensen, Nofima Marin, Norway24.1 Introduction 77224.2 Atlantic cod 77424.3 Atlantic halibut 78924.4 Future trends 79424.5 Sources of further information and advice 79724.6 Acknowledgements 79824.7 References 798

Contents xiii

25 Cobia cultivation 804E. McLean, Ministry of Fisheries Wealth, Sultanate ofOman, G. Salze, Virginia-Maryland Regional College ofVeterinary Medicine, USA, M. H. Schwarz, Virginia SeafoodAREC, USA, and S. R. Craig, Virginia Cobia Farms LLC,USA25.1 Introduction 80425.2 Broodstock and spawning 80525.3 Larval rearing 80725.4 Juveniles and on-growing 81225.5 Emerging issues and future trends 81625.6 References 818

26 Advances in the culture of lobsters 822C. M. Jones, Northern Fisheries Centre, Australia26.1 Introduction 82226.2 Current situation and constraints 82326.3 Advances in culture 82726.4 Production systems 83226.5 Product issues: markets 83526.6 Future trends 83526.7 Sources of further information and advice 83626.8 References 836

27 Advances in the culture of crabs 845B. D. Paterson, Queensland Department of PrimaryIndustries and Fisheries, Australia27.1 Introduction 84527.2 Current situation 84827.3 Product issues 84827.4 Production systems 85127.5 Future trends 85927.6 Sources of further information and advice 86027.7 References 860

28 Aquaculture and the production of Pharmaceuticals andnutraceuticals 866K. Benkendorff Flinders University of South Australia,Australia28.1 Introduction 86628.2 Marine pharmaceuticals 87028.3 Marine nutraceuticals 87228.4 Diversifying the aquaculture industry 87428.5 Current case studies 875

xiv Contents

28.6 Steps towards commercialisation 88428.7 Future trends 88628.8 Acknowledgements 88728.9 References 887

Part VI Aquaculture systems design 893

29 Opportunities and challenges for off-shore farming 895R. Langan, University of New Hampshire, USA29.1 The context for off-shore farming 89529.2 Characterization and selection of off-shore sites 89729.3 Finfish species cultivated in off-shore cages 89929.4 Off-shore mollusc culture 90129.5 Environmental concerns 90429.6 Future trends 90929.7 References 910

30 Advances in technology for off-shore and open oceanaquaculture 914A. Fredheim, SINTEF Fisheries and Aquaculture, Norway,and R. Langan, University of New Hampshire, USA30.1 Introduction: historical development of fish farming

technology 91430.2 Floating fish farm design 91830.3 Current status and technical limitations 92430.4 Novel fish farm systems 93030.5 Supporting technologies for off-shore and open ocean

fish farming 94130.6 Sources of further information and advice 94230.7 References 942

31 Advances in technology and practice for land-basedaquaculture systems: tank-based recirculating systems forfinfish production 945T. Losordo, D. DeLong and T. Guerdat, North CarolinaState University, USA31.1 Introduction 94531.2 Components in recirculating systems design 94731.3 Types of particulate waste solids 94831.4 Tank, water input manifolds, and drain design 94831.5 Settleable solids capture components 95531.6 Suspended solids capture components 95731.7 Biological filtration 96231.8 Oxygenation components and processes 970

Contents xv

31.9 Sterilization components and processes 97331.10 Comparing freshwater and marine systems design 97531.11 An example of a modern approach to a complete

systems design 97731.12 References 979

32 Advances in technology and practice for land-basedaquaculture systems: ponds for finfish production 984C. E. Boyd, Auburn University, USA, and S. Chainark,Phuket Rajabhat University, Thailand32.1 Introduction 98432.2 Hydrologic types of ponds 98532.3 Production methodology 98832.4 Liming and fertilization 98932.5 Feeds and feed management 99232.6 Dissolved oxygen management 99432.7 Pond amendments 99732.8 Pond bottom treatments 100232.9 Water quality monitoring 100332.10 Pond effluents 100432.11 Future trends 100632.12 References 1006

33 Superintensive bio-floc production technologies formarine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: technicalchallenges and opportunities 1010C. L. Browdy, J. A. Venero, A. D. Stokes and J. Leffler,Marine Resources Research Institute, USA33.1 Introduction 101033.2 Superintensive bio-floc-based shrimp production systems.... 101133.3 Components of superintensive bio-floc-based shrimp

production systems 101333.4 Current research priorities 101733.5 Conclusions 102433.6 Acknowledgements 102533.7 References 1026

34 Traditional Asian aquaculture 1029P. Edwards, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand34.1 Introduction 102934.2 Definitions and principles 103034.3 Traditional aquaculture systems 103434.4 Recent changes to traditional practice 103734.5 Research and development for improved traditional

practice 1041

xvi Contents

34.6 Recent development of semi-intensive aquaculture 104734.7 Bridging traditional and modern practice 105034.8 Future trends : 105434.9 Sources of further information and advice 105634.10 References 1056

35 Use of information technology in aquaculture 1064/. Bostock, University of Stirling, UK35.1 Introduction 106435.2 Information and communications technology (ICT)

for productivity and effectiveness 106735.3 ICT for quality and customer service 108835.4 ICT in aquaculture innovation and learning 109835.5 Conclusions 110435.6 Acknowledgements 110535.7 Sources of further information and advice 110535.8 References 1116

36 Inland saline aquaculture 1119G. L. Allan and D. S. Fielder, New South Wales Departmentof Primary Industries, Australia, K. M. Fitzsimmons,University of Arizona, USA, S. L. Applebaum, JacobBlaustein Institute for Desert Research BGU, Israel, andS. Raizada, Central Institute of Fisheries Education RohtakCentre (ICAR), India36.1 Introduction 111936.2 Saline groundwater from interception schemes to

protect agriculture 112136.3 Coal bed methane waste water 112336.4 Chemistry and remediation 112636.5 Case studies 112836.6 Future trends 114436.7 References 1145

37 Urban aquaculture: using New York as a model 1148M. P. Schreibman and C. Zarnoch, City University ofNew York, USA37.1 Introduction 114837.2 Goals 115137.3 Technology 115237.4 Potential urban aquaculture programs 115337.5 The economics: siting, processing, and marketing

for economic success 115737.6 Marketing and competition 115837.7 The role of the university '. 1159

Contents xvii

37.8 Future trends 115937.9 Acknowledgements 116137.10 References 1161

Index 1163