new small and large intestines - ju medicine · 2019. 1. 5. · small and large intestinal...
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Small and Large Intestinal
pathology, part 2Manar Hajeer, MD, FRCPath
University of Jordan, School of medicine
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Diseases of the intestines
Intestinal obstruction
Vascular disorders
Malabsorptive diseases and infections
Inflammatory bowel disease.
Polyps and neoplastic diseases
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INFLAMMATORY INTESTINAL
DISEASE
Sigmoid Diverticulitis
Chronic Inflammatory bowel diseases (CIBD)
Crohn disease
Ulcerative colitis
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Sigmoid Diverticulitis
Pseudodiverticulae.
Outpouchings of colonic mucosa and submucosa.
Acquired.
Elevated intraluminal pressure in the sigmoid colon
Exaggerated peristaltic contractions,
Low fiber diet.
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MORPHOLOGY
Flasklike outpouchings
Mostly in sigmoid colon.
Thin wall (atrophic mucosa, compressed submucosa)
Attenuated or absent muscularis.
Obstruction leads to diverticulitis.
Risk of perforation.
Recurrent diverticulitis leads to strictures.
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Clinical Features
Mostly asymptomatic.
Intermittent lower abdominal pain
Constipation or diarrhea.
Tx
High fiber diet.
Antibiotics in diverticulitis.
Surgery.
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Chronic IBD.
Genetic predisposition.
Inappropriate mucosal damage.
Ulcerative colitis: limited to the colon and rectum, extends only into mucosa and submucosa.
Crohn disease: regional enteritis, frequent ilealinvolvement, affect any area in GIT, frequently transmural.
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Robbins Basic Pathology 10th edition
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Epidemiology
Adolescence & young adults
2nd peak in fifth decade.
Geographic variation.
Hygiene hypothesis: childhood exposure to
environmental microbes prevents excessive immune
system reactions. Firm evidence is lacking!!!.
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Pathogenesis:
Combined effects.
Genetic factors.
Alterations in host interactions with intestinal
microbiota
Intestinal epithelial dysfunction.
Aberrant mucosal immune responses
Altered composition of the gut microbiome.
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Genetics:
Family history.
Concordance rate for monozygotic twins :20% for CD,
16% for UC.
> 200 genes associated with IBD, all with CD.
NOD2(nucleotide oligomerization binding domain 2):
susceptibility gene in Crohn disease.
Disease-associated NOD-2: ineffective at defending
intestinal bacteria.
Bacteria enters through epithelium & trigger
inflammatory reactions.
Autophagy genes
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Mucosal immune responses
Immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory agents
are mainstays of IBD therapy.
Excessive immune activation by intestinal microbes.
Defective immune regulation of T cell
TH1 (mainly in CD) and TH2 (mainly in UC)
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Epithelial defects
Defects in intestinal epithelial tight junction
barrier function >>>> in Crohn disease
Barrier dysfunction >>> activate innate and adaptive
mucosal immunity >>> sensitize subjects to disease.
Defects in Paneth cell (anti microbial) granules.
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Microbiota
Quantity of microbes in gastrointestinal
lumen is enormous (50% of stool mass)
Inter-individual variation in microbial
composition.
Probiotic (or beneficial) bacteria may
benefit IBD patients.
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Disease model
Trans epithelial flux of bacteria.
Activation of innate and adaptive immune
responses (genetically susceptible host)
Release of TNF and immune signals
Increase tight junction permeability
More flux of luminal bacteria.
Self amplifying cycle: stimulus at any site is
sufficient to initiate IBD.
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Robbins Basic Pathology 10th edition
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Crohn Disease
Morphology
Macroscopic:
Regional enteritis.
Any area of GIT.
Most common sites: terminal ileum, ileocecal valve, and cecum.
Small intestine alone 40%
Small intestine and colon 30%
Colon only 30%
Skip lesions
Strictures common
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Small bowel stricture.
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Earliest lesion: aphthous ulcer
Elongated, serpentine ulcers.
Edema , loss of bowel folds.
Cobblestone appearance
Fissures, fistulas, perforations.
Thick bowel wall (transmural inflammation,
edema, fibrosis, hypertrophic MP)
Creeping fat
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Linear ulcers.
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Creeping fat
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Cobblestone appearance
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Microscopic:
Neutrophils in active disease.
Crypt abscesses.
Ulceration.
Distortion of mucosal architecture
Paneth cell metaplasia in left colon
Mucosal atrophy.
Noncaseating granulomas (hallmark) only in 35% of cases. Where??????
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Haphazardly arranged crypts
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Transmural inflammation.
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Non-caseating granuloma.
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Clinical Features
Intermittent attacks of mild diarrhea, fever, and
abdominal pain.
Acute right lower-quadrant pain and fever (20%)
Bloody diarrhea and abdominal pain (colonic
disease)
Asymptomatic intervals (weeks to months)
Triggers: physical or emotional stress, specific
dietary items, NSAID use, and cigarette smoking.
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Complications:
Iron-deficiency anemia
Hypoproteinemia and hypoalbuminemia,
malabsorption of nutrients, vitamin B12 and bile
salts
Fistulas, peritoneal abscesses, strictures
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Extra intestinal
manifestations
Uveitis
Migratory polyarthritis,
Sacroiliitis,
Ankylosing spondylitis,
Erythema nodosum
Clubbing of the fingertips
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (more with UC)
Risk of colonic adenocarcinoma ……
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Erythema nodosum
Neurology Advisor
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Ulcerative Colitis
Morphology
Always involves the rectum
Extends proximally in continuous pattern.
Pan colitis.
Occasionally focal appendiceal or cecal inflammation.
Ulcerative proctitis or ulcerative proctosigmoiditis
Small intestine is normal (except in backwash ileitis)
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Macroscopic:
Broad-based ulcers.
Pseudopolyps
Mucosal atrophy in long standing
Mural thickening absent
Serosal surface normal
No strictures
Toxic megacolon
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Microscopic:
Inflammatory infiltrates
Crypt abscesses
Crypt distortion
Epithelial metaplasia
Submucosal fibrosis
Inflammation limited to mucosa and submucosa.
No skip lesions
No granulomas.
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Mucopurulent material and
ulcers.
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Pancolitis.
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Abrupt transition b/w normal
and disease segment.
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Limited to mucosa
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Clinical Features
Relapsing remitting disorder
Attacks of bloody mucoid diarrhea +lower abdominal
cramps
Temporarily relieved by defecation
Attacks last for days, weeks, or months.
Asymptomatic intervals.
Infectious enteritis may trigger disease onset, or
cessation of smoking.
Colectomy cures intestinal disease only
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Colitis-Associated Neoplasia
Long standing UC and CD.
Begins as dysplasia >>>> carcinoma.
Risk depends on
Duration of disease: increase after 8-10 years .
Extent of involvement: more with pancolitis.
Inflammation: frequency & severity of active disease
with neutrophils.
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Early detection needs surveillance programs
approximately 8 years after diagnosis
Exception is with PSC patients, screening at diagnosis