New Realities In MAC Refrigerant Choice

Stephen O. AndersenKristen N. Taddonio

US EPA Climate Protection Partnerships Division

Alberto AyalaCalifornia Air Resources Board

The New Reality

• Obama Priorities– Economy, Security & Earth-in-Peril (Climate)

• Science Warnings– Tipping Points, Unimaginable Consequences

• Regulation Revival – Fast Changing, High Stakes, Full Tool Box– California Waiver Reconsidered– Federal Fuel Efficiency Standards Updated– EPA “Climate Endangerment Finding”

9 December 2009 Consensus

Agreed cooperation aimed at accelerating the commercial introduction of improved air conditioning systems in US and global markets using refrigerant R-1234yf which can significantly reduce the carbon-equivalent emissions of greenhouse gases while increasing vehicle fuel efficiency

(German manufacturers prefer R-744, CARB is neutral)

Crystal Ball

• Automobiles abandon R134a – R1234yf except for German vehicles– Opportunities expand in California for R744 & R1234yf

• R134a priced high by trading, deposits & taxes• Refrigerants sold only to qualified technicians working

with best available technology• International phase-down of high-GWP HFCs• Executive orders & CAFE for superior LCCP• Economic recovery skyrockets energy price• Engineering genius needed at every stage

HFC-134a MAC Future

• EC F-Gas Directive timetable considered slow• Rapid phaseout certain in leadership markets

If USEPA grants California waiver, as widely expected,California and a dozen plus US states implement quickly, While California strengthens the original proposal,

• Automobile associations petition for EPA consolidation

• HFC Phase-down proposed under Montreal Protocol• Copenhagen Protocol to be agreed in December 2009• Cap & trade premium prices for HFC-134a

– $35/kg premium @ $25/metric tonne carbon price• HFC market-pressure from ENGOs, Coca Cola,

McDonalds, Unilever General Electric, et. al

HFC-134a Regulations• EC Phaseout 2011-2017• California 1493 (Pavley law) endorsed by a dozen plus states • New Car Climate Impact Labels

– California, Connecticut, Florida, Massachusetts, Oregon…• HFC-134a leak rate posted on Minnesota website, soon on

California site– www.pca.state.mn.us/climatechange/mobileair.html#leakdata– Lowest @ 7gms/yr; Highest @ 30+ gms/year – Invites emission caps or “refrigerant gas tax”

• California acts on HFC-134a small cans with new deposit and recycling program– Starting at $10/can in California; Strategy is exportable to other states

• California and other state regulations in the works• Action driven by public demands for climate protection,

company demands for consistent rules, and legislative demands for revenue

Pride of Regulatory Authorship

• EC F-Gas Directive heard around the world– Stimulating breakthroughs in R744 performance– Inspiring CARB and other regional authorities– Rewarding HFC-1234yf for chemical excellence

• California Air Resource Board (CARB)– Integrating MAC refrigerant and fuel use incentives– Fighting for the right of states to be more stringent

• US EPA– Inside initiative on R744 & R152a SNAP– Green MAC LCCP© perfection w/GM, JAMA, NGOs

Pride of Engineering Excellence

• SAE leadership on testing & standards

• German & Japanese leadership on R744

• US & Italian leadership on secondary loops

• Japanese leadership on electric drive

• French & US leadership on system leakage

• US leadership on HFC-1234yf & HFC-152a

• Global MAC Climate Protection Partnership, Green MAC LCCP©, MAC energy efficiency, and so much more!

Pride of Chemical Excellence

• EC & German advocates of CO2

• DuPont & Honeywell for pioneering HFC-1234yf

• Arkema for chemical supply & service

• INEOS for Progress with AC-4

R-1234yf Way Forward USA

• Automakers accelerate commercialization to help satisfy green federal loan conditions

• Associations jump start regulatory approval and help put in place complementary regulations

• OEMs, standards organizations, government partnerships, NGOs, and suppliers continue cooperation on optimizing systems & service

• Teams take forward proven technology to developing countries under carbon trading finance or corporate leadership campaigns

Way Forward in California/Other States• California environmental performance strategy and incentives

convince automakers to accelerate HFC-134a phaseout in MACs to help satisfy green federal loan conditions

• R-744, R-152a, R-1234yf, and –AC4 systems qualify under CARB as an “environmentally superior choices”

• Advocates jump start regulatory approval and help put in place complementary regulations & work with in Louisiana, North Dakota, Oklahoma to remove final statutory barriers.

• OEMs, standards organizations, government partnerships, NGOs, and suppliers continue cooperation on optimizing systems & service

• Teams take forward the best proven technology to developing countries under carbon trading finance or corporate leadership campaigns

R-1234yf Way ForwardUnder SAE

• Publish detailed findings for public review

• Identify technology for near-zero refrigerant emissions and high energy efficiency systems– Superior LCCP, reliable systems, safely serviced

• Put in place standards that can be referenced in SNAP and/or state approval of R-1234yf

• Cooperate to resolve any problems identified

R744 Way Forwardunder SAE and other organizations• Publish detailed findings for public review• Identify technology for near-zero refrigerant

emissions and high energy efficiency systems– Superior LCCP, reliable systems, safely serviced

• Put in place standards that can be referenced in SNAP and/or state approval of R-744

• Cooperate to resolve any problems identified

CO 2 CO 2CO 2

TransportationMine

LCCP Global Environmental Acceptability MetricLCCP Global Environmental Acceptability Metric

CO 2

CO 2

Refrigerant MANUFACTURING

Transportation

Indirect Emissions

End-use of chemicals

Direct Emissions

CO2

HFC

Atmospheric degradation products

+

Recycling

HCOFCOF

2

HF

CO2

Breakdown

CO2

TFA To be Included in the analysis

HFC

Refrigerant USE

Refrigerant End-of-LifeRaw Materials

HFC

HFC

Easy or Hard, Take Your Pick

• EASY– Industry leadership ahead of regulation– Global HFC-1234yf transition – SAE testing and standards

• HARD– Patchwork of treaty, national & local regulations– Each market with a favored refrigerant – Trade barriers & inconsistent standards ciaos

Meetings

• 11-12 February VDA Saalfelden Austria

• 04-05 March JSAE Tokyo Japan

• 14-16 July SAE Scottsdale AZ

• 29 September VTMS Phoenix AZ

Contacts

• California Air Resources Board– Dr. Albert Ayala, +1 916-327-2952

Aayala@arb.ca.gov

• Mobile AC Climate Protection Partnership– Dr Stephen O. Andersen,+ 1 202 343 9069

Andersen.Stephen@epa.gov– Kristen N. Taddonio, +1 202 343 9234

Taddonio.Kristen@epa.gov

• EPA SNAP– Drusilla Hufford, +1 202 343 9101

Hufford.Drusilla@epa.gov– Karen Thundiyil, +1 202 343 9464

Thundiyil.Karen@epa.gov

Backup Slides

State Barriers: Three Years Ago1. Arizona Arizona Revised Statutes § 41-2169 2. Arkansas Arkansas Statute 28.05.011 3. District of Columbia R33 Change 51 738.1 738.4 4. Connecticut Connecticut Statues 246-14-106 5. Florida Florida Statutes 325.222 & 325.2236. Idaho Idaho Code 49-959 7. Indiana Indiana Code 9-19-2-18. Iowa Administrative Code 661—51.102(101) 9. Kansas Kansas Statutes Annotated 8-174710. Louisiana Louisiana Revised Statutes 32:375 & 40:1846(f) 11. Maryland Maryland Statutes 22-41012. Montana Montana Code Annotated § 61-9-426 13. North Dakota North Dakota Century Code 39-21-4514. Oklahoma Oklahoma Statutes 47-12-41015. Texas Texas Statutes, Transportation Code 547.61016. Utah Utah Code 41-6a-164017. Virginia Virginia Code 46.2-108818. Washington Revised Code of Washington 46.37.47019. Wisconsin Wisconsin Administrative Code ATCP 139.04(11)

State Barriers, Today

1. Louisiana Louisiana Statute 40:1846(f)

2. North DakotaNorth Dakota Code 39-21-45

3. Oklahoma 47 Oklahoma Statute 12-410

Connecticut Connecticut Statute § 14-106 New Law. Allows refrigerants listed by SNAP.

Arizona Revised Statutes § 41 2169 Arizona law allows any refrigerant approved by U.S. EPA and permits non-hydrocarbon flammable refrigerants like HFC-152a and R-1234yf.

Iowa Administrative Code 661—51.102(101) 

Barrier only exists for hydrocarbons.

Indiana Indiana Code 9-19-2-1 IN HB 1253 introduced January 2009. The legislation prohibits the use of toxic/flammable refrigerants unless the refrigerant is included in the list published by the US EPA as a safe alternative motor vehicle air conditioning substitute for chlorofluorocarbon-12 under 42 U.S.C. 7671k( c ).

Idaho Idaho Statute 49-959 Recently decided to use SAE J639

Kansas Kansas Statute 8-1747 Department of Transportation to recommend new law

Montana Code Annotated § 61-9-426 Alternatives automatically approved if listed by U.S. EPA SNAP.

Maryland Maryland Statute § 22-410 Senate Bill 69 introduced January 2009, allows refrigerants listed by EPA SNAP. Unanimous approval as of January 16.

Wisconsin Administrative Code 139.04(11) Barrier only exists for hydrocarbons.

Arkansas Arkansas Statue 28.05.011 Law can no longer be found.

Texas Transportation Code 547.610 Department of Transportation to recommend new law

DC R33 Change 51 738.1 Law can no longer be found.

Virginia Virginia Code 46.2-1088 New Law! Allows refrigerants listed by SNAP. Effective July 1, 2008.

Utah 41-6a-1640. R714-210-3. Federal Standards Adopted and Incorporated by Reference. The Department of Public Safety hereby adopts the motor vehicle air conditioning equipment standards set forth in 40 CFR 82.30 through 82.42, and Pt. 82, Subpt. B, App. A and App. B (2006 edition) …

Washington Revised Code 46.37.470 Contacts confirm a bill will be introduced; possibly 2009, definitely by 2010.

Florida Florida Statutes 325.222 & 325.223

Does not apply to HFC-152a or HFC 1234yf.