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INTRODUCTION

Both the historical and the present day civilization of mankind closely interwoven

with energy, and there is little reason to doubt but that in the future our existence will be ever

more dependent upon this things called energy. Mere existence requires that even an animal

produce and expend it. Until man found ways to utilize energy from source outside and beyondhis own physical efforts, his status on earth was quite animallike.

!o as this sub"ect is making us design power plant steam and we select our

alternative sources of power. #irst we select what location we are going to build our power plant.

$n our mind we select the place that we can also en"oy the fruits of our labor, so we selected to

build power plant in our home place in %gusan. &his plant can supply power over entire

CARRAGA region. 'e select to build our steam power plant in Agusan Del Norte and our

source of renewable plant in case steam is not available is hydro power plant which will build in

theMacalang Buenavista.

(nergy probably was the original stuff of creation. %s we encounter it about us, energy

appears in many dorms, but has one thing in commonenergy is possessed of the ability to

produce a dynamic, vital effect, if a person has a good and comprehensive idea of )energy*, it is

quite simple for him to understand the technical meaning of power, for power is the rate at which

energy is produce and consumed,. +owever, it is in connection with the mechanical and

electrical forms of energy and, to a certain extent of radiation energy is not ordinarily thought of

as power. ower is primarily associated with mechanical work of electrical energy.

$n common usage, a machine or assemblage of equipment that produces and delivers a

flow of mechanical and electrical energy is a power plant. +owever, what we generally mean by

terms is that assemblage of equipment, permanently locate in some chosen site, which receive

raw energy in the form of a substance capable of being operated on in such way as to produceelectrical energy for delivery from the power plant.

% steam power plan is basically an externalcombustion engine. &he combustion takes

place outside the engine, and the thermal energy released during this process is transferred to the

steam as heat. !team power plants are rather effective and can be used in more ways than one.

&he figure below depicts a basic steam power plant design. #irst, water is pumped form a

reservoir. #uel, like waste coal -coal that has been used, are dumped into the boiler and heated at

amazingly hot temperatures. &he pump then pumps water into the water where it is heated and

steam is generated. &he steam is then ran through a turbine where is then produced. &his power

is sent to companies which send electricity to communities, businesses, etc. &he extra steam is

then sent to condenser, where it is cooled and returns the steam to a water/gas state. &he wateryremains are pumped back through the system and process start over again .'hile the gas state is

exhausted into the air. !ome plants do not returns the water/gas state into the system at all "ust

exhaust all of it into either a river or into the air.

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% steam power plan continuously convert the energy stored in the fossil fuels -coal, oil,

natural gas or fossil fuel -uranium, thorium into shaft work and ultimately into electricity. &he

working fluid is water which is sometimes in the vapor phase during its cycle operations. (nergy

released by the burning of fuel is transferred to water in the boiler to generate steam at a high

pressure and temperature, which then expands in the turbine in a low pressure to produce shaft

work. &he steam leaving the turbine is condensed into water in the condenser where coolingwater from the river or a sea circulates carrying away the heat released during condensation. &he

water -condensate is then fed back the boiler bay the pump and the cycle do on repeating itself.

+ydropower is a natural resource, available wherever a sufficient volume of steady

water flow exists. &he development of largescale of hydropower today requires extensive

construction, including storage lakes, dams0 bypass canals, and the installation of large turbine

and electric generating equipment. Because the development of hydroelectric power requires a

large capital investment, it is often uneconomical for a region where coal or oil is cheap, even

though the cost of fuel for steampowered generating plant is higher than the cost of running a

hydroelectric plant.

+ydropower converts the energy of flowing water into electricity or hydroelectricity. &he

amount of electricity generated is determined by the volume of water and the amount of )head

)-the height from the turbines in the power plant to the water surface created by the dam. &he

greater the flow and head, the more electricity is produced.

+ydropower machine is the designation used for a machine that directly converts the

hydraulic power in water in a water fall to mechanical power on the machine shaft. &his power

conversion involves losses that arise partly in the machine itself and partly in the water conduits

to and from the machine. &he utilization of the power in the waterfall is evaluated by the so

called power plant efficiency a, which is the ratio between the mechanical power plan outputs

from the machine shaft and the gross hydraulic power of the power plant. &he plant efficiencya is a variable quantity that depends on the design of the water conduits to and from the

hydropower machine and the operating conditions. &he conduits are normally made with flow

cross according to optimal design criteria.

+ydroelectricity is produced in a hydroelectric power plant. $n this plant, the water is

released from a high location. &he potential energy present in the water is converted into kinetic

energy, which is then used to rotate the blades of a turbine. &he turbine is hooked to the generator

which produces electricity.

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CHAPTERI

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I. HEAT BALACE

#rom &able 112, page 324, ower lant &heory and 5esign by otter.

Table Data Values&urbine rating, kw 66,777

8enerator rating, kva 47,399

ower factor 7.93

!hortcircuit ratio 7.97

&hrottle pressure, psig 1237

&hrottle temperature, # :37

;umber of extraction openings 3

!aturation temperature at openings

at )turbine rating* with all extraction

opening in service, #

1st

2nd

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$$. (;&+%>$(! ? %@&U%> @%!(!

#rom section 9=, p.229 of #rederick &. Morse, the pressure loss due to pipe friction

and throttling at extraction nozzle from 3A to 4A pressure drop and the temperature difference

can be increased by 1.4 to 2.9. Used 2.9 for design puposes.

#rom section 9=, p.224 of #rederick &. Morse

(xtraction ressuresaturation pressure ? -C t C

'here outgoing water temperature

temp. 5ifference

pressure drop

(xtractio

n

!atDn ressure (xtraction

ressure

1 92.22 2.9 7.7729:=1 7.73499

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?2.=3 Mpa

v s h t

17

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? 2.=7 Mpa

h s t v

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? 1.13 F h2:34.==4

h s t v

2:

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v3D676.692m

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&herefore,

h42317.2919:3k"/kg t491.

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p111:4.:2

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$1-h16Dh13 h16 h13 h16D:13.3299476k"/kg

t162:=.==7@

0tate 15

t14221.96217@ v141.1:

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III. CALCULATION O, A ,LO/ RATE

%ssumption0 1kg/s of total Mass #low Iate

Cons+der t(e f+ft( (eater

Using the energy balance or second law of thermodynamics

(nergy in (nergy out

h=Cuh2 uh14C h13

hhhhu

142

1=13

=

2

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12926362=.7=u

Cons+der t(e se)ond (eater



uh14Cvh

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Cons+der t(e t(+rd (eater



hhhhh wvuwvu 1

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Cons+der t(e fourt( (eater



hhhh wvuwvux 111:173 -1- =++++

hhhhh wvuwvux

173

171:11 -1-

++=

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7324224.7=x

Cons+der t(e f+ft( (eater



yhhyhh xwvuyxwvu 27176: 1-1- +=+

hhhhhxwvu

y

27:6

:17 -1-

=

7434:3.7=y

Cal)ulat+n for t(e 9or: Out$ut of t(e turb+ne

J-1-

JJ-1-JJ-1-

JJ-1-JJ-1-J-

46

633=

=

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Generating Efficiency

dxRatingLoaRatedKw

1777

733.77:9=

#or full >oad,

Iating >oad 1

A63.:61

1777

37777

733.7:9.7

eading to on big problem in

industrial power plan.

'hen designing evaporator engineers must quantify the mount of steam needed for

every mass unit of water removed when a concentration is given. %n energy balance must be

used based on an assumption that a negligible amount of heat is lost to the system

surroundings. the heat that need to be and vaporized the water. %nother consideration is the

size of the heat exchanger which effects the heat transfer rate.

NU% -&1&2 where

Uoverall heat transfer coefficient

%heat transfer area

qoverall heat transfer rate

Ieferring to the table of mass bled in chapter 1 where the mass flow is 2A if the total

steam flow entering the turbine, the heat transfer -q is found to beK q

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#rom equation 92, pp.ooking at the fig. 9

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&he feed water cycle begins with condensate water being pumped out of the condenser after

kilometer through the steam turbine. &he condensate flow rate at full load in a 377 Mw plant

is about 6777 U! gallons per minutes -7.

&he following 5ata are used for the design of the feed water heater0

22.=71=49Mpa ts ts? 2216.3737@

h2

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#rom equation :1 >M&5 ->og Mean &emperature 5ifference

=7=4=.14=

=

tttt

tt

os

is

io

+n

( ) 199.7111:17

9vv

:; =

-(quation :22, page 246, Morse

t

tt

d;

k=

'here from table :1, page 64, Morse,

Gt:

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#rom the book of Morse, the value of could be also be solve using equation:1: provided on the said book,

++

++=

ww

v

ws

v

wwt

v

vv

;

;

;

;9

:

-

21

x9

:%et

v

=

!ubstituting Halues obtained,

49:.46=,:=4,12:446

17661.2111:17

33

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Closed ,eed /ater Heater 2>

&he following 5ata are used for the design of the feed water heater0

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.hrmkca%;

.tatwhereJ6

J;

"6;

.hrmkca%;

ow

o

w

w

w

o

s

2

4

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mormL

na

9L

heaterpass?our?orn

n

6naxm

hrkgm

tt:m

.tt.m:

9v

hrkca%:

hfhsm:

v

v

www

w

io

w

piopw

3QQ:9.=

QQQ-==9

112

17

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++

++=

ww

v

ws

v

wwt

v

vv ;

;

;

;9

:

-

21

( ) 199.7111:17

9vv

:; =

-(quation :22, page 246, Morse

==t

tt

d;

k43363

172=.1

4.:

&he following 5ata is used for the design of the pipe mentioned0

&emperature0 3177@ -Maximum &emperature on the pipeline mentioned

ressure -094.: kg/cm2

'ith allowance on the pressure for the pipe safety purpose,

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94.:-1.1:6.6: kg/cm2gauge

Mt=6.

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Using (quation 1=1, page 34

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2. Turb+ne ,+rst Etra)t+on L+ne

&he following 5ata is used for the design of the pipe for the said line0

&emperature

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!. Turb+ne e)ond Etra)t+on L+ne


&emperature 236.

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4. Turb+ne T(+rd Etra)t+on L+ne


&emperature 2:=.9

o

@ressure0 7.=24

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-. Turb+ne ,ourt( Etra)t+on L+ne


&emperature 124.:43

o

@ressure0 7.193

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". Turb+ne ,+ft( Etra)t+on L+ne


&emperature :2.936

o

@ressure0 7.73363 Ma 7.364=21 kg/cm2

v2.697411 m

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5. Condenser In$ut P+$e


&emperature 2:.731

o

@ressure0 7.77=62:= Ma 7.7=2=37 kg/cm2

v7.77177=2 m

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6. Bo+ler ,eed L+ne


&emperature

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