new powerpoint template guidelines - almond€¦ · graham e. fogg, 2009 . 15 . the ca water...
TRANSCRIPT
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Understanding Groundwater
December 9, 2015
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Speakers
Gabriele Ludwig, Almond Board (Moderator)
Graham Fogg, University of California, Davis
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Gabriele Ludwig, Almond Board
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Graham Fogg, University of California, Davis
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Understanding Groundwater: The Hidden Resource
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Outline • Groundwater fundamentals
– California groundwater occurrence & general background – Climate change and a new epoch of scarcity – Overdraft & negative consequences
• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion
– Sustainable yield • Groundwater myths
– Pumping of “fossil water” is non-sustainable – Groundwater storage depletion always takes a long time to recover – Groundwater levels tell us how much groundwater storage is changing – Quality of most groundwater is degraded – Good quality groundwater today is likely to stay that way – Potential myth: climate change will decrease groundwater recharge
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California
Water System
http://www.water.ca.gov/maps/allprojects.html
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Paul Ullrich CCWAS: Lecture 03 October 7, 2013
Snow Water Storage Slides: Bryan Weare, 2012.
Figure: Mote (2006) Fig 5a: Observed changes in 1 April Snow-Water Equivalent over the 1960 to 2002 period of record from snow course observations.
Definition: Snow-Water Equivalent (SWE) is a common snowpack measurement. It measure the volume of water contained within the snowpack (as a measure of depth).
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http://www.oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/ClimateChangeIndicatorsApril2009.pdf
Graham E. Fogg, 2009
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The CA Water Quantity Problem
• 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s fruits & vegetables
w/ irrigation. • Depends on snow-storage and historically
well-timed snow-melt to satisfy demand. • This system cannot function properly as the
snow pack diminishes due to warming.
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The Major Stores of Water….
Snow
Mountain Groundwater
Surface Reservoirs
Alluvial Valley Groundwater (Especially Central Valley)
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Available Central Valley Groundwater Storage Volume
• 10 to 50×106 ac-ft • CA’s 4 largest reservoirs = 13×106 ac-ft (Shasta, Oroville, Trinity, New Melones)
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Two Bank Accounts
Bank Account A (known balance, inputs and outputs)
Bank Account B (unknown balance, inputs and outputs)
Unknown
When Account A is depleted, uncontrolled withdrawals from Account B occur
Surface Water Groundwater
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The Major Stores of Water….
Snow
Mountain Groundwater
Surface Reservoirs
Alluvial Valley Groundwater (Especially Central Valley)
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Groundwater and Surface Water
From CA Water Plan 2014
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UC Water Security and Sustainability Research Initiative
http://ucwater.org [email protected] twitter: @ucwater
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We apply three perspectives to every project.
12/14/2015 23
INFORMATION
INFRASTRUCTURE
INSTITUTIONS
Connected water resources science &
management Current program foci: • Headwater
Management • Groundwater
Management • Water-Energy Nexus • Intelligent Water
System
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Integrating water-resources data & information systems
Point data, time series
Spatial data, time series x
y
t
Landscape data
Interpolated & blended spatial data
Sensor networks
Well monitoring
Aircraft
Satellite
QA/QC Value-added
Modeling & prediction
Existing data
Basin-scale water balance
Groundwater aquifer water balance
Decision support
Policy & legal data & constraints: water rights, diversions, ecosystems
Water decision making
User interfaces
Core data Custom data
Modeled data
Market, demand & energy data
UC Water Security and Sustainability Research Initiative http://ucwater.org/ Aug 31, 2015
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Winter Fallow Irrigation (Dr. Helen Dahlke, UCD)
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Sutter Bypass, Sutter Co., 1997 flood
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Climate Change and Groundwater: Higher Flooding Risks BUT Greater Recharge??
1997, 1995 Flood Events Sacramento County, CA
Laura Chun/The Sacramento Bee
Flooding and Groundwater Levels
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Groundwater Occurrence
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Major Aquifers (http://nationalatlas.gov/natlas/natlasstart.asp)
Volcanics
Alluvial Valleys
Alluvial Valleys, Basin & Range
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San Joaquin Valley Groundwater (from Faunt, 2009)
Pre-Development
Post-Development
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Saturated zone
Unsaturated zone Water table
Ground water
Land surface
Surface water
Gravel Creviced rock Air
Water (not ground water) held by molecular attraction Surrounds surfaces of rock particles
Approximate level of the water table
All openings below water table full of ground water
Air
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Groundwater
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Potential energy in confined aquifer
Well
Myth: Old (1,000’s of yrs) groundwater is fossil water that is not replenished enough to support pumping.
Confined Aquifer Schematic (from Driscoll, 1986)
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Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:
• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion
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Groundwater Overdraft Trends, Central Valley
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Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:
• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion
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Mining Ground Water
San Joaquin Valley, California
Approximate location of maximum subsidence in the United States identified by Joe Poland (pictured)
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Subsidence Induced Canal Damage
From http://www.rcac.org/pages/714?i=1002
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Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:
• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion
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From
Alle
y et
al.
(199
9)
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From Faunt (2009)
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Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:
• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion
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Potential for Water Quality Degradation from Below is Clear and Present, but Unaddressed
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Woodland Area Aquifer System Network (Stephen Maples, HYD 273)
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Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:
• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion
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The danger of a hydrologic basin losing its outlet….
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San Joaquin Valley Groundwater (from Faunt, 2009)
Pre-Development
Post-Development
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Mono Lake: Closed Basin
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Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:
• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion
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Groundwater Quality is Degrading in Many Systems, But Most of the Groundwater Quality is Still Good
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Age Distribution & Sustainability: Groundwater Ages are Highly Mixed!
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Historic Nitrate Trends, TLB: Exceedance Rate
Percent of wells above half nitrate MCL
Number of wells tested
Percent of wells above natural background
Percent of wells above nitrate MCL
Year
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Outline • Groundwater fundamentals
– California groundwater occurrence & general background – Climate change and a new epoch of scarcity – Overdraft & negative consequences
• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion
– Sustainable yield • Groundwater myths
– Pumping of “fossil water” is non-sustainable – Groundwater storage depletion always takes a long time to recover – Groundwater levels tell us how much groundwater storage is changing – Quality of most groundwater is degraded – Good quality groundwater today is likely to stay that way – Potential myth: climate change will decrease groundwater recharge