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Understanding Groundwater December 9, 2015

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Page 1: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Understanding Groundwater

December 9, 2015

Page 2: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s
Page 3: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s
Page 4: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Speakers

Gabriele Ludwig, Almond Board (Moderator)

Graham Fogg, University of California, Davis

Page 5: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Gabriele Ludwig, Almond Board

Page 6: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Graham Fogg, University of California, Davis

Page 7: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Understanding Groundwater: The Hidden Resource

Page 8: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Outline • Groundwater fundamentals

– California groundwater occurrence & general background – Climate change and a new epoch of scarcity – Overdraft & negative consequences

• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion

– Sustainable yield • Groundwater myths

– Pumping of “fossil water” is non-sustainable – Groundwater storage depletion always takes a long time to recover – Groundwater levels tell us how much groundwater storage is changing – Quality of most groundwater is degraded – Good quality groundwater today is likely to stay that way – Potential myth: climate change will decrease groundwater recharge

Page 9: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s
Page 10: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s
Page 11: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

11

California

Water System

http://www.water.ca.gov/maps/allprojects.html

Page 12: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

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Page 13: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Paul Ullrich CCWAS: Lecture 03 October 7, 2013

Snow Water Storage Slides: Bryan Weare, 2012.

Figure: Mote (2006) Fig 5a: Observed changes in 1 April Snow-Water Equivalent over the 1960 to 2002 period of record from snow course observations.

Definition: Snow-Water Equivalent (SWE) is a common snowpack measurement. It measure the volume of water contained within the snowpack (as a measure of depth).

Page 14: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

http://www.oehha.ca.gov/multimedia/epic/pdf/ClimateChangeIndicatorsApril2009.pdf

Graham E. Fogg, 2009

Page 15: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

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Page 16: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

The CA Water Quantity Problem

• 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s fruits & vegetables

w/ irrigation. • Depends on snow-storage and historically

well-timed snow-melt to satisfy demand. • This system cannot function properly as the

snow pack diminishes due to warming.

Page 17: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

The Major Stores of Water….

Snow

Mountain Groundwater

Surface Reservoirs

Alluvial Valley Groundwater (Especially Central Valley)

Page 18: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Available Central Valley Groundwater Storage Volume

• 10 to 50×106 ac-ft • CA’s 4 largest reservoirs = 13×106 ac-ft (Shasta, Oroville, Trinity, New Melones)

Page 19: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Two Bank Accounts

Bank Account A (known balance, inputs and outputs)

Bank Account B (unknown balance, inputs and outputs)

Unknown

When Account A is depleted, uncontrolled withdrawals from Account B occur

Surface Water Groundwater

Page 20: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

The Major Stores of Water….

Snow

Mountain Groundwater

Surface Reservoirs

Alluvial Valley Groundwater (Especially Central Valley)

Page 21: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Groundwater and Surface Water

From CA Water Plan 2014

Page 22: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

UC Water Security and Sustainability Research Initiative

http://ucwater.org [email protected] twitter: @ucwater

Page 23: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

We apply three perspectives to every project.

12/14/2015 23

INFORMATION

INFRASTRUCTURE

INSTITUTIONS

Connected water resources science &

management Current program foci: • Headwater

Management • Groundwater

Management • Water-Energy Nexus • Intelligent Water

System

Page 24: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Integrating water-resources data & information systems

Point data, time series

Spatial data, time series x

y

t

Landscape data

Interpolated & blended spatial data

Sensor networks

Well monitoring

Aircraft

Satellite

QA/QC Value-added

Modeling & prediction

Existing data

Basin-scale water balance

Groundwater aquifer water balance

Decision support

Policy & legal data & constraints: water rights, diversions, ecosystems

Water decision making

User interfaces

Core data Custom data

Modeled data

Market, demand & energy data

UC Water Security and Sustainability Research Initiative http://ucwater.org/ Aug 31, 2015

Page 25: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Winter Fallow Irrigation (Dr. Helen Dahlke, UCD)

Page 26: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Sutter Bypass, Sutter Co., 1997 flood

Page 27: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Climate Change and Groundwater: Higher Flooding Risks BUT Greater Recharge??

1997, 1995 Flood Events Sacramento County, CA

Laura Chun/The Sacramento Bee

Flooding and Groundwater Levels

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Page 28: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s
Page 29: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Groundwater Occurrence

Page 30: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

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Major Aquifers (http://nationalatlas.gov/natlas/natlasstart.asp)

Volcanics

Alluvial Valleys

Alluvial Valleys, Basin & Range

Page 31: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

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San Joaquin Valley Groundwater (from Faunt, 2009)

Pre-Development

Post-Development

Page 32: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s
Page 33: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s
Page 34: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Saturated zone

Unsaturated zone Water table

Ground water

Land surface

Surface water

Gravel Creviced rock Air

Water (not ground water) held by molecular attraction Surrounds surfaces of rock particles

Approximate level of the water table

All openings below water table full of ground water

Air

34

Groundwater

Page 35: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

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Potential energy in confined aquifer

Well

Myth: Old (1,000’s of yrs) groundwater is fossil water that is not replenished enough to support pumping.

Confined Aquifer Schematic (from Driscoll, 1986)

Page 36: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

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Page 37: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:

• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion

Page 38: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

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Groundwater Overdraft Trends, Central Valley

Page 39: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:

• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion

Page 40: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

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Mining Ground Water

San Joaquin Valley, California

Approximate location of maximum subsidence in the United States identified by Joe Poland (pictured)

Page 41: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s
Page 42: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Subsidence Induced Canal Damage

From http://www.rcac.org/pages/714?i=1002

Page 43: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:

• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion

Page 44: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

44

From

Alle

y et

al.

(199

9)

Page 45: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

45

From Faunt (2009)

Page 46: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:

• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion

Page 47: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Potential for Water Quality Degradation from Below is Clear and Present, but Unaddressed

Page 48: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Woodland Area Aquifer System Network (Stephen Maples, HYD 273)

Page 49: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:

• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion

Page 50: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

The danger of a hydrologic basin losing its outlet….

Page 51: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

51

San Joaquin Valley Groundwater (from Faunt, 2009)

Pre-Development

Post-Development

Page 52: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Mono Lake: Closed Basin

Page 53: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Groundwater Overdraft: Pumping more groundwater than the system can sustain Potential consequences:

• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion

Page 54: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

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Page 55: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Groundwater Quality is Degrading in Many Systems, But Most of the Groundwater Quality is Still Good

Page 56: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Age Distribution & Sustainability: Groundwater Ages are Highly Mixed!

Page 57: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Historic Nitrate Trends, TLB: Exceedance Rate

Percent of wells above half nitrate MCL

Number of wells tested

Percent of wells above natural background

Percent of wells above nitrate MCL

Year

Page 58: New PowerPoint Template Guidelines - Almond€¦ · Graham E. Fogg, 2009 . 15 . The CA Water Quantity Problem • 8th largest economy in the world. • Produces 50% of nation’s

Outline • Groundwater fundamentals

– California groundwater occurrence & general background – Climate change and a new epoch of scarcity – Overdraft & negative consequences

• Non-sustainable storage depletion • Subsidence • Surface water & ecosystem effects • Increased energy costs • Bad water intrusion from aquitards and from depth • Basin salt imbalance • Seawater intrusion

– Sustainable yield • Groundwater myths

– Pumping of “fossil water” is non-sustainable – Groundwater storage depletion always takes a long time to recover – Groundwater levels tell us how much groundwater storage is changing – Quality of most groundwater is degraded – Good quality groundwater today is likely to stay that way – Potential myth: climate change will decrease groundwater recharge