new perspectives on reducing peatland emissions from oil palm
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Maswar, Fahmuddin Agus,
Meine van Noordwijk,Meine van Noordwijk,Supiandi Sabiham
Oteng Haridjaja
IntroductionTropical peat lands conditions
-1985-2000, 20% (1.3% per yr) Indenesian peat forest convertion
Tropical peat lands conditions
peat forest convertion
- Concession Areas in Indonesia: Oil palm (28.009 km2) and HTI (19.923 km2) on peat lands (27% eachs )
- Hot isue 2006: Indonesian GHG, No. 3 of global, (2/3 from peat lands)
(Source: Hooijer et al., 2006)
Tropical Peat Lands Problems
• Deforestation/Conversion• Drainage, (for tree crops)• Forests Fire• Forests Fire
• The carbon losses due to drainage fireThe carbon losses due to drainage, fire, fertilization and their combination are probably a major component in globalprobably a major component in global GHG emission.
• Robust methods are needed to• Robust methods are needed to opportunities for emission reduction of peat lands use for tree crops productionpeat lands use for tree crops production system
Gl b l W i & Cli t ChGlobal impacts Global Warming & Climate Change
COSubsidenceLocal impacts
Global impacts
Compaction Decomposition
CO2Subsidence
C loss
p
Tree Crops
Compaction DecompositionC loss
Tree Crops
Peat Land: • Characteristics,
Drainage: water table• Drainage: water table• Management:
(fertilization, biomass)
Objectives1. To evaluate methods and tools for measurement
carbon content of peat soils.
2. To evaluate C loss in peat lands under several land use and condition
Cot Gajah Mati VillageReseach Location, in West Aceh, Sumatera
Cot Gajah Mati Village
Simpang Village
Desa Suak Raya Village
Desa Suak Puntong Village
Source: ISRI (2006)
P t Peat+ashPeat before fire
Peat+ash after
fireNatural forest
fire
R bbRubber agroforest on peat with fern (Nephrolepis)
Triangulation of methods to estimate C loss
1. Direct flux 2. Subsidence 3. Ash increase measurement = compaction
+ a C-lossindicates C-lossEquationsSnapshot
Subsidence is measu
Equations that use ash as
pin time
is measu-red with metal rod, anchored
internal marker
anchored below the peat; yearly measure-Scaled up ment
pto yearly
flux
Evaluation Tools for maesurement BD
Box sampler 30 x 30 x 10 cm3
y = 0.9988xR2 = 0 970 3
0.35Box sampler 30 x 30 x 10 cm3
Auger(gr c
m-3
) R 0.97
0 2
0.25
0.3AugerRing
Ringers
tool
s (
y = 1.136xR2 = 0.48
0.1
0.15
0.2
Ring
BD
oth
e
y = 1.301xR2 = 0.79
0
0.05
0.1
BD with box sampler 50 x 50 x 10 (gr cm-3)
0 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.2 0.25
BD representatif = Auger value : 1.136BD representatif = Ring value : 1.301
Evaluation methods for determination peat carbon content
x : y = 1.922 ► Konstantay = 0.5203xR2 = 0 618555
60y
and
R 0.6185
45
50
with
Wal
kley
Bla
ck (%
)
35
40
C-o
rgan
ic
80 85 90 95 100
Organic matter with LOI method (%)
%OM (LOI) : %C (Walkley dan Black) ►1 : 0.5203 = 1.922
%C-org = 0.5203 x % OM OM = 1 ~ C-org = 0.5203
( ) ( y )
K = 1,922.(New for tropical peat soils) ; 1,724 (General) ; 12% >
Evaluation for Emisi CO2
No significant different between chamber and LOI methods toestimation CO2 emissionestimation CO2 emission
CO2 N Mean Std. Std. Variances T DF Prob>|T| Deviasi Error
Chb. 41 24,217 22,618 3,532 Unequal -1,423 73,0 0,1588LOI 35 31,469 21,716 3,671 Equal -1,4190 74,0 0,1601
For H0: Variances are equal, F' = 1,08 DF = (40,34) Prob>F' = 0,8135ns
Carbon loss estimates from forests fire:• Simpang village:
92.16 ton C ha-1 ~ 338.23 ton CO2 ha-1
C t G j h M ti ill• Cot Gajah Mati village:133.38 ton C ha-1 ~ 489.50 ton CO2 ha-1
Simpang Before burningp g g
Cot Gajah Mati Before burning
Carbon loss estimates from forest fire withLoss-on Ignition (LOI) methods
Ash content (gr cm-3)Ash content (%)BD (gr cm-3)
Loss on Ignition (LOI) methods
Forestsfire
Natural Forests
Forestsfire
Natural Forests
Forestsfire
Natural Forests
Simpang VillagefireForestsfireForestsfireForests
Cot Gajah Mati Village
0.01180.00198.572.6760.150.07
0.05430.021619.23611.4320.2780.19
j g
Estimates of C- loss up to 13 t C ha-1 yr-1 for young oil palm and less than 2 t C ha-1 yr-1 for y g p yrubber 15 yr age.
Tree EquivalentC lossLocation/ Peat
14 13 84C G
Treeage(yr)
Land useEquivalent
CO2 emission
(t. ha-1 yr-1)
C loss(t. ha-1 yr-1)
Location/Village
Peatthickness
(cm)
-Disturb Forest 12.63.45Simpang1Oil Palm 48.113.1Cot Gajah Mati-Disturb Forests 14.13.84Cot Gajah Mati
1000227227
-Bushes II 32.98.97Simpang-Bushes I 31.48.55Simpang
15Rubber 2.390.651Simpang
349621166
15Rubber 5 821 596Suak Raya10Oil Palm II 40.611.1Suak Puntong10Oil Palm I 38.910.6Suak Puntong
us es 3 98 9S pa g
482118126349
15Oil Palm II 4.341.18Suak Raya15Oil Palm I 25.26.87Suak Raya15Rubber 5.821.596Suak Raya
15424482
• Water table < 52 cm from soil surface, lowest CO2 emissiom for all land useemissiom for all land use
• CO2 emission for rubber agroforestry 15 yr age ~disturb forests
7080
yr-1
) ≤ 52 cm 53 - 89 cm ≥ 90 cm
506070
(ton
ha-1 Forest
BushesRubber
203040
mis
soni
( RubberOil Palm
01020
0 10 20 30 0 0 60 0 80 90 100 110 120 130
CO
2Em y = 1,309x – 90,606
R2 = 0.6273
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Maximum water table (cm)
M i d thMaximum depth of water table is a primary deter-p yminant of net CO2 emissions, but there is anbut there is an apparent ‘time effect’ as well
50% d i
1A
Bulk density of the peat directly influences hydraulic conductivity and water retention curves
50% decrease in hydraulic conductivity
manifold increase inmanifold increase in water retention
1B
Depth of groundwater table depends on:
water level in the drainage canal, g ,distance to the nearest drain, distance between drains hydraulic conductivity land subsidence
y = 0 8914x
On the
y = 0.8914xR² = 0.8909
deepest peat (> 9 m), the water can
more easily reach the
drain the fil f
Metal rod profile of
ground water table depths is
more ‘flat’
inserted into mineral soil to
measure subsidence
Fertilization can increase C loss and CO2 emission of peat, i.e. in fertilization plot CO2 emission 23 - 48of peat, i.e. in fertilization plot CO2 emission 23 48 ton C ha-1 yr-1 or 84 – 180 ton CO2 ha-1 yr-1 higher than no fertilizer plot
CO2Emission (t ha 1)
No C-loss(t ha 1)
BD (g,cm-3)Ash content (%)Land useLocation
F iliNo
(t. ha-1)
66.318.10.120.133.775.68ForestsSimpang
FertilizerFertilizer (t. ha-1)FertilizerFertilizer
92.125.10.140.186.068.23RubberSimpang
73.920.10.140.196.137.22ShrubSimpang
56.215.30.270.224.576.91Oil Palm IISuak Raya
12032.10.170.173.155.63Oil Palm ISuak Raya
81.722.140.17 a0.18 a4.74 b6.73 aAverage
Note: The data shown in the Table, based on 8 month period field experiment
The difference between C accumulation and C loss for rubber agroforests (>15 year age), and oil palm agroforests (> 15 year age) on shallow peat indicated have a positive valueage) on shallow peat indicated have a positive value
Plant ageLand useC differenceC C lossLocation/
-Forest disturb-2.111.733.84Cot Gajah Mati
a t age(tahun)
(ton ha-1 th-1)
Caccumulation(ton ha-1 th-1)
C loss(ton ha-1
th-1)Village
15Rubber--0.651Simpang-Forest disturb-1.721.733.446Simpang1Oil Palm-13.11013.106Cot Gajah Mati
10Oil Palm I-8.462.1310.594Suak Puntong-Bushes II--8.974Simpang-Bushes I--8.554Simpang
15Oil Palm I-5.441.436.874Suak Raya15Rubber--1.586Suak Raya10Oil Palm II-8.942.1311.074Suak Puntong
15Oil Palm II0.251.431.183Suak Rayay
Note: (-) no data
Time effect on CO2 emissions: negative feedback or resource depletion?
Highlights from the research:
• Carbon loss from peat drained affect by drainage age, and distance from drain (following logarithmic pattern).and distance from drain (following logarithmic pattern).
• Carbon accumulation from the biomass ’waste’ 7 – 75%equivalent 32 – 342 gr C per kg biomass. F tili ti i C l i (23 49 t C h 1 1• Fertilization increase C loss i.e. (23 - 49 ton C ha-1 yr-1
or 8.02 – 180 ton CO2 ha-1 yr-1 ) higher than no fertilizer.
• Forests fire was one of the higest carbon emission frompeat drained : 92.16 – 13.,38 ton C ha-1 or 338.23 –489 50 ton CO2 ha-1489.50 ton CO2 ha
• CO2 emission from Rubber (traditional management) similar with disturbed forest.
SuggestionTo reduce C loss on peat lands for tree cropsTo reduce C loss on peat lands for tree crops production systems: W t t bl t t i i i t• Water table management, to minimize peat decomposition.
• Use plant that can adaptation with peat condition
• Precise technique (time, methods, types and dosage) for fertilizer application.g ) pp
• Fire-free in production (agriculture) systems• Strive for land surface by minimal weeding• Strive for land surface by minimal weeding.
Biomass ’waste’ management on peat survace can accumulate carbon i.e 32 – 342 g of each kg d i ht
Eqn. CO2(g kg-1)
Carbon loss(g kg-1)
Biomass loss(g kg-1)
BiomassLand useLocation
dry weight
1535 95418 51898 1Melastoma998.25 272.00 592.6 LampidingRubberSimpang1618.42440.99924.5 PandanForest disturbSimpang(g kg 1)(g kg 1)(g kg )
1410.53 384.34 823.0 MankireOil PalmCot Gajah Mati1365.61 372.10 798.5 Melastoma1041.04 283.66 618.0 LampidingBushes Simpang1535.95 418.51 898.1 Melastoma
1354.53 369.08 804.1 Lampiding1374.16 374.43 803.5 RubberRubberSuak Raya1592.39 433.89931.1 Melastoma
MankireOil PalmCot Gajah Mati
428.38116.72 254.3Lampiding1497.30 407.98 875.5 Melastoma1475.56 402.06 830.7 Oil PalmOil Palm Suak Raya
1340.98 365.39 784.1 Melastoma1365.43 372.05 768.7 Oil Palm1074.73 292.84 638.0 LampidingOil Palm Suak Puntong
Biomass ‘waste’ performance after 14 months decomposition on peat surfacemonths decomposition on peat surface layer (From: litter bags experiment)
Simpang VillageU
S
Disturb Forest
700
m
00 m
• In 1992 242 Ha area logged over
Disturb Forest
37
230 • In 1992, 242 Ha area logged over
forest + burned, • Fallow until 2006.
E l 2007 D i t t dBushes
• Early 2007, Drain constructed(4m wide x 3 m deep & 3700 m long).g)
• No weeding for rubber (traditional)plantation
Rubber, 15 yr age
Suak Raya Village
U Road
SSampling pointOil Palm, 15 yr age
5
Rubber± 4m peat
Oil palm I± 4m peat depth
140m
50mdepth Oil palm II± 1.25 m peat
depthRubber, 15 yr age
• In 1987, Logged over forest • Drain (1,5m wide and 1,5m deep),
R bb di
Drainage130m
• Rubber: no weeding• Oil Palm : every four month
weedingDrainage
Suak Puntong Village
U
S
50
S
• In 2008, reconstruction drain: 2.5 m wide and 2 m deep
50 mSampling point
p• Oil palm weeding: every six
month and let it in surface Drain
Road
Drain
Cot Gajah Mati Village
M± 3 Km
Drainage
Meulaboh
Oil Palm, 1 yr age
380 m
–C
alangL= 3m
• In 2006, drain constructed Size:3 m wide and 1.5 m deep.
g Road
L= 3mD=1.5m
SSampling Point
Disturb Forest
p• Distance between two drain 380 m. • In 2007, 500 Ha logged over forests
+ burned U
Oil Palm
• In 2008, Oil palm planted.Forest