new observing systems meteo 415 – fall 2009. observing systems satellites (goes m and goes r) ...

New Observing SystemsNew Observing Systems

Meteo 415 – Fall 2009Meteo 415 – Fall 2009

Observing SystemsObserving Systems

Satellites (GOES M Satellites (GOES M and GOES R)and GOES R)

Argos – Measuring Argos – Measuring the Seathe Sea

Doppler Radar – Doppler Radar – Phase Array and Phase Array and Dual PolarizedDual Polarized

Water Vapor by Water Vapor by GPS attenuationGPS attenuation

Mobile Surface Mobile Surface NetworksNetworks


Can you observe the challenge for this work crew?


Weather SatellitesWeather Satellites


GOES-RGOES-RGOES-R includes a consolidated backup site.

Improvements over current capabilities:

Imager (ABI) - Improved resolution (4x), faster coverage (5X), more bands (2X) and more coverage simultaneously

Lightning detection (GLM) - Continuous coverage of total lightning flash rate over land and water

Solar/Space Monitoring (SUVI/EXIS/SEISS/MAG) - Better Imager (UV over X-Ray) and improved heavy ion detection, adds low energy electrons and

protons

Unique Payload Services - Higher Data Rates for Environmental Data Relay (GRB, EMWIN, LRIT, DCS); continued Search and Rescue (SARSAT)

Current GOES CapabilitiesCurrent GOES Capabilities


ARGO – collaboration ofARGO – collaboration of

26 countries (US – half $)26 countries (US – half $)

SLDMB = Self-Locating Datum Marker Buoys

Observing SystemsObserving SystemsArgo floats at a fixed pressure (usually around 1000m) for 10 days then descend to 2km for a few hours and then returns to the surface for a day to transmit data via satellite and then starts over again.


Phased Array RadarPhased Array Radar Multi-mission Phased-Array Radar (MPAR)The U.S. Government operates seven distinct radar networks, providing weather and aircraft surveillance for public weather services, air traffic control, and homeland defense. Because each network is dedicated to a single mission, there is a significant amount of overlapping coverage between them. By replacing all the networks with a single network of multi-mission phased-array radars (MPARs), it is possible to reduce the total number of radars required by approximately one-third. This streamlining of the nation’s ground-based weather and aircraft surveillance system could potentially save the Government billions of dollars over the lifetime of the radars.


The Seven Radar Networks operated by the Federal Government


Dual Polarized DopplerDual Polarized Doppler

The anticipated improvements of a Dual Polarized Doppler Radar:

-Improved estimation of rain and snow rates. -Discrimination of hail from rain and possibly gauging hail size. -Identification of precipitation type in winter storms. -Identification of electrically active storms. -Identification of aircraft icing conditions.


On a Sears hairdryer -- Do not use while sleeping.


Dual polarized Doppler RadarDual polarized Doppler Radar


Differential Reflectivity - The differential reflectivity is a ratio of the reflected horizontal and vertical power returns. Amongst other things, it is a good indicator of drop shape. In turn, the shape is a good estimate of average drop size.

Correlation Coefficient - The correlation coefficient is a correlation between the reflected horizontal and vertical power returns. It is a good indicator of regions where there is a mixture of precipitation types, such as rain and snow.

Linear Depolarization Ratio - The linear depolarization ratio is a ratio of a vertical power return from a horizontal pulse or a horizontal power return from a vertical pulse. It too is a good indicator of regions where a mixture of precipitation types occur.

Observing Systems Observing Systems Surface Surface

Wx R

adar

Doppler Lidar

Radar WP

Lightning

Satellite

Visibil

ity

Wind

Temp.

Precip

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Sfc. S

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ship - harbors & coastalair - te

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Commonality of Surface Transport Weather-Observation Needs (general -- includes current state, nowcasting & short-range forecasting)

ship - harbors &coastalair - terminalopsrailroads

highways


Major Cities Included: Dallas-Ft. Worth; Houston; Austin; Oklahoma City; Amarillo; Lubbock; San Antonio; Corpus Christi; Shreveport; Tulsa; New Orleans; Mobile; Little Rock; Jackson; ........


“The Chisholm Network”


“The Chisholm Network”

~1500km

Chisholm Measurement SystemsChisholm Measurement Systems

• Weather radar: reflectivity; velocity, polarization; refractivity

• Wind profilers: radar, sodar; lidar; aircraft

• Thermodynamic soundings: RAOBS, aircraft; lidar

• Lightning detection: CG; total• Radiometers: microwave -- scanning;

• GPS receivers: precipitable water vapor -- column integrated; maybe slant path and 3D

• Surface mesonets: PTU; V; LW, SW, net radiation; energy & momentum fluxes

• Satellites: Geo-; POES; LEO

• Pavement condition: sfc temperature;

sfc state


On Marks & Spencer Bread Pudding -- "Product will be hot after heating."


The Suomi-net – measuring moisture based on attenuation of a GPS signal


Example of estimated Precipitable Water Values based on Suomi-net


On Nytol Sleep Aid -- "Warning: May cause drowsiness."

www.suominet.ucar.edu/intro.html

Three Phases of AORThree Phases of AOR

Phase I – Real-time Mesoscale AnalysisPhase I – Real-time Mesoscale Analysis• Hourly within 30 minutesHourly within 30 minutes• Prototype for AORPrototype for AOR NCEP and FSL volunteer to build first NCEP and FSL volunteer to build first

phasephase

Phase II – Analysis of RecordPhase II – Analysis of Record• Best analysis possibleBest analysis possible• Time is no objectTime is no object

Phase III – ReanalysisPhase III – Reanalysis• Apply mature AOR retrospectivelyApply mature AOR retrospectively• 30 year time history of AORs30 year time history of AORs


RTMA – Basic Procedure RTMA – Basic Procedure OutlineOutline

2m Temperature and Dewpoint2m Temperature and Dewpoint && 10m 10m windwind• RUC forecast/analysis (13 km) is downscaled by FSL to a 5 km RUC forecast/analysis (13 km) is downscaled by FSL to a 5 km

NDFD grid (FSL-developed Procedure).NDFD grid (FSL-developed Procedure).• Downscaled RUC is used as first-guess in NCEP’s 2DVar Downscaled RUC is used as first-guess in NCEP’s 2DVar

analysis of ALL surface observations.analysis of ALL surface observations.• Estimate of analysis error/uncertainty provided.Estimate of analysis error/uncertainty provided.

PrecipitationPrecipitation – – Derived from NCEP Stage II Derived from NCEP Stage II analysis.analysis.

Sky coverSky cover – – Derived form NESDIS GOES sounder Derived form NESDIS GOES sounder effective cloud amount (ECA).effective cloud amount (ECA).

Archived at NCDCArchived at NCDC

There are three main differences with the earlier two NCEP Global Reanalysis efforts:

• Much higher horizontal and vertical resolution (T382L64) of the atmosphere (earlier efforts were made with T62L28 resolution)

• The guess forecast will be generated from a coupled atmosphere – ocean – sea ice - land system

• Radiance measurements from the historical satellites will be assimilated in this Reanalysis

To conduct a Reanalysis with the atmosphere, ocean, sea ice and land coupled to each other will be a novelty, and will hopefully address important issues, such as the correlations between sea surface

temperatures and precipitation in the global tropics, etc.

Element ExamplesElement Examples

Original 13 km

Downscaled 5 km

Downscaled 2 m TemperatureDownscaled 2 m Temperature

Color Curve Color Curve Courtesy - J. Courtesy - J. MedlinMedlin

Downscaled 2 m Dewpoint TemperatureDownscaled 2 m Dewpoint TemperatureElement ExamplesElement Examples

LL

***Noted dry bias exists (2-6F) depending on US Region***Noted dry bias exists (2-6F) depending on US Region

Original 13 kmOriginal 13 km Downscaled 5 Downscaled 5 kmkm

Downscaled 10 m WindDownscaled 10 m Wind

Element ExamplesElement Examples

COCO COCO

Element Examples – RTMA 10 Element Examples – RTMA 10 m windm wind

Derived ECA from GOES-12 ECA from GRIB2 file – 5km grid

GOES-12 IR image (11um)

• Effective Cloud Amount (ECA, %) Effective Cloud Amount (ECA, %) • Derived from GOES sounderDerived from GOES sounder• Mapped onto 5-km NDFD gridMapped onto 5-km NDFD grid• Converted to GRIB2 for NDGDConverted to GRIB2 for NDGD

(b)

(a)

(c)

Element Examples - ECAElement Examples - ECA

New Observing SystemsNew Observing Systems

Space – GOES Series (R)Space – GOES Series (R) Ocean – ARGO (mobile buoys)Ocean – ARGO (mobile buoys) Air – Phased Array and Dual Polarized Air – Phased Array and Dual Polarized

RadarsRadars Air – GPS Moisture SensorsAir – GPS Moisture Sensors Surface – Mobile Observing NetworksSurface – Mobile Observing Networks Archives – AOR (RTMA and CFSRR)Archives – AOR (RTMA and CFSRR)

new observing systems meteo 415 – fall 2009. observing systems satellites (goes m and goes r) ...

Documents

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new observing systemsmeteo

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vertical power returns

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