Besse CooperBorn Besse Berry Brown August 26, 1896 (age 114 years, 159 days) Sullivan County, Tennessee, U.S.Residence Monroe,GeorgiaKnown for The oldest living person

in the world since January 31, 2011Title oldest verified living person in the U.S. and oldest verified living person in the world since January 31,

2011                    

Born

September 21, 1896(age 114 years, 133 days)Melrose, Minnesota,United States

ResidenceGreat Falls, Montana,United States

Occupation Former railroader

Title

World's oldest living man since July 18, 2009One of the 100 longest lived people ever since June 12 2010One of the 10 verified oldest men ever since June 23, 2010Second oldest recognized living person since January 31, 2011.

SpouseAgnes C. Breuning (née Twokey)(1922–1957) (her death)

Children None

Parents

John Breuning(1864/65–1915)Cora Mae Morehouse(1870/71–1917)

Sultan Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, the 5th ruler of the Qutb Shahi dynasty built Charminar in 1591[2] shortly after he had shifted his capital from Golkonda to what is now known as Hyderabad.[3] He built this famous structure to commemorate the elimination of a plague epidemic from this city. He is said to have prayed for the end of a plague that was ravaging his city and vowed to build a masjid (Islamic mosque) at the very place where he was praying. In 1591 while laying the foundation of Charminar, Quli Qutb shah prayed: "Oh Allah, bestow unto this city peace and prosperity. Let millions of men of all castes, creeds and religions make it their abode, like fish in the water." Today one can see the city as evidence of the prayer being answered. The Mosque became popularly known as Charminar because of its four (Persian/Hindi char = four) minarets (Minar (Arabic manara) = spire/tower).[4]The structure is made of granite, lime, mortar and, some say, pulverised marble, was at one time the heart of the city. Initially the monument with its four arches was so proportionately planned that when the fort was opened one could catch a glimpse of the bustling Hyderabad city as these Charminar arches were facing the most active royal ancestral streets. There is also a legend of an underground tunnel connecting the palace at Golkonda to Charminar, possibly intended as an escape route for the Qutub Shahi rulers in case of a siege, though the exact location of the tunnel is unknown.[5]

Charminar has the signature style of Islamic architecture.[6] This great tribute to aesthetics looks sturdy and solid from a distance but as one moves closer, it emerges as an elegant and romantic edifice proclaiming its architectural eminence in all its detail and dignity. Charminar looks equally spectacular at night when it is illuminated. Apart from being the core of the city’s cultural milieu, it has become a brand name.Charminar is a beautiful and impressive square monument. Each side measures 20 m, and each of the corners has a tall, pointed minaret. These four gracefully carved minarets soar to a height of 48.7 m above the ground, commanding the landscape for miles around. Each minaret has four stories, marked by a delicately carved ring around the minaret. Unlike the Taj Mahal, Charminar's four fluted minarets of Charminar are built into the main structure. Inside the minarets 149 winding steps guide the visitor to the top floor, the highest point one can reach, which provides a panoramic view of the city.[7]

The actual mosque occupies the top floor of the four-storey structure. Madame Blavatsky reports that each of the floors was meant for a separate branch of learning - before the structure was transformed by the Imperial British administration into a warehouse for opium and liqueurs.[8]                                 A replica of the Charminar built in the Bahadurabad locality of Karachi, Pakistan in 2007

The 13th century Golconda Fort was built by the Kakatiya kings.The Kakatiya’s ascent to power can be traced to the reign of the Western Chalukyas. Kakartya Gundyana, a subordinate of the Eastern Chalukyan monarch, Amma II (945 CE-970 CE), established the Kakatiya dynasty.[2] The dynasty's name comes either from its association with a town known as Kakatipura (since the kings bore the title “Kakatipuravallabha”) or from their worship of a goddess called Kakati. A temple dedicated to goddess Kakatamma exists in Warangal so Kakatipura could be another name for Warangal itself. Kakatiyas' ancestors belonged to the Durjaya family.[3]

In the 16th century, Golkonda was the capital and fortress city of the Qutb Shahi kingdom, near Hyderabad. The city was home to one of the most powerful Muslim sultanates in the region and was the center of a flourishing diamond trade.Golkonda was located 11 km west of the city of Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh state, India (location   17 23 00 78 24 15 / 17.3833333 78.40417° ′ ″N ° ′ ″E °N °E).According to a legend, the fort derives its name from Golla Konda, which is a Telugu word for Shepherd's Hill. It is believed that a shepherd boy came across an idol on the hill. This led to the construction of a mud fort by the then Kakatiya dynasty ruler of the kingdom around the site.

Golkonda consists of four distinct forts with a 10 km long outer wall with 87 semicircular bastions (some still mounted with cannons), eight gateways, and four drawbridges, with a number of royal apartments & halls, temples, mosques, magazines, stables, etc. inside. The lowest of these is the outermost enclosure into which we enter by the "Fateh Darwaza" (Victory gate, so called after Aurangzeb’s triumphant army marched in through this gate) studded with giant iron spikes (to prevent elephants from battering them down) near the south-eastern corner. At Fateh Darwaza can be experienced a fantastic acoustic effect, characteristic of the engineering marvels at Golkonda. A hand clap at a certain point below the dome at the entrance reverberates and can be heard clearly at the 'Bala Hisar' pavilion, the highest point almost a kilometre away. This worked as a warning note to the royals in case of an attack.

A player shall be out if any part of his body touches the ground outside the boundary but during the struggle a player shall not be out if any part of his body touches directly the ground or a player who is inside the boundary. If any player goes out of the boundary during the course of play he shall be out. The umpire or referee shall declare such player out by shouting his number.  If an anti or anti's who have gone out of bounds hold a raider, the raider shall be declared not out. The anti who have gone out of bounds will only be declared out.When a side sends more than one raider at a time, a warning shall be given by the umpire or referee and if in spite of the warning, it continues to do so, the umpire or referee shall declare all the raiders out except the first one.If a raider, while in the opponent's court, loses his cant he shall be out.No anti shall willfully push the raider out of the boundary by any part of his (anti's) body, nor any raider shall willfully push or pull an anti or anti's out of the boundary. If the raider is pushed outside the boundary or the anti is pushed or pulled outside the boundary, the umpire or referee shall declare the raider or the anti as not out and the anti or the raider who pushes out, pulls the opponents outside the boundary shall be declared out.As long as a raider has not reached his court, none of the anti's shall touch the ground of the raiders court, beyond the midline with any part of his body. If he does so, he shall be out. If an anti or anti's who are out, holds a raider or have violated the said rule while holding or helping to hold the raider, the raider shall be declared not out and the anti or anti's who touched the raider's court shall be declared out.A raider or an anti is not to be held by any part of his body deliberately other than his limb or trunk. The one who violates the rule first shall be declared out. The umpire or referee shall declare such raider not out.

Kho-Kho RulesRules for Kho- KhoChaser The players sitting in the squares are known as chasers. An attacker (active chaser) is a player who pursues the players of the opposite side (runners) with a view to tag and touch them.RunnersThe players of the side other than the chasers side are known as runners. The runners who are inside the limits for their turn of running are known as defenders.To give KhoTo give kho perfectly, an active chaser should touch the sitting chaser by hand from behind and utter only the word ‘KHO’ loudly and distinctly. The feet of an active chaser shall not go beyond the cross lane.FoulIf a sitting or an active chaser violates or commits the breach of any rule, it is known as a foul. A foul is to be declared by a continuous ‘short’ whistle until the foul is corrected.To take a directionIf an active chaser goes from one post line to the other post line and after getting a kho, he goes towards a particular post line, he is said to have taken a direction.Shoulder lineAn imaginary line running through the centres of the shoulders of a player is known as shoulder line.To recedeWhile going in a particular direction, when an active chaser touches the ground, which he/she had already covered, he/she is said to have receded.To leave the rectangleWhen an active chaser lets go his contact of his feet with the rectangle and comes in contact with the ground between the post lines, he is said to have left the rectangle (Free zone).To reach the rectangleWhen an active chaser lets go his contact of his feet with the ground between the post lines and comes in contact with the ground of the rectangle, he is said to have reached the rectangle.Out of limitsIf a defender loses his contact of the ground within the limits and comes in contact with the ground outside the limits, he is said to have gone out of limits.