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Market Insider Quarterly Bulletin

MEDICINAL PLANTS & NATURAL INGREDIENTS MARKET INSIDER December 2015

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Disclaimer

The ITC Market Insider is placed at the disposal of users for information only. It is not designed to replace the appropriate professional advice in any way. The pricing data is based on ITC sources and can change at any time. Although the International Trade Centre strives to keep the data current and accurate, errors can occur. ITC does not bear any liability for any inaccuracy, error, discrepancies in prices or related information. Mention of company names, commercial products and brand names does not imply endorsement by the International Trade Centre. For further information, please refer to the ITC Terms and Conditions, section 2.0 Disclaimers.

Contact: Market Insider International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel: +4122 730 01 11 Fax: +4122 730 05 72 Email: marketinsider@intracen.org Twitter: @ITCMktInsider Web: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/ Market Insider for Medicinal Plants is prepared by: Josef A. Brinckmann ITC Consultant josefb@comcast.net Cover Picture: Wild southern schisandra berry vines (Schisandra sphenanthera) climb to envelope a tall tree near the Huangyang River, Caoyuan Village, Pingwu County, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China. Photo by Josef A. Brinckmann, 2015.

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Contents About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients ..............................................3

Some Useful Terminology ....................................................................................................................3

1. Industry News and Trends ...........................................................................................................5

1.1. Mistletoe herb therapy – reimbursable or not? ........................................................................5

1.2. Australia considers requiring new warning statements for medicines containing andrographis herb ...............................................................................................................................5

1.3. Wisconsin may legalize Southeast Asian medicinal plant kratom leaf ....................................6

1.4. New European quality standard for critically endangered Indian medicinal plant ...................7

1.5. CBI bringing Pakistani natural ingredient suppliers to Fi Europe & Ni 2015 ...........................8

1.6. New U.S. Standards for Tienchi Ginseng Capsules & Tablets ...............................................9

2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts ................................................................ 10

2.1. FLOCERT and UTZ Certified collaborate for sustainable South African rooibos herb trade 10

2.2. South African Buchu leaf and benefit sharing with San & Khoi ............................................ 11

3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts ................................................................... 12

3.1. Costus root ranks number one in seizures of illegally traded endangered plants ................ 12

3.2. Sikkim State to be 100% certified organic by 2016 – including medicinal plant crops ......... 13

3.3. Sustainable Jiaogulan – goal of Vietnamese wild plant harvesting and trade project ......... 13

3.4. Impoverished villagers of Kashmir Himalaya supply endangered medicinal plants to smugglers ......................................................................................................................................... 14

3.5. India approves commercial cultivation of a genetically modified medicinal plant ................ 15

3.6. CIMAP wins award for promoting Ashwagandha farming to improve economic of small and marginal farmers .............................................................................................................................. 16

4. Markets for European Medicinal Plants and Extracts ............................................................ 18

4.1. Cultivation, quality and export marketing of medicinal plants of Greece .............................. 18

4.2. Bosnian beekeeping and medicinal plants fair 2015 ............................................................ 19

5. Markets for North American Medicinal Plants and Extracts ................................................. 20

5.1. SEDEREC invests 4.7 million pesos in Mexico City medicinal plant sector ......................... 20

5.2. New manual on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants of Veracruz, Mexico .................. 21

5.3. Nearly 2,000 organic herb & spice farms in the United States ............................................. 22

6. Markets for South American Medicinal Plants and Extracts ................................................. 24

6.1. Peruvian maca price up 151.1% over last year .................................................................... 24

7. Currency Rates of Exchange .................................................................................................... 26

8. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients ........................................... 26

9. Selected Events ......................................................................................................................... 33

10. Herb Profile: Costus root ....................................................................................................... 39

11. Company Profile: Phalada Agro Research Foundations Pvt. Ltd. .................................... 43

12. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations .......................................... 44

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About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients The Market Insider for medicinal plants & natural ingredients provides market intelligence on the production and international trade of selected botanical raw materials and value-added forms such as extracts and oils.

Market insights are presented for key developments on medicinal plants and botanical nutritional ingredients including analysis of international trade data, market trends, indicative market prices for selected botanical ingredients, trade specifications, market size and growth, target markets, business opportunities, legislation affecting the sector, technology, trade events, producer and product profiles. New sources of information, news that subscribers and readers might have on their specific products or areas are welcome. See more at: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/medicinal-plants/

Some Useful Terminology AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy CBD: Convention on Biodiversity CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of Taiwan CCCCS: Commodity Classification for China Customs Statistics cfu/g: Colony-forming units per gram C&F: Cost & Freight; means the price includes cost and freight charges CFR: Seller has the same responsibilities as when shipping FOB, but shipping

costs are prepaid by the seller CIF: Cost Insurance Freight; means the price includes cost, freight and

insurance CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora &

Fauna CL: Container load C/S: Cut and sifted COMTRADE: Commodity Trade Statistics Database EDQM: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines EMA: European Medicines Agency Essential Oils: Odorous product, usually of complex composition, obtained from a

botanically defined plant raw material by steam distillation, dry distillation, or a suitable mechanical process without heating

Extracts: Preparations of liquid (liquid extracts and tinctures), semi-solid (soft extracts and oleoresins) or solid (dry extracts) consistency obtained from Herbal Drugs or animal matter prepared by suitable methods using ethanol or other suitable solvents

EXW: Ex works - Buyer arranges for pick-up of goods at the seller's location. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, and preparing goods for shipment on a specified date or time frame

Farm Gate Price: Refers to the dollar value of agricultural products that you receive from direct farm sales or the value of primary products used for processing

FAS: Free alongside ship - Buyer arranges for ocean transport. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, preparing goods for shipment and delivering the goods to the dock

FAS Value: Value of exports at the seaport, airport, or border port of exportation, based on the transaction price including inland freight, insurance, and other charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the port of export

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FCA: Free carrier: seller is responsible for costs until the buyer's named freight carrier takes charge

FCL: Full container load FLO: Fairtrade International FOB: Free On Board - means that the price only includes the cost of the item.

Seller arranges for transport of the goods, preparing goods for shipment, and loading the goods onto the vessel

FOR & FOT: Free On Rail or Free on Truck; both refer to goods being carried by rail and should only be used when the goods are carried by rail. The risk of loss or damage is transferred when the goods are loaded onto the rail

FTA: Free Trade Agreement GACP: Good Agricultural and Collection Practice GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice ha: Hectare Herbal Drug Preparations: Obtained by subjecting Herbal Drugs to treatments such as:

extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation. These include comminuted or powdered herbal drugs, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates

Herbal Drugs: Whole, fragmented, or cut plants, parts of plants, algae, fungi or lichen, in an unprocessed state, usually in dried form but sometimes fresh. Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are also considered to be herbal drugs

Herbal Teas: Consist exclusive of one or more Herbal Drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means of decoction, infusion or maceration; usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets

HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HS Code: Harmonized System Tariff Code ITC (HS) Indian Trade Classification Harmonized System ITC International Trade Centre / UNCTAD / WTO MAP: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants NLT: Not less than NESOI: Not Elsewhere Specified or Included NMT: Not more than NOP: National Organic Program (USDA) NTFP: Non Timber Forest Products OTC: Over the Counter medicines: Medicines sold without a prescription PE: Powdered Extract PhEur: European Pharmacopoeia PPRC: Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China SE: Soft Extract TBC: Tea bag cut TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine THMP: Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography UPI: Unani Pharmacopoeia of India USD: United States Dollar USP: United States Pharmacopeia VAT: Value Added Tax

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1. Industry News and Trends 1.1. Mistletoe herb therapy – reimbursable or not? by Market Insider Friday, 18 Dec. 2015 Mistletoe herb (Viscum album), a semi-parasitic plant native to Europe and parts of Asia, is used in European phytotherapy as well as in other European systems of medicine such as anthroposophical medicine and homoeopathic medicine. The material of commerce is wild-collected from host trees mainly in the Balkan countries but also from Turkey and Russian Federation. In a case brought before the German Federal Social Security Court (Bundessozialgericht) this month, the court ruled that the use of injectable anthroposophic mistletoe preparations is only reimbursable under the national health care system for palliative care in cancer (to prevent or treat symptoms) but is not reimbursable for use in adjunctive cancer therapy (additional cancer treatment given after the primary treatment to lower the risk that the cancer will come back). The injectable mistletoe herb preparation used by the patient in this case was Iscador® M, a registered anthroposophical medicinal product produced by Iscador AG (Arlesheim, Switzerland). Sources: 1. Iscador AG. Iscador Injektionslösung. Patienteninformation des Arzneimittel-

Kompendium der Schweiz®. Publiziert am 02.02.2015. 2. Sucker-Sket K. Mistelpräparate nur in der Palliativtherapie erstattungsfähig. DAZ.online.

17.12.2015. 3. Termintipp Nr. 20/15 vom 10. Dezember 2015. Muss die Krankenkasse ein anthroposophisches

Mistelpräparat bezahlen? Das Bundessozialgericht. 12.01.2015. 4. Wichtl M (ed). et al. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. A Handbook for Practice on a

Scientific Basis, Third Edition. Stuttgart: Medpharm Scientific Publishers. 2004.

1.2. Australia considers requiring new warning statements for medicines containing andrographis herb

by Market Insider Friday, 11 Dec. 2015 Andrographis herb (Andrographis paniculata), known as ‘kalmegh’ in the Indian systems of medicine and as ‘chuanxinlian’ in Chinese medicine, is a product of Southern Asian biodiversity, native to parts of the Republic of India and Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. The material of commerce is, for the most part, wild collected in India but also cultivated there, as well as in other countries where the species has been introduced and naturalized such as in the People’s Republic of China, Malaysia, Republic of Indonesia, Republic of the Union of Myanmar, and Kingdom of Thailand. In India, andrographis is found growing in the “Middle Gangetic Plains Region” (states of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh); the “Upper Gangetic Plains Region” (Uttar Pradesh and Delhi); the “Eastern Plateau and Hill Region” (Bihar, Orissa, and Madhya Pradesh); the “Central Plateau and Hill Region” (Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan); and the “East Coast Plains and Hill Region” (Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu).

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The Australian Register of Therapeutic Goods (ARTG) shows that there are presently 75 Andrographis-containing listed medicines marketed in Australia. In October 2015, the Australian Government Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) issued a safety advisory for listed medicines containing Andrographis paniculata: “Consumers and health professionals are advised that, following a safety review of Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata), the TGA has found a potential risk of allergic reactions, including severe allergic reactions such as anaphylaxis, associated with the use of products containing this herbal ingredient.” Accompanying the TGA safety advisory was the publication of a 29-page safety review report which concluded: “The number of anaphylactic / allergic-type adverse drug reactions (ADRs) reported and the severity of the ADRs suggests that the ingredient A. paniculata presents a potential risk significant to warrant further action, particularly considering that A. paniculata containing products are available over the counter and are regulated as low risk (listed) medicines. The TGA is considering the most appropriate regulatory action, including the requirement for warning statements on the labels of medicines containing A. paniculata, and will continue to monitor and review ADRs reported for these products to assess the effectiveness of any introduced risk mitigation strategies.” Sources: 1. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Safety review of Andrographis paniculata and

anaphylactic / allergic reactions. Version 1.0, October 2015. Woden, Australia: Australian Government Department of Health TGA. Available at: https://www.tga.gov.au/sites/default/files/safety-review-andrographis.pdf

2. Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Safety advisory - risk of allergic reactions: Products containing Andrographis paniculata. Woden, Australia: Australian Government Department of Health TGA. 08 October 2015. Available at: https://www.tga.gov.au/alert/products-containing-andrographis-paniculata

3. Engels G, Brinckmann J. Andrographis - Andrographis paniculata - Family: Acanthaceae. HerbalGram The Journal of the American Botanical Council. 2015;105:1-5.

4. National Medicinal Plants Board. State Wise Natural Habitat of the Prioritized Species. New Delhi, India: Government of India, National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of AYUSH.

1.3. Wisconsin may legalize Southeast Asian medicinal plant kratom leaf by Market Insider Wednesday, 02 Dec. 2015 Kratom leaf (Mitragyna speciosa) is a medicinal plant of Southeast Asian biodiversity, native to and growing wild in parts of the Kingdom of Thailand, Republic of Indonesia, Republic of the Union of Myanmar, and Malaysia, The tree is also cultivated in the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. Kratom leaf has a long history of use in traditional medicines as an analgesic pain reliever. In the United States, kratom leaf has found itself in some hot water, at least in a few states. It is presently classified as a controlled substance and therefore not legal for retail sale in four states, Indiana, Tennessee, Vermont, and Wisconsin. It had been illegal in five other states (Arizona, Illinois, Florida, Louisiana, and Oklahoma) but regulators have since passed amendments de-scheduling kratom leaf and thus allowing it back into commerce. In 2014, the Wisconsin State Legislature added two chemicals to Schedule I of their state controlled substances list, chemicals that turned out to also be naturally occurring

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constituents of kratom leaf. Suddenly kratom leaf was subject to the same controls as those set for much stronger botanical drugs such as opium (Papaver somniferum). In August, pharmacology experts and patients gave testimony to the Wisconsin Controlled Substances Board (WCSB) in an effort to get kratom leaf delisted due to its observed health benefits, that it is non-addictive, and that the risks of using kratom are relatively low by comparison to prescription medications used for the same conditions. In a press release following the December 1st meeting of the WCSB, the American Kratom Society (AKA) stated “The American Kratom Association applauds the Wisconsin Controlled Substances Board for taking the first step toward removing the state’s Schedule I classification of kratom.” Sources: 1. American Kratom Society. Press Release: A step in the right direction for Wisconsin. 01

December 2015: https://drive.google.com/file/d/0Bw82Hm8krz_dYmNMMkk2RUdBZFk/view 2. Brennan P. Banning kratom: Wisconsin treats a safe herbal supplement like a dangerous drug.

WisconsinWatchdog.org. 26 November 2015. 3. Kratom Legality Map. http://speciosa.org/kratom-legality-map/

1.4. New European quality standard for critically endangered Indian medicinal plant by Market Insider Tuesday, 10 Nov. 2015 Costus root, a.k.a. Aucklandia root (Saussurea costus) is a native medicinal plant of Indian biodiversity, endemic to the north-western Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh, (rarely) found growing in Kashmir at altitudes of 2500 to 3600 m. The dried root is widely used in the Indian Systems of Medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani) as well as in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Traditional Japanese Medicine (“Kampo”) and Traditional Tibetan Medicine (“Sowa-Rigpa”). The International Union for Conservation of Nature (“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species”) classifies costus root as ‘critically endangered’ and the species is included in Appendix I of the ‘Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species’ (CITES): “Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants. They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate)”. The commercial supply is now cultivated in northern and north-western Republic of India (Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, and Sikkim), reportedly also in north-eastern Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and in several Provinces or Regions of the People’s Republic of China (Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang). While official quality standards, tests and methods for the quality control of Costus root are already available in the currently valid pharmacopoeias of China, India and Japan, a new monograph, titled “Aucklandia Root” was published in October 2015 in the 7th Supplement

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to the 8th Edition of the ‘European Pharmacopoeia’ (PhEur 8.7) and will become official by 01 April 2016 at the latest. It is interesting that the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM) prioritized the development of a PhEur quality standards monograph for this critically endangered Himalayan medicinal plant species, widely used in Asia but little known in Europe. There are, however, some registered Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products (THMPs) available in member states of European Union that contain costus root, for example, ‘Padma Circosan Capsules’, marketed by Padma EUROPE GmbH (Vienna, Austria). Sources: 1. Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia Committee. KUSTHA. In: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part

I, Volume I. New Delhi (India): Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 1989.

2. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Beijing, China: China Medical Science Press; 2010.

3. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. Aucklandia root. In: European Pharmacopoeia, Eighth Edition, Seventh Supplement (PhEur 8.7). Strasbourg, France: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM).

4. Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. Padma Circosan Capsules: Padma Circosan Capsules. London, UK: MHRA. 2013: http://www.mhra.gov.uk/home/groups/par/documents/websiteresources/con266120.pdf

5. Saha, D., Ved, D., Ravikumar, K. & Haridasan, K. 2015. Saussurea costus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T50126641A50131430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20152. RLTS.T50126641A50131430.en . Downloaded on 09 November 2015.

6. Siddha Pharmacopoeia Committee. KOTTAM (Root). In: The Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I. New Delhi (India): Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2008.

7. Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee. QUST. In: The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I. New Delhi (India): Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2007.

8. Ved DK, Goraya GS. Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India. Dehra Dun, India: Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh. 2008.

1.5. CBI bringing Pakistani natural ingredient suppliers to Fi Europe & Ni 2015 by Market Insider Wednesday, 04 Nov. 2015 The ‘Centre for the Promotion of Imports from Developing Countries’ (CBI) is supporting the participation of selected natural ingredient exporters from the Islamic Republic of Pakistan to exhibit at the Food Ingredients Europe and Natural Ingredients trade show (Fi Europe & Ni 2015), taking place 1-3 December 2015 at Paris Nord Villepinte, French Republic. CBI is part of the Netherlands Enterprise Agency and commissioned by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Among the Pakistani companies exhibiting medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) under the CBI Pavilion at Stand 7M85:

Kanwal Trading Company (Pvt) Ltd. (Karachi): exporters of ajowan fruit, a.k.a. ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), castor seed (Ricinus communis), coriander fruit (Coriandrum sativum), hallion seed (Lepidium apetalum), and turmeric rhizome, a.k.a. haldi or haridra (Curcuma longa), among others;

Perfect Food Industries (PFI) (Lahore): exporters of ajowan fruit, a.k.a. ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi), black cumin seed, a.k.a. kalwanji (Nigella sativa), castor seed (Ricinus communis), ispaghula husk, a.k.a. psyllium (Plantago ovata), and turmeric rhizome, a.k.a. haldi or haridra (Curcuma longa); among others;

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Zaiqa Food Industries (Karachi): exporters of spices and spice mixtures. Sources: 1. Pakistani suppliers to attend European fair. The International News. 29 October 2015. 2. Fi Europe & Ni 2015 Exhibitor List: http://www.figlobal.com/en/fieurope/exhibitor-list/cbi-pavilion

1.6. New U.S. Standards for Tienchi Ginseng Capsules & Tablets by Market Insider Wednesday, 04 Nov. 2015 Tienchi ginseng, a.k.a. ‘sanqi’ (Panax notoginseng), a plant of Asian biodiversity, is native to southern parts of the People’s Republic of China (forests of southeastern Yunnan Province and southwestern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region) and northern parts of neighboring Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. Tienchi ginseng has been used in Asian systems of medicine since ancient times but wild populations are now believed to be near extinction. For use in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Tienchi ginseng is now cultivated, not only, in Guangxi and Yunnan, but also in nearby southern Chinese provinces of Fujian, Jiangxi, and Zhejiang. Although there are already quality standards for the dried root established in the ‘Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China’ (PPRC) as well as in the ‘Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards’ (HKCMMS), both the ‘European Pharmacopoeia’ (PhEur) and the ‘United States Pharmacopeia’ (USP) have published their own official standards in recent years. On 01 November 2015, the United States Pharmacopeial Convention (USPC) published four new draft Tienchi Ginseng quality standards monographs (in dosage forms of capsules and tablets) for public comment and proposed for adoption as official USP monographs:

‘Tienchi Ginseng Root and Rhizome Powder Capsules’; ‘Tienchi Ginseng Root and Rhizome Powder Tablets’; ‘Tienchi Ginseng Root and Rhizome Dry Extract Capsules’; and ‘Tienchi Ginseng Root and Rhizome Dry Extract Tablets’.

The public comment deadline is 31 January 2016 and the draft monographs can viewed online by logging into the website of the USP Pharmacopeial Forum (PF), Volume 41 Number 6, Nov-Dec 2015: http://www.usp.org/usp-nf/pharmacopeial-forum - Note: A one-time registration is required to access PF. Sources: 1. Chinese Medicine Division, Department of Health Government of the Hong Kong Special

Administrative Region. Radix Notoginseng. In: Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards, Vol. 1. Hong Kong: Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the People’s Republic of China; 2005.

2. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Sanqi. In: Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Beijing, China: China Medical Science Press. 2010.

3. European Pharmacopoeia Commission. Notoginseng root. In: European Pharmacopoeia, Eighth Edition (PhEur 8.0). Strasbourg, France: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines. 2014.

4. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. In-Process Revisions: Tienchi Ginseng Root and Rhizome. Pharmacopeial Forum. Nov-Dec 2015, Volume 41, Number 6:

5. Xiang Qibai (向其柏 Shang Chih-bei)1; Porter P. Lowry II. Araliaceae. In: Flora of China, Volume

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2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts 2.1. FLOCERT and UTZ Certified collaborate for sustainable South African rooibos

herb trade by Market Insider Tuesday, 06 Oct. 2015 Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) is a medicinal plant of South African biodiversity, endemic to the Fynbos Biome of the Western Cape, Republic of South Africa. Rooibos, the needle-like leaves and fine stems of the rooibos plant after it has been cut, bruised, fermented and dried (or not if used as ‘green rooibos’), is widely used as a healthy beverage tea and for therapeutic uses. On 01 October 2015, UTZ Certified and FLOCERT announced a new collaboration agreement that will enable combined UTZ and Fairtrade audits for rooibos herb tea operations in South Africa. This is because FLOCERT, a global certification body for Fairtrade, has now become an UTZ approved certification body and can therefore conduct UTZ sustainable farming audits for rooibos tea in South Africa. According to FLOCERT “To producers or producer groups that want to be certified for more than one standard, combining audits brings about important benefits. Auditors check requirements for both the Fairtrade and UTZ Certified standards in one visit, which keeps down costs and also leaves them more time to focus on their core business.” UTZ Certified has its own product-specific ‘Code of Conduct Rooibos Module’ for inspection and certification of rooibos producer organizations whilst Fair Trade International (FLO) has its ‘Fairtrade Standard for Herbs, Herbal Teas & Spices for Small Producer Organizations’. Rooibos operations that have implemented both the FLO and UTZ standards can now go for both certifications from a single audit carried out by FLOCERT. The following South African rooibos operations presently hold one or the other certification, or both. Name of producer FLO Fairtrade certified UTZ Certified

Aggenbagskraal Boerdery

X

AMW Boerdery Bk

X

De Lille Trust

X

Heiveld Co-operative Ltd X

JP van Zyl T/A Bergendal Boerdery X X

Mouton Citrus (Pty) Ltd X X

Oudam Boerdery (Willie Marais Familie Trust) X

Paardekop Vrugte (EDMS) BPK

X

Ysterfontein Boedery

X

Sources: 1. FLOCERT and UTZ Certified announce new collaboration agreement. 01 October 2015:

http://www.flocert.net/flocert-utz-certified-announce-new-collaboration-agreement/ 2. South Africa Department of Agriculture. Regulations regarding control over the sale of rooibos

and rooibos mixtures in the Republic of South Africa. 22 March 2002. 3. Fair Trade International (FLO). Fairtrade Standard for Herbs, Herbal Teas & Spices for Small

Producer Organizations. Current version: 01.05.2011: http://www.fairtrade.net/fileadmin/user_upload/content/2009/standards/documents/2012-07-24_EN_SPO_HerbsHerbalTeasSpices.pdf

4. UTZ Certified. Code of Conduct Rooibos Module Version 1.1. 2015: https://utzcertified.org/attachments/article/26584898/EN%20-%20Rooibos%20Module%20v1.1.pdf

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2.2. South African Buchu leaf and benefit sharing with San & Khoi by Market Insider Monday, 05 Oct. 2015 Buchu (Agathosma betulina, A. crenulata, and A. serratifolia) is medicinal plant of South African biodiversity, endemic in the Western Cape Province. Buchu is a Traditional Medicine of the San and Khoi indigenous peoples. In Europe and North America, the dried leaf and preparations made from it (tea infusions, tinctures, and fluidextracts) are also used therapeutically in western systems of medical herbalism. The strongly aromatic essential oil distilled from the leaves as well as extracts of the leaves and twigs are also used in cosmetic and perfumery products all around the world. Monographs defining quality and therapeutics of buchu leaf are found in the African Herbal Pharmacopoeia (2010), British Herbal Compendium (1992), British Herbal Pharmacopoeia (1996), and French Pharmacopoeia (Pharmacopée française (PhFr 11e edition). Recent editorials by Anita Makri discuss a 2004 South African regulation intended to bring the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) into force, whereby any company trading in buchu would be required to share the benefits with the San people. In August 2013, a South African pharmaceutical company ‘Cape Kingdom Nutraceuticals’ became the first company to sign a benefit sharing agreement with the indigenous San and Khoikhoi groups for use of their Traditional Knowledge (TK) associated with buchu. The agreement stated that the Khoikhoi and San are “legally entitled to a fair and equitable share of the benefits that result from the commercial development of the Buchu plant.” The July 2015 article by Makri provides a link to a nearly 20 minute film by Amy Azra Dean titled ‘Responsible, Inclusive Innovation - The Buchu Plant’, published on YouTube in June 2015 at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=29&v=Nk_Tl7dK5O0. Her subsequent August 2015 article provides a link to a PodCast titled ‘Rewards from modern uses of South Africa’s buchu plant’, which aims to explain ‘how science and the law help the indigenous San people benefit from a traditional remedy’; published on SoundCloud and available at: https://soundcloud.com/scidev-net/rewards-from-modern-uses-of-south-africas-buchu-plant Sources: 1. Makri A. Firms and indigenous people can be partners. SciDev.Net. 06 July 2015:

http://www.scidev.net/global/indigenous/editorials/firms-and-indigenous-people-can-be-partners.html

2. Makri A. Business adds value to indigenous medicine. SciDev.Net. 09 August. 2015: http://www.scidev.net/global/indigenous/multimedia/business-indigenous-medicine-buchu-images.html

3. Bradley PR (ed.). Buchu. In: British Herbal Compendium, Volume 1: A Handbook of Scientific Information on Widely Used Plant Drugs. Bournemouth, UK: British Herbal Medicine Association. 1992.

4. Brendler T, Eloff JN, Gurib-Fakim A, Phillips LD (eds.). Agathosma betulina. In: African Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Baie du Tombeau, Mauritius. 2010.

5. Commission nationale de pharmacopée Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM). Buchu. In: Pharmacopée française (PhFr 11e edition). Rueil-Malmaison cedex, France: Wolters Kluwer France. 2013.

6. Natural Justice. Natural Justice legally supports the National Khoi-San Council in historic benefit sharing agreement. 19 August 2013: http://natural-justice.blogspot.com/2013/08/natural-justice-legally-supports.html

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3. Markets for Asian Medicinal Plants and Extracts 3.1. Costus root ranks number one in seizures of illegally traded endangered plants by Market Insider Thursday, 10 Dec. 2015 On 07 December 2015, the World Customs Organization (WCO) released its ‘2014 Illicit Trade Report’, which includes an analysis of illegal wildlife trade (endangered animals and plants). In terms of the number of seizures of illegally traded endangered species, an animal species ranked at number one, stony coral (Scleractinia spp.; Fam: Acroporidae), while an important medicinal plant ‘kuth’ ranked at number two with 192 seizures reported in 2014. ‘Kuth’, a.k.a. ‘Kustha’ or Costus root (Saussurea costus; Fam: Asteraceae) is a native medicinal plant of Indian biodiversity, endemic to the north-western Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and Uttaranchal (the west Himalayan region). The species is included in Appendix I of the ‘Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species’ (CITES) and the dried root is widely used in the Indian Systems of Medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani): “Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants. They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate)”. Other medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) also ranking within WCO’s top-10 illegally traded endangered species in 2014 were plants in the Orchidaceae family (ranked at #4), Araliaceae family, e.g. wild ginseng root (ranked at #5), and Liliaceae family, e.g. Aloe species (ranked at #9). The countries and regions that contributed the most to the Customs Enforcement Network (CEN) were Kingdom of the Netherlands, Federal Republic of Germany, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR), People’s Republic of China, Kingdom of Denmark, and Kingdom of Spain. Sources: 1. World Customs Organization (WCO). 2014 Illicit Trade Report. Brussels, Belgium, WCO. 07

December 2015. Available at: http://www.wcoomd.org/en/media/newsroom/2015/december/the-wco-publishes-the-2014-illicit-trade-report.aspx

2. Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia Committee. KUSTHA. In: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I. New Delhi (India): Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 1989.

3. Siddha Pharmacopoeia Committee. KOTTAM (Root). In: The Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I. New Delhi (India): Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2008.

4. Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee. QUST. In: The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I. New Delhi (India): Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2007.

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3.2. Sikkim State to be 100% certified organic by 2016 – including medicinal plant crops

by Market Insider Monday, 07 Dec. 2015 Located in the Himalayan Mountains, bordering the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, Kingdom of Bhutan, and the Tibetan Autonomous Region, the Government of Sikkim State, Republic of India, has an Organic Mission that aimed for Sikkim to be a totally certified organic state by 2015. It now looks like the goal will be achieved by sometime in 2016. This status of Sikkim State as a 100% certified organic production area has significance for the trade and demand for sustainably produced medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) of India. A number of important MAPs are produced in Sikkim, not only for use in the Indian Systems of Medicine such as Ayurveda, but also for the export market. Some of the main MAP species that come from Sikkim, and in the future entirely certified organic, include:

Costus root, a.k.a. Kuth or Kustha (dried roots of Saussurea costus) Dendrobium herb, a.k.a. Sonahkiri or Swarna jeevanti (aerial part of Dendrobium nobile) Ginger rhizome, a.k.a. Aduwa or Sunthi (dried rhizome of Zingiber officinale) Indian cardamom seed, a.k.a. Elaichi or Sthulaila (dried seed of Amomum subulatum) Indian cinnamon leaf, a.k.a. Sinkauli or Tvakpatra, (dried mature leaves of Cinnamomum

tamala) Picrorhiza rhizoma, a.k.a. Katuki or Kutki (dried rhizome with root of Picrorhiza kurroa)

Sources: 1. Organic Monitor. India: Sikkim to Become Organic State. 11 November 2015:

http://www.organicmonitor.com/asia.htm#3 2. Sikkim Government. Sikkim Organic Mission:

http://www.sikkim.gov.in/portal/portal/StatePortal/AboutSikkim/SikkimGlance 3. ENVIS Centre, Forest Environment & Wildlife Management Department, Government of Sikkim.

Medicinal Plants, NTFPs, and Bamboos of Sikkim: http://www.sikkimforest.gov.in/medicine_main.htm#med

4. Spices Board India: Spice Growing States of India: http://indianspices.com/sites/default/files/spice_growing.pdf

3.3. Sustainable Jiaogulan – goal of Vietnamese wild plant harvesting and trade

project by Market Insider Thursday, 03 Dec. 2015 ‘Jiaogulan’, a.k.a. ‘Gynostemmatis Herba’, the dried aerial part of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, is an economically and medicinally important plant of East- and Southeast Asian biodiversity. Used in traditional Oriental medicines but also exported worldwide for use in herbal dietary supplement and herbal medicinal products, the commercial supply is, for the most part, wild collected in summer and autumn in forests and thickets along mountain slopes in southern parts of the People’s Republic of China as well as in Kingdom of Thailand and Socialist Republic of Viet Nam. There is some cultivation as well. In October 2015, a three-year sustainable wild plant harvesting and trade project called the ‘Enhancing management and benefit flows in Vietnam’s wild medicinal plant products’ project was launched in Bac Kan Province. The project aims to improve market opportunities

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and skills in sustainable harvesting practices for local collectors of wild medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs). “The project is a joint initiative of TRAFFIC, the Bac Kan Forest Protection Department (BK FPD), Ministry of Health (Traditional Medicine Administration) and an alliance of DK Pharma and DK Natura, and is supported by a Darwin Initiative grant through UK Government funding and the Keidanren Nature Conservation Fund (KNCF).” According to a TRAFFIC press release “One of the project’s ultimate goals is for the semi-processed products to be the first in Viet Nam to meet FairWild certification, an internationally-recognized standard for legal and sustainable sourcing and benefit sharing from wild plant resources.” Prioritized species for value-adding with FairWild certification for the export market include Cibot rhizome (Cibotium barometz), Galanga (Alpinia spp.), and Jiaogulan aerial parts (Gynostemma pentaphyllum). Sources: 1. Chinese Medicine Division, Department of Health. Gynostemmatis Herba. In: Hong Kong Chinese

Materia Medica Standards, Vol. 5. Hong Kong: Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the People’s Republic of China. 2012. Available at: http://www.cmd.gov.hk/hkcmms/vol5/Vol5_pdf_English/D_Monographs/14-Gynostemmatis%20Herba.pdf

2. FairWild Foundation. 2010. FairWild Standard: Version 2.0. FairWild Foundation, Weinfelden, Switzerland. Available at: http://www.fairwild.org/documents/

3. TRAFFIC. Wild plant project sows the seeds of sustainable harvesting. Bac Kan, Viet Nam. 02 October 2015. Available at: http://www.traffic.org/home/2015/10/2/wild-plant-project-sows-the-seeds-of-sustainable-harvesting.html

4. TRAFFIC. Sustainable plant harvesting as straightforward as ABCD. Bac Kan, Viet Nam, 01 December 2015. Available at: http://www.traffic.org/home/2015/12/1/sustainable-plant-harvesting-as-straightforward-as-abcd.html

3.4. Impoverished villagers of Kashmir Himalaya supply endangered medicinal

plants to smugglers by Market Insider Friday, 13 Nov. 2015 Although, on paper, the wild harvesting and trade of many medicinal plants is illegal under the ‘Jammu & Kashmir Forest Act’, some of the species that grow in the Kashmir Valley are high-value and high-demand medicinal plants that are used in the Indian Systems of Medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani) as well as in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and Traditional Japanese Medicine (“Kampo”). Thus, a market for illegally harvested medicinal plants, some that are supposed to be protected as endangered or threatened species, is fulfilled by traders who smuggle the herbs out of Kashmir to willing buyers in China, Japan, and India (mainly to Chandigarh Union Territory; capital of the states of Punjab and Haryana). To supply the smugglers, impoverished villagers, who desperately need the household income, take the risk of getting caught by the ‘Jammu & Kashmir Forest Protection Force’, which has the mandate to protect the forests from poaching and illegal extraction / transportation of non-timber-forest-products (NTFPs) such as medicinal plants. The state government of Jammu & Kashmir is presently considering, however, the setting up of a framework for regulated wild harvesting and trade of certain medicinal plant species.

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This move would enable villagers to earn household income legally and participate is a sustainable resource management and trade scheme. One of the high value wild collected medicinal plants, reportedly being smuggled out of Kashmir, is ‘costus root’ (Saussurea costus) known as ‘kuth’ in Kashmiri and Punjabi languages. The International Union for Conservation of Nature (“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species”) classifies ‘kuth’ as ‘critically endangered’ and the species is included in Appendix I of the ‘Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species’ (CITES), meaning that international trade for commercial purposes is prohibited. Other medicinal plants reportedly smuggled from Kashmir include ‘kutki’, the dried rhizome with root of Picrorhiza kurrooa, which is included in CITES Appendix II, and ‘kshirakakoli’, the dried whole bulb of Fritillaria roylei (syn. Fritillaria cirrhosa), which is widely used in Indian Ayurvedic medicine as well as the traditional Chinese, Japanese, and Korean systems of medicine. Sources: 1. Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia Committee. KUSTHA. In: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part

I, Volume I. New Delhi (India): Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 1989.

2. Government of Jammu & Kashmir Forest Department. Jammu & Kashmir Forest Act: http://jkforestadm.nic.in/acts_rules.html

3. Kundangar MRD. Endangered Biodiversity of J&K State. Greater Kashmir. 08 June 2015. 4. Maqbool R. Smuggling threatens survival of medicinal plants in Kashmir but provides income for

poor villagers. Global Press Journal. 09 November 2015: 5. Saha, D., Ved, D., Ravikumar, K. & Haridasan, K. 2015. Saussurea costus. The IUCN Red List of

Threatened Species 2015: e.T50126641A50131430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20152. RLTS.T50126641A50131430.en . Downloaded on 09 November 2015.

6. Siddha Pharmacopoeia Committee. KOTTAM (Root). In: The Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I. New Delhi (India): Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2008.

7. Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee. QUST. In: The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I. New Delhi (India): Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2007.

3.5. India approves commercial cultivation of a genetically modified medicinal plant by Market Insider Monday, 09 Nov. 2015 The ripe seed of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) is known as ‘kadugu’ (Tamil language) in Traditional Siddha Medicine, as ‘rajika’ (Sanskrit) in Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine, and as ‘huang jie zi’ (Chinese) in Traditional Chinese Medicine. It has been cultivated in China and India for medicinal and culinary uses since ancient times and more recently has become one of the more economically important oilseed crops. Aside from use in the Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine, both the leaf and the seed of Brassica juncea are also listed in Republic of India’s new draft ‘Food Safety and Standards (Food or Health Supplements, Nutraceuticals, Foods for Special Dietary Uses, Foods for Special Medical purpose, Functional Foods, and Novel Food) Regulations, 2015’. Now, Government of India’s ‘Genetic Engineering Appraisal Committee’ (GEAC), ‘Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change’, has reportedly approved the commercial cultivation of genetically modified (GM) Brassica juncea (transgenic mustard hybrid DHM-11). GEAC is the body that authorizes GM field trials in India.

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On 06 November, The ‘Times of India’ reported that PMK (Paattaali Makkal Katchi) Leader and former Union health minister Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss is urging the central government to reconsider its decision to approve GM Brassica juncea, which was developed at Delhi University's Centre for Genetic Manipulation of Crop Plants (CGCMP). Dr. Ramadoss is also urging India’s ‘Ministry of AYUSH’ (Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy) to intervene because Indian mustard is used extensively in the Indian systems of medicine, and "It is not clear what the impact of genetic modification of natural plants would be in terms of the efficacy and toxicity of plants that are used in Ayurveda." Earlier in summer of 2015, the ‘Ministry of AYUSH’ contacted the ‘Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change’ directly raising serious concerns on the potential adverse impacts that GM crops will have on populations of wild medicinal plants that are harvested for use in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The ‘Ministry of AYUSH’ is also seeking representation in the GEAC due to concerns that cross-pollinated GM crops may negatively affect other wild medicinal plants. The Modi government has not yet articulated a national policy on GM crops as they pertain to Indian systems of medicine. Sources: 1. Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China. Beijing,

China: China Medical Science Press; 2010. 2. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government

of India. Food Safety and Standards (Food or Health Supplements, Nutraceuticals, Foods for Special Dietary Uses, Foods for Special Medical purpose, Functional Foods, and Novel Food) Regulations, 2015. To be published in the Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part III, Section 4.

3. Mishra A, Dash P, Murthy PN, Siddique HH, Kushwaha P. A Classical Review on Rajika (Brassica juncea). Research and Reviews: Journal of Botanical Sciences. Oct–Dec, 2012;1(1):18-23.

4. Rai M. Ayush Ministry Red Flags Genetically Modified Crops. WTO – IPR Bulletin. July-August 2015;14(3):5: http://www.gbpuat.ac.in/WTO-IPR_Bulletin/30092015%20WTO-IPR%20Bulletin%20July-Sept%202015.pdf

5. Ram Manohar P, Reshmi Pushpan, Rohini S. Mustard and its uses in Ayurveda. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge. July 2009;8(3):400-404.

6. Vankipuram M. Centre urged to reconsider decision to approve genetically modified mustard. The Times of India. 06 November 2015: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Centre-urged-to-reconsider-decision-to-approve-genetically-modified-mustard/articleshow/49686845.cms

7. Vishnoi A. Ayush Ministry red flags Genetically Modified crops. The Economic Times. 11 September 2015: http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-09-11/news/66434836_1_gm-crops-gm-field-trials-geac-meeting

3.6. CIMAP wins award for promoting Ashwagandha farming to improve economic

of small and marginal farmers by Market Insider Monday, 05 Oct. 2015

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Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root is a product of Southern Asian biodiversity, particular in Republic of India. In the wild, it is found in the north-western Indian states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, and the Punjab plains extending to the mountainous regions of Himachal Pradesh and Jammu. Outside of India, its habitat extends into the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan, Islamic Republic of Pakistan, and on into parts of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Ashwagandha is among the most famous of medicinal plants widely used in the Indian systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medicines and is a major export both in dried raw material form and in the form of value-added extracts and Ayurvedic products. On 26 September 2015, the Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), Lucknow, received the CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research) Technology Award-2015 in Life Sciences for its development of improved varieties and promotion of cultivation of ashwagandha for improving the economy of small and marginal farmers in Semi-Arid Tropical (SAT) regions of Deccan Plateau (in southern parts of Republic of India). CIMAP reportedly also won a CSIR Award for Science & Technology (S&T) Innovations for Rural Development for ‘Enhancing incomes of farm communities through Vetiver based Technological Interventions’. Vetiver (Vetiveria zizanioides), also known as ‘khus’, is native to India and grows wild in parts of western and north-central India. While vetiver roots are also used in the Indian systems of medicine, the essential oil distilled from the roots is used globally as a component of cosmetics and perfumes. Sources 1. CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (CIMAP). CIMAP selected for ‘CSIR

Technology Award’- 2015: http://www.cimap.res.in/english/index.php/awards 2. Engels G, Brinckmann JA. Ashwagandha. HerbalGram Journal of the American Botanical

Council. 2013;99:1-7. 3. Press Information Bureau, Government of India, Ministry of Science & Technology. CSIR-Central

Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Lucknow Wins the CSIR Award for S&T Innovations for Rural Development – 2014. 26 September 2015. http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=128211

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4. Markets for European Medicinal Plants and Extracts 4.1. Cultivation, quality and export marketing of medicinal plants of Greece by Market Insider Wednesday, 18 Nov. 2015 The Hellenic Republic (a.k.a. Greece) has a very long history of cultivation and wild collection of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) for domestic consumption and for the export market. Some of the most economically and therapeutically important MAPs exported by Grecian companies are:

Chios mastic gum resin (Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia) Clary sage leaf (Salvia sclarea) Cretan rock rose (Cistus creticus) Dittany of Crete aerial parts (Origanum dictamnus) Greek mountain tea aerial parts (Sideritis raeseri and Sideritis scardica) Greek oregano leaf & flower (Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum and Origanum vulgare

subsp. viridulum) Greek sage leaf (Salvia fruticosa) Rosemary leaf (Rosmarinus officinalis) Saffron style & stigma (Crocus sativus); and Sage leaf (Salvia officinalis).

On Saturday 05 December 2015, a one-day seminar sponsored by the ‘Association of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Greece’ (ΑMΑPs of Greece) takes place at the "Nikolaos Germanos" Congress Centre, at the HELEXPO facilities in Thessaloniki. The main topics of the seminar involve Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACPs) for MAPs, mechanization, post-harvest processing, quality assurance, certification and export marketing of MAPs. Speakers include:

Katerina Grigoriadou, PhD, President, AMAPs of Greece: http://www.eaffe.org/ Svetimir Čukić and Nebojša Grozdanić, both of Euro Prima doo (Serbia), manufacturers

of specialized agricultural machinery and equipment for harvesting, processing and drying of medicinal and aromatic plant crops: http://www.europrima.rs/

Ioannis Sarakatsianos, MSc, Natural products chemist Christos D. Katsanos, MSc, Brand Strategist / Total Greenhouse & Farm Management:

http://www.dkggroup.com/p/24.html Mellios Antonis, NOVACERT Consulting Services: http://www.novacert.gr/

Sources: 1. Association of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Greece (ΑMΑPs of Greece). Πρόσκληση σε

εκδήλωση στη Θεσσαλονίκη (05/12/2015): http://www.eaffe.org/2015/11/05122015.html 2. European Herb Growers Association (EUROPAM). Production of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

in Europe. 2010: http://www.europam.net/

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4.2. Bosnian beekeeping and medicinal plants fair 2015 by Market Insider Monday, 26 Oct. 2015 The second annual ‘Traditional Beekeeping and Medicinal Plants Fair’ opened in the Dobrinja Square market on 24 October and runs for six days until 30 October. The event, which is open to the public, is organized by the Municipality of Novi Grad and the Beekeepers Association of Canton Sarajevo. The purpose of the fair is to promote the medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) and beekeeping sectors of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) especially the small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Exhibitors from all over BiH will promote domestic medicinal plants and products made from them as well as local honey and other bee products such as bee pollen and royal jelly. The event was opened with a ribbon cutting ceremony by Edina Gabela, Chair of the Municipal Council of Novi Grad Sarajevo, with Džemaludin Kahrović, Head of the Department for Economics of Novi Grad Municipality and Admir Halilovic, President of the Beekeepers Association of the Sarajevo Canton. Sources: 1. Anon. Fair of Beekeeping and Medicinal Plants opened on the Bosnian Market. Sarajevo Times.

25 October 2015. 2. Novi Grad Sarajevo Press Service. DANI PČELARSTVA I LJEKOVITOG BILJA OPĆINE NOVI

GRAD: Proizvodi od meda i ljekovitog bilja u Bosanskoj tržnici na Dobrinji. 21 October 2015. 3. Novi Grad Sarajevo Press Service. Otvoreni dani pčelarstva i ljekovitog bilja u Bosanskoj tržnici.

FENA Plus sadržaj: 24 October 2015.

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5. Markets for North American Medicinal Plants and Extracts 5.1. SEDEREC invests 4.7 million pesos in Mexico City medicinal plant sector by Market Insider Monday, 14 Dec. 2015

The United Mexican States is home to an estimated 4,000 species of medicinal plants. The ones that are commercialized are, for the most part, wild-collected and about 370 species are cultivated for personal use and trade. About 20% of the population of the Mexican capital (about 22 million people in greater Mexico City) use medicinal plant preparations for family health care. During the current administration, SEDEREC (the Mexican Ministry of Rural Development and Equity for Communities) has made an investment of 4.7 million pesos to support medicinal plant cultivation and production projects focusing on good agricultural and collection practices (GACPs), sustainable agriculture and quality control including capacity building, training of farmers and production of technical manuals. One of the project outputs is the recent publication of a manual of selected medicinal plants that are grown and used in Mexico City. The manual, which is freely available at the SEDEREC website, includes profiles of ten popular medicinal plants. Each profile shows color pictures of herbarium voucher specimens, botanical descriptions, information on identification with images of representative chromatograms, and therapeutic indications for use. The manual can also be used as supplemental to the quality standards monographs of the ‘Mexican Herbal Pharmacopoeia’ (‘Farmacopea Herbolaria de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos’). While many of the species included in the new manual are introduced species of European origin (e.g. chamomile, lavender, rosemary, thyme), economically and therapeutically important Mexican medicinal plant species profiled in the manual include:

Árnica Mexicana, Flor (Heterotheca inuloides) Té Tochel, Hoja (Clinopodium macrostemum) Toronjil Mexicano, Hoja y Flor (Agastache mexicana) Valeriana Mexicana, Raíz (Valeriana edulis)

Sources: 1. Cristians S, Madariaga A, Mendoza K (eds). Catálogo de Plantas Medicinales Selectas

Cultivadas en la Ciudad de México Enfocado al Control de Calidad. Secretaría de Desarrollo

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Rural y Equidad para las Comunidades (SEDEREC). 2015. Available at: http://www.sederec.df.gob.mx/pdf/cpmweb.pdf

2. Sánchez GR. Utilizan 20% de los habitantes plantas curativas: Sederec. La Jornada. Viernes 6 de noviembre de 2015, p. 37.

3. CDMX. Financia SEDEREC primer catálogo de plantas medicinales cultivadas en CDMX. 5 noviembre, 2015.

4. Comisión Permanente de la Farmacopea de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (FHEUM). Farmacopea Herbolaria de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos (FHEUM), Segundo edición. México: Secretaría de Salud. 2013; 372 p.

5.2. New manual on traditional knowledge of medicinal plants of Veracruz, Mexico by Market Insider Monday, 26 Oct. 2015

A new manual on medicinal plants of Veracruz, a state on the east coast of the United Mexican States was made available online this month as an output of a project of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO). The ITTO, established in 1986 under the auspices of the United Nations, is an intergovernmental organization promoting the conservation and sustainable management, use and trade of tropical forest resources. This 108 page technical report titled ‘Plantas medicinales de La Matamba y El Piñonal, municipio de Jamapa, Veracruz’ was compiled by ‘Grupo de Mujeres del Vivero de El Piñonal’, a local women’s group, and members of the ITTO project at Instituto de Ecología, A.C. The report is just one output of a broader scoped project titled ‘Environmental Assessment and Economic Valuation of Ecosystem Services provided by Coastal Forests (Mangrove Forests, Flood Forests, Rain Forests and Scrub Forests on Dunes) and their Agricultural Replacement Systems on the Central Coastal Plain of Veracruz, Mexico’. According to ITTO “The project aims at a quantitative assessment of the goods and services provided by the various types of tropical forests and coastal forests (mangrove forests,

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tropical flood forests, rain forests and scrub forests on dunes), on the coastal plains of Veracruz in the Gulf of Mexico”. The manual provides information on 44 medicinal plants and their uses in traditional medicine in rural areas of Veracruz. Most species covered in the manual are native species of Mexico although some are introduced species that have nonetheless become part of the local traditional medical knowledge. The medicinal plant manual, available in Spanish language only, can be accessed at: http://www.itto.int/direct/topics/topics_pdf_download/topics_id=4548&no=1&file_ext=.pdf Source: 1. ITTO News Release: Women’s community group in Mexico shares knowledge on medicinal

plants. 16 October 2015: http://www.itto.int/news_releases/id=4548

5.3. Nearly 2,000 organic herb & spice farms in the United States by Market Insider Tuesday, 13 Oct. 2015 In September 2015, the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) published its ‘2014 Organic Survey’, a ‘Census Special Study’ that provides quantitative acreage and production data for a variety of organic crops. The data includes some medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) crops that are used in herbal dietary supplement products, herbal medicinal products, functional and herbal food products, and natural cosmetic products. Herbs and spices of course also have culinary and beverage uses. While some MAP crops were specifically listed in the survey (e.g. flaxseed and hop strobile), most botanicals were classified and quantified under a generic heading of either ‘Herbs, dried’ or ‘Herbs, fresh’. The following table provides a summary of MAP crop acreage and annual yields for 2014 in the United States of America. Because some states declined to provide quantitative data for some crop categories such as ‘herbs, dried’ (field crop), the quantities harvested are much higher than reported. In 2014, there were at least 1,926 organic farms growing herbs or spices on at least 20,633 acres with a reported sales value of at least US$ 71 million.

Crop Organic Herbs & Spices Harvested

Name Botanical name

Pharmacopoeial name

Farms Acres Quantity (pounds)

Sales value (US$)

Herbs, fresh (field crop)

Various Various 574 3,050 11,245,613 35,574,375

Herbs, dried (field crop)

Various Various 37 949 (D) 8,969,420

Garlic bulb (field crop)

Allium sativum Allii Sativi Bulbi 972 726 4,088,100 6,831,468

Flaxseed (field crop)

Linum usitatissimum Lini Semen 62 15,204 11,129,700 5,958,109

Herbs, fresh (greenhouse)

Various Various 200 N/A 1,238,787 5,949,737

Hop strobile (field crop)

Humulus lupulus Lupuli Flos 31 421 480,480 4,673,715

Cranberry fruit (other crop)

Vaccinium macrocarpon

Macrocarponii Fructus

30 283 1,924,700 3,091,272

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Crop Organic Herbs & Spices Harvested

Name Botanical name

Pharmacopoeial name

Farms Acres Quantity (pounds)

Sales value (US$)

Garlic bulb (greenhouse)

Allium sativum Allii Sativi Bulbi 20 N/A 12,200 26,275

Peppermint oil (field crop)

Mentha × piperita Menthae Piperitae Aetheroleum

(D) (D) (D) (D)

Spearmint oil (field crop)

Mentha spicata Menthae Spicatae Aetheroleum

(D) (D) (D) (D)

1926 20,633 30,119,580 71,074,371

Notes:

In the study, cranberry fruits were quantified in barrel units (1 barrel = 100 pounds), flaxseed was quantified in bushel units (1 bushel = 60 pounds), and garlic bulb was quantified in CWT units (1 CWT = 100 pounds).

(D) Withheld data: o Some of the largest organic herb growing states declined to provide their annual quantities

harvested such as Hawaii, North Carolina, Oregon, and Washington. The total quantity of dried organic herbs harvested is likely to be in the millions of pounds due to the reported farmgate sales value of US$ 8,941,052.

o The organic mint (peppermint and spearmint) leaf and essential oil crop producers also declined to provide quantitative data. In 2014, in the United States there were 63,100 acres of peppermint cultivation (conventional and organic) and 24,400 acres of spearmint cultivation (conventional and organic).

Source: 1. United States Department of Agriculture. September 2015. Organic Survey (2014) Volume 3 •

Special Studies • Part 4, AC-12-SS-4. Washington, DC: United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) pp.592. Available at: http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/Online_Resources/Organics/ORGANICS.pdf

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6. Markets for South American Medicinal Plants and Extracts 6.1. Peruvian maca price up 151.1% over last year by Market Insider Thursday, 26 Nov. 2015

A twitter post by the Peruvian Association of Exporters (ADEX) on 23 November stated that the September 2015 market price of maca root (Lepidium meyenii) powder was 151.1% higher than same month previous year. Maca is an important medicinal plant crop for Peruvian domestic consumption and for the export of value added maca ingredients and products. Native to the high Andes of Peru, domestication of maca is estimated to have begun at least 2,000 years ago in the Junín Plateau. Preparations of maca root are used as medicinal and nutritional substances not only in the Republic of Peru but also abroad where it has become very popular, especially in North American and Eastern Asian countries. According to data from SUNAT (Peruvian National Superintendency of Tax Administration), in September 2015 Peru exported 110,945 kg of maca root powder at an average FOB price of US$ 19.55 / kg. The average FOB price in previous year September 2014 was US$ 13.74 / kg, and was US$ 7.54 / kg in September of 2013.

Month

2015 2014 2013

FOB Value (US$)

Kilos

Ave. Price

(US$ / kg)

FOB Value (US$)

Kilos

Ave. Price

(US$ / kg)

FOB Value (US$)

Kilos

Ave. Price (US$ /

kg)

September 2,169,287 110,945 19.55 2,756,656 200,577 13.74 871,199 115,510 7.54

Source: SUNAT

In the first nine months of 2015, Peru exported 752,351 kg of maca root powder. The total 2014 export volume was 1,831,984 kg. Main export destinations for Peruvian maca (during nine-month period of Jan-Sept 2015), in terms of FOB value, include the United States of

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America (38%), Canada (7%), People’s Republic of China (7%), Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (SAR) (3%) and Japan (7%). In Canada, maca root products are marketed as licensed natural health products (NHPs) indicated for helping to support healthy mood balance during menopause, and also to help support emotional aspects of sexual health. In the United States, maca products are marketed as dietary supplement products (DSPs). The just-published United States Pharmacopeia Dietary Supplements Compendium (USP-DSC 2015) provides a safety review article for eventual admission of an official maca monograph into the USP. Sources: 1. Asociación de Exportadores (ADEX) on Twitter: https://twitter.com/ADEX_PERU 2. Koo W. Maca Harina Perú Exportación Septiembre 2015. AgroDataPeru. Octubre 12, 2015.

Available at: http://www.agrodataperu.com/2015/10/maca-harina-peru-exportacion-septiembre-2015.html

3. Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate (NNHPD). Drugs and Health Products: Monograph: Maca - Lepidium meyenii. Ottawa, Ontario: Health Canada. 2013. Available at: http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/monoReq.do?id=1903&lang=eng

4. United States Pharmacopeial Convention. USP Dietary Supplements Compendium 2015. Available at: http://www.usp.org/store/products-services/dietary-supplements-compendium

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7. Currency Rates of Exchange

Rates of Exchange: 20 December 2015

CURRENCY CODE UNITS 1 / USD UNITS 1 / EUR

Chinese Yuan Renminbi CNY 6.48310 7.04509

EURO EUR 0.920167 1.0000

Indian Rupee INR 66.3135 72.0619

Nepalese Rupee NPR 103.140 112.083

Russian Ruble RUB 70.9820 77.1373

United States Dollar USD 1.0000 1.08671

Source: XE Currency Converter: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/

8. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients Note: Prices should be considered indicative only and reflect the price of a product of a specific grade or quality from the specified origin. Great care should be taken when comparing prices of medicinal herbs of different origins, grades, qualities and quantities.

AJOWAN FRUIT

Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi Hindi: Ajwain / Sanskrit: Yavani

Pharmacopoeial name: Trachyspermi Ammi Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) flatulence with a gurgling sound; b) distension of abdomen due to obstruction to passage of urine and stools; c) diseases of abdomen; d) abdominal lump; e) intestinal parasites; f) sharp piercing pain.

Traditional Unani Medicine: a) flatulence in the stomach; b) gastric pain; c) anorexia; d) colic; e) pertussis; f) diarrhoea; g) hysteria; h) cholera.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Neemuch, Madhya Pradesh

6200~14100 INR / quintal (= 100 kg); Modal price:

13100 INR / quintal

$0.934953~$2.12626/ kg (Modal price:

$1.97547/kg 19.12.2015

ASHWAGANDHA ROOT

Botanical name: Withania somnifera Sanskrit: Asvagandha (v'oxa/kk)

Pharmacopoeial name: Withaniae Somniferae Radix

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) inflammatory disorders; b) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease, weakness, diseases due to vata dosha); and c) male impotence. Traditional Siddha Medicine: a) oligospermia; b) lancinating pain; c) loss of body strength; d) anemia; e) convulsions/seizures/fits; f) disordered humor; g) eczema; h) edema/swelling; and i) tuberculosis. Traditional Unani Medicine: a) leucorrhoea; b) spermatorrhoea; c) decreased viscosity of semen; d) sexual debility; e) lumbago; f) arthritis.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

FOB Mumbai Port, MH

US$1000 / MT (whole; Qty: 1-20’ FCL)

$1.00 / kg 16.12.2015

BETLENUT (SEED)

Botanical name: Areca catechu

Chinese: Binglang (檳榔)/ Sanskrit: Puga, Kramuka, Ghona

Pharmacopoeial name: Arecae Catechu Semen

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Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) tastelessness; b) contortion of the mouth; c) loss of vaginal muscle tone; d) leucorrhea (white to yellow viscid discharge from the vagina or uterine cavity)

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) taeniasis (parasitic infection caused by the tapeworm); b) ascariasia (disease caused by the parasitic roundworm); c) fasciolopsiasis (diseases caused by the intestinal fluke); d) abdominal pain due to intestinal parasitosis; e) diarrhea due to accumulation of undigested food; f) oedema and weakness of the legs; g) malaria.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Thirthahalli, Karnataka

30699~31219 INR/quintal (Modal price: 31129 INR /

quintal; wild-collected)

$4.62937~$4.70779 / kg (Modal price: $4.69422/kg)

20.12.2015

BARBARY WOLFBERRY FRUIT

Botanical name: Lycium barbarum Chinese: gou qi zi (枸杞子)

Pharmacopoeial name: Lycii Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) general debility with deficiency of vital essence manifested by aching of the loins and knees, dizziness and tinnitus; b) diabetes caused by internal heat; c) anaemia; d) impaired vision.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

69.00 CNY / kg (Grade 1, Ningxia origin)

$10.6490 / kg 20.12.2015

Chengdu, Sichuan

58.00 CNY / kg (Grade 1, Xinjiang origin)

$8.95130 / kg 20.12.2015

CRANBERRY FRUIT

Botanical name: Vaccinium macrocarpon French: canneberge / Spanish: arándano agrio Pharmacopoeial name: Macrocarponii Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Western Herbal Medicine: a) to help prevent recurrent urinary tract infections

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Ex-whse New Jersey, USA

US$ 2.25 / lb (Min. qty: 1,000 lbs)

$4.96 / kg (Min. qty: 454 kg)

17.12.2015

FENNEL FRUIT

Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare Arabic: شمر; Chinese: xiao hui xiang (小茴香) / Hindi: Saunf / Sanskrit: Misreya

Pharmacopoeial name: Foeniculi Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) colic pain; c) cough; d) vitiated blood; e) dysentery; and f) piles.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) treatment of scrotal hernia with pain and cold extremities; b) dysmenorrhoea with lower abdominal pain and cold sensation; and c) distending pain in the epigastrium with anorexia.

Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating, and flatulence; b) symptomatic treatment of minor spasm associated with menstrual periods; and c) as an expectorant in cough associated with cold.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Mumbai, 10000~14000 INR / $1.50799~$2.11119/ kg 19.12.2015

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Maharashtra quintal (= 100 kg); Modal price: 12000 INR

/ quintal

(Modal price: $1.80959/ kg

FOB Fayoum, Egypt

US$ 1375 / MT (Purity 99%; Qty 25 MT

/ 40’ FCL) $1.375 / kg 14.11.2015

Anguo, Hebei

11.00 CNY / kg (Northwest origin)

$1.69702 / kg 20.12.2015

FENUGREEK SEED

Botanical name: Trigonella foenum-graecum Arabic: حلبة حصي; Chinese: hu lu ba (胡蘆巴) / Sanskrit: Methi

Pharmacopoeial name: Trigonellae Foenugraeci Semen

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) malabsorption syndrome; b) fever; c) increased frequency and turbidity of urine; and d) loss of taste sensation.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) cold syndrome of the kidney due to yang deficiency marked by pain and coldness in the lower abdomen; b) hernia; and c) weakness and oedema of the legs caused by cold-damp.

Traditional European Medicine: a) (oral) temporary loss of appetite; b) (cutaneous) symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations of the skin.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

FOB Mumbai Port, MH

US$ 1155 / MT (Grade: FAQ; Qty: 21

MT / 20’ FCL) $1.155 / kg 16.12.2015

FOB Fayoum, Egypt

US$ 950 / MT (Qty: 1 × 40’ FCL)

$0.95 / kg 14.11.2015

GINGER RHIZOME

Botanical name: Zingiber officinale

Chinese: gan jiang (干姜) / Nepalese: Sutho / Sanskrit: Sunthi

Pharmacopoeial name: Zingiberis Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) flatulence; c) anaemia; d) asthma; e) abdominal diseases; and f) rheumatism.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) epigastric pain with cold feeling, vomiting and diarrhoea accompanied with cold extremities and faint pulse; and b) dyspnoea and cough with copious expectoration.

Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic relief of motion sickness; and b) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating and flatulence.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

16.00 CNY / kg (Yunnan origin)

$2.46804 / kg 20.12.2015

Perumbavoor, Kerala

17000~18000 INR / quintal (= 100 kg); Modal price: 17500

INR / quintal

$2.56399~$2.71481/ kg (Modal price: $2.63907/ kg

19.12.2015

FOB Mumbai Port, MH

US$ 3175 / MT (Grade: Good; Qty 12.5

MT / 20’ FCL) $3.175 / kg 16.12.2015

GOTU KOLA HERB

Botanical name: Centella asiatica

Chinese: ji xue cao (积雪草) / Sanskrit: Mandukaparni

Pharmacopoeial name: Centellae Asiaticae Herba

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Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) inflammation; b) tastelessness; c) fever; d) cough; e) itching; f) skin diseases; g) excessive bleeding disorder; h) excessive flow of urine; i) asthma; j) anaemia; k) blood disorders.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) jaundice caused by damp-heat; b) heat stroke with diarrhoea; c) urolithiasis and haematuria; d) carbuncles and boils; e) traumatic injuries.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

8.00 CNY / kg $1.23476 / kg 20.12.2015

ISPAGHULA SEED

Botanical name: Plantago ovata Pharmacopoeial name: Plantaginis Ovatae Semen

Medicinal uses:

Well-established uses: a) for the treatment of habitual constipation; and b) for conditions in which easy defecation with soft stool is desirable, e.g. in cases of painful defecation after rectal or anal surgery, anal fissures and haemorrhoids.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

NMCE Spot Price

10447~10603.3 INR / quintal

$1.57540~/$1.59897 kg 20.12.2015

JATAMANSI ROOT AND RHIZOME

Botanical name: Nardostachys jatamansi Chinese: gan song (甘松) / Nepalese: Jatamansi / Sanskrit: Jatamansi

Pharmacopoeial name: Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) diseases of skin; b) erysipelas (bacterial skin infection); c) burning sensation; d) mental disorders; e) insomnia.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) (oral) epigastric and abdominal distension with anorexia and vomiting; b) (external) for toothache and swelling of the foot.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

30.00 CNY / kg (wild-collected, Sichuan)

$4.62700 / kg 20.12.2015

LIQUORICE ROOT

Botanical name(s): Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. inflata, or G. glabra Chinese: gan cao (甘草) / Sanskrit: Yasti

Pharmacopoeial name: Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) cough; b) hoarseness of voice; c) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease, weakness, diseases due to vata dosha); d) ulcer; and e) gout.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; b) cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; c) cough with much phlegm; d) spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs; e) carbuncles and sores; and f) often added to formulas to reduce drastic or toxic effects of other drugs.

Traditional European Medicine: a) for the relief of digestive symptoms including burning sensation and dyspepsia; and b) used as an expectorant in cough associated with cold.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, 16.00 CNY / kg $2.46754 / kg 20.12.2015

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Sichuan (Xinjiang origin; wild-collected)

Anguo, Hebei

8.00 CNY / kg (Inner Mongolia origin;

wild-collected) $1.23384 / kg 20.12.2015

MAHUA FLOWER

Botanical name: Madhuca indica (Syn.: M. latifolia) Hindi: Mahuwa / Sanskrit: Gudapushpa Pharmacopoeial name: Madhucae Flos

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) asthma; b) burning sensation; c) wound; d) phthisis (wasting disease); e) thirst; f) fatigue, lethargy

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Lohardaga, Jharkhand

3200~3500 INR/quintal (Modal price: 3350 INR / quintal; wild-collected)

$0.482560~$0.527800 / kg (Modal price:

$0.505180/kg) 20.12.2015

MOLOKHIA LEAF

Botanical name: Corchorus olitorius Arabic: Mulukhiyah (ية لوخ (م

Pharmacopoeial name: Corchori Olitorius Folium

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Egyptian Medicine: a) chronic cystitis (inflammation of the urinary bladder); b) dysuria (painful urination; c) gonorrhoea; d) fever

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

FOB Fayoum, Egypt

US$ 1375 / MT (Crushed dry leaves;

Qty: 1 × 40’ FCL) $1.375 / kg 14.11.2015

RHUBARB ROOT, CHINESE

Botanical name(s): Rheum palmatum, R. tanguticum, or R. officinale

Chinese: Da huang (大黄) / Tibetan: lCum-rtsa (ལྕུམ་རྩ)

Pharmacopoeial name: Rhei Radix et Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Chinese Medicine: accumulation, stagnation and constipation caused by excess heat, hematemesis (vomiting blood) caused by blood heat, red eyes and swollen throat, swelling abscess, deep-rooted boil and sore, abdominal pain caused by intestinal abscess, blood-stasis amenorrhea (absence of menstruation), postpartum stasis and obstruction, injuries from falls and fights, dampness-heat dysentery, jaundice and red urine, stranguria (slow, painful urination), edema.

Well-established use in European Medicine: for short-term use in cases of occasional constipation.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

19 CNY / kg (wild-collected, Sichuan)

$2.93029 / kg 20.12.2015

SCHISANDRA FRUIT - NORTHERN

Botanical name: Schisandra chinensis Chinese: Beiwuweizi (北五味子)

Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Chinensis Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat-wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia

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MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

51.50 CNY / kg $7.94398 / kg 20.12.2015

SCHISANDRA FRUIT - SOUTHERN

Botanical name: Schisandra sphenanthera / Chinese name: Nanwuweizi (南五味子)

Pharmacopoeial name: Schisandrae Sphenantherae Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) chronic cough and dyspnoea of deficiency type; b) dream emission and spermatorrhoea; c) enuresis and frequent urination; d) chronic diarrhoea; e) spontaneous sweating and night sweating; f) thirst caused by fluid consumption; g) interior heat-wasting thirst; h) palpitation and insomnia

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

23.00 CNY / kg (wild-collected, Sichuan)

$3.54728 / kg 20.12.2015

SENNA LEAF - TINNEVELLY

Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia

Chinese name: fan xie yi (番瀉葉 or 番泻叶) / Sanskrit name: svarnapatri /

Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Folium

Medicinal uses:

Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional constipation

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

FOB Mumbai Port, MH

US$ 545 / MT (Indian origin; Prime 3; Qty: 26 MT / 40’ FCL)

$0.545 / kg 16.12.2015

Anguo, Hebei

8.00 CNY / kg (imported)

$1.23384 / kg 20.12.2015

SENNA POD - TINNEVELLY

Botanical name: Cassia angustifolia Pharmacopoeial name: Sennae Angustifoliae Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Well-established uses: a) for short-term use in cases of occasional constipation.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

FOB Mumbai Port, MH

US$ 1030 / MT (Qty: 26 MT / 40’ FCL)

$1.030 / kg 16.12.2015

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Price Sources

China: Alibaba: http://www.1688.com/

Chengdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Price Index: http://www.ysindex.com

Chinese Medicinal Herb E-Commerce Office: http://www.zyctd.com/ and

http://www.zyccst.com/

Egypt: Private companies

India: Agmarknet, Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture,

Government of India: http://agmarknet.nic.in/arrivals1.htm

ICAR (Indian Council of Agricultural Research) - Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic

Plants Research: http://www.dmapr.org.in/HeadPage/FarmProduct.html

Madhya Pradesh State Agricultural Marketing Board (Mandi Board):

http://mpmandiboard.gov.in/

National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (NMCE):

http://www.nmce.com/marketdata/SpotPriceInfo.aspx

Private companies

Nepal: Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources: http://www.ansab.org/

USA: Private companies

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9. Selected Events

December 3-4, 2015 ICMAP 2015: 17th International Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Conference topics will include Biodiversity, management and conservation of MAPs, Biotechnology, cultivation and industrial processing of MAPs, Quality control, Economics and Marketing, IPR and Patent Laws, Causes and consequences of over exploitation of MAPs in natural habitats Penang, Malaysia http://www.waset.org/conference/2015/12/penang/ICMAP

December 4-5, 2015 2015 International American Ginseng Expo Hosted by the North Carolina Natural Products Association, speakers include growers, wild-harvesters, researchers, herbalists, botanists, regulatory officials on the state and national level, academics, conservationists, and private sector business leaders. Ashville, North Carolina, United States of America http://www.nc-naturalproducts.org/event/2015-international-american-ginseng-expo

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December 5, 2015 Association of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Greece Seminar The main topics of the seminar include Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACPs) for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), mechanization, post-harvest processing, quality assurance, certification and export marketing of MAPs of Greece. Nikolaos Germanos Congress Centre, at HELEXPO, Thessaloniki, Hellenic Republic http://www.eaffe.org/2015/11/05122015.html

December 10-12, 2015 3rd International Conference on Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha and Traditional Medicine – co-located with AYU-EXPO 2015 trade exhibition During this international conference AYU-EXPO trade exhibition will be organized to facilitate private public partnership; for business negotiations and deals for the products gaining exposure to international market; to increase import & export trading of herbal ingredients and raw materials. Institute of Indigenous Medicine, Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka http://conference.serendivus.com/index.php/main/internationalconferenceonayurvedaunanisiddhaandtraditionalmedicine

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January 21-24, 2016 International Spice Conference Put on by the All India Spices Exporters Forum (AISEF), a trade show exhibition of producers and suppliers of aromatic plants is co-located with the conference. Goa, Republic of India http://www.internationalspiceconference.com/

February 23-24. 2016 26th Bernburger Winterseminar für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen Two-day German language scientific seminar on topics including agricultural methods and practices for cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants, as well as post-harvest processing, quality control, new research and trade-related issues. Bernburg, Federal Republic of Germany http://www.saluplanta.de/

February 24-26, 2016 Panacea - Natural Products Expo India Exhibitor profile includes suppliers of botanical raw materials, plant extracts, spices, natural ingredients, cosmeceutical ingredients, oil and oilseed extracts, natural essences, natural colors and flavors, as well as traditional herbal medicinal products and formulations (Ayurvedic, Naturopathic, Unani, Siddha, and Chinese medicines). Mumbai, Republic of India http://www.naturalproductsexpoindia.com/exhibit_profile.html

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February 27-29, 2016 World Spice Congress Organized by Spices Board of India (SBI), a global platform for discussion and interaction between importers, exporters, regulators and other stakeholders of the spice industry. A trade show exhibition of aromatic plant producers and suppliers is co-located with the Congress. Ahmedabad, Gujarat, Republic of India http://worldspicecongress.com/

March 9-13, 2016 Engredea 2016 — co-located with Natural Products Expo West Exhibitor profile: Suppliers of botanical and other natural ingredients, packaging, technologies, equipment, and services. Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, California, United States of America http://www.engredea.com/

May 24-26, 2016 6th International Summit on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Topics include: Biodiversity, management and conservation of MAPs; Biotechnology, cultivation and industrial processing of MAPs, Causes and consequences of over exploitation of MAPs in natural habitats; Economics and marketing. Riga, Republic of Latvia http://gosmap2016.com/

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May 26-29, 2016 9th Conference on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries (9th CMAPSEEC) Conference topics include: Medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) diversity, MAP cultivation, breeding and biotechnology, pharmacology and biological effects of MAPs Plovdiv, Republic of Bulgaria http://cmapseec2016.cim.bg/

May 29 - June 1, 2016 6th International Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIPAM 2016) Key topics include biodiversity, breeding and cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology, quality control of MAPs, extracts, essential oils. Coimbra, Portuguese Republic http://www.sefit.es/6th-international-congress-on-medicinal-and-aromatic-plants-cipam-2016/

June 9-10, 2016 18th International Conference on Medicinal Plants and Natural Products (ICMPNP 2016) Conference topics will include: Medicinal Plants and Natural Products, Essential Oil: production and use, Medicinal Plants: identification, cultivation, genetics, taxonomy, biodiversity, Sustainable Practices in Research, Resource Management and Production. San Francisco, California, United States of America http://www.waset.org/conference/2016/06/san-francisco/ICMPNP

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August 17-19, 2016 Cuarto Congreso Latinoamericano de Plantas Medicinales Universidad del Norte en Barranquilla, Republic of Colombia Contacto: Amner Muñoz (amnerm@uninorte.edu.co)

October 5-6, 2016 BÉNÉFIQ - International Rendezvous on Health Ingredients Conference and Exhibition Bénéfiq 2016 will include an exhibition with suppliers of natural ingredients used in natural health products, functional foods, medical foods and cosmeceuticals. Québec City Convention Centre, Québec, Canada http://www.benefiq.ca/eng/

November 29 – December 1, 2016 Health ingredients Europe (HiE) & Natural ingredients (Ni) HiE & Ni is one of leading global events for ingredients used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods & healthy beverages. Frankfurt, Federal Republic of Germany http://www.figlobal.com/hieurope/home

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10. Herb Profile: Costus root Costus root, a.k.a. Aucklandia root (Saussurea costus; syn. Aucklandia lappa; Saussurea lappa) is a native medicinal plant of Indian biodiversity, endemic to the north-western Indian states of Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh,1 (rarely) found growing in Kashmir at altitudes of 2500 to 3600 m.2 Costus root is collected in September-October, after removal of rootlets and soil, it is cut into sections. The larger section is further cut into pieces longitudinally, dried, then the rough outer bark removed by dashing in order to obtain the herbal drug known as ‘Radix Aucklandiae’ or ‘Radix Saussureae’.3

Nomenclature: Pharmacopoeial name(s): Radix Aucklandiae. Radix Saussureae Botanical name(s): Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch, syn.: Aucklandia costus

Falconer; Aucklandia lappa Decne; Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch.Bip. [Fam. Asteraceae]

Common names: Arabic: Qust

Chinese: Mu xiang (木香), Yun mu xiang (云木香)

English: Costus Gujarati: Upaleta, Kath, Kur Hindi: Kutha, Pachak Indian trade names: Kuth, Uplet Kashmiri: Kuth Marathi: Upleta, Kushtha Persian: Qust Punjabi: Kuth Sanskrit: Kustha Taiwan trade names: Putchuck, Pachak Tamil: Kottam, Kostam

Origin, Natural Distribution, Conservation Status: Saussurea costus is endemic to Jammu-Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh in Republic of India with subpopulations recorded from the Pindari area of Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve.4 The International Union for Conservation of Nature (“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species”) classifies it as ‘critically endangered’ and the species is included in Appendix I of the ‘Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species’ (CITES): “Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants. They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial, for instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate)”.

1 Saha, D., Ved, D., Ravikumar, K. & Haridasan, K. 2015. Saussurea costus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened

Species 2015: e.T50126641A50131430. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T50126641A50131430.en. Downloaded on 27 December 2015. 2 Ayurveda Pharmacopoeia Committee. KUSTHA. In: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I.

New Delhi: Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 1989. 3 Chinese Medicine Division, Department of Health. Radix Aucklandiae. In: Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica

Standards, Vol. 2. Hong Kong: Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, the People’s

Republic of China. 2008. Available at: http://www.cmd.gov.hk/hkcmms/vol2/pdf_e/Radix_Aucklandiae.pdf 4 Saha, D., Ved, D., Ravikumar, K. & Haridasan, K. 2015.

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Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: Asthma; cough; skin diseases; gout; and erysepales (a skin infection usually caused by group A Streptococcus bacteria);

Traditional Chinese Medicine: Distending pain in the chest and epigastrum; tenesmus (the feeling that you need to pass stools, even though your bowels are already empty) in dysentery; and indigestion with anorexia.

Traditional Siddha Medicine: Wheezing; cough; hemorrhoids; poison/toxin; and ‘disordered humour’;

Traditional Unani Medicine: Hemilepegia (paralysis of one side of the body); Bell’s palsy; tremors; arthralgia; gout; splenitis (inflammation of the spleen due to infection, parasite infestation, or cysts); helminthiasis (infestation with parasitic worms); and amenorrhea.

Production and Trade: According to the World Customs Organization (WCO), costus root ranks as the number 1 illegally traded medicinal plant species (illegally traded outside of CITES rules).5 Saussurea costus is also the single most highly (legally) traded species listed in CITES Appendix I, with (historically) about 96% of the supply exported by People’s Republic of China and about 4% by Republic of India.6 It is not known what quantities are produced and consumed domestically (in China and India) for use in medicine and therefore not included in CITES export / import trade data. In India, the commercial supply is now, for the most part, cultivated in northern and north-western states of Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttaranchal, and Sikkim, for use in the Indian systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Siddha, and Unani). In the China, Saussurea costus is an introduced species where it is cultivated for use in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in the provinces of Anhui, Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Yunnan, and Zhejiang.7 Table 1 shows harmonized system tariff codes (HS Codes) that are used for costus root, one that is used for exports by Republic of India (Indian Trade Classification) and two others that are used for imports into Taiwan (Standard Classification of Commodities of the Republic of China). Table 1: HS Codes used for Costus root

Description CCC ITC

Kuth root 12119046

Putchuck, old (Radix Saussureae) 1211905900

Putchuck, new (Radix Saussureae) 1211906000

Legend:

CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of the Republic of China (Taiwan) ITC: Indian Trade Classification

Table 2 shows that in agricultural year 2014-2015 (Apr-Mar), India exported 11,300 kg (entirely to French Republic) down from previous year total of 12,300 kg (mainly to French Republic and Swiss Confederation).

5 World Customs Organization (WCO). 2014 Illicit Trade Report. Brussels, Belgium, WCO. 07 December 2015.

Available at: http://www.wcoomd.org/en/media/newsroom/2015/december/the-wco-publishes-the-2014-illicit-trade-report.aspx 6 UNEP-WCMC (2013). CITES Trade – a global analysis of trade in Appendix I-listed species.

1aeLMdun. Prepared for the Bundesamt für Naturschutz BfN. UNEP-WCMC, Cambridge. Available at: https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/cop/16/inf/E-CoP16i-34.pdf 7 Zhu Shi & Eckhard von Raab-Straube. Aucklandia costus Falconer. In: Flora of China, Science Press (Beijing)

& Missouri Botanical Garden Press (St. Louis). 2011; Vol. 20-21 Page 5, 43, 54, 56.

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Table 2. India exports of ‘Kuth Root’ (ITC-HS 12119046); Values in Indian Rupee Lacs (Rs. Lacs); Quantity in

thousands of kgs; Agricultural years 2013-2014 and 2014-2015

S.No. Country Values in Rs. Lacs Quantity in thousands

2013-2014 2014-2015 %Growth 2013-2014 2014-2015 %Growth

1. FRANCE 29.15 61.21 109.93 6.00 11.30 88.33

2. SINGAPORE 0.52

0.10

3. SWITZERLAND 34.04

6.25

Total 63.71 61.21 -3.94 12.35 11.30

Source: EXPORT IMPORT DATA BANK Version 7.1 – TRADESTAT, Government of India, Ministry of

Commerce & Industry, Department of Commerce

Using the zauba.com trade database, Table 3 shows that India exported 11,300 kg of costus root in calendar year 2014 and 14,000 kg in 2015, entirely to France. Table 3. India exports of Costus Root (ITC-HS 12119046); Values in Indian Rupees (INR); Quantity in kgs;

Calendar years 2014 and 2015

Date Destination Port of Loading Unit Quantity Value (INR) Per Unit (INR)

12-Nov-2015 France Tughlakabad KGS 10,000 5,641,550 564

1-Apr-2015 France Patparganj KGS 2,000 1,429,974 715

1-Apr-2015 France Patparganj KGS 2,000 872,526 436

8-Dec-2014 France Tughlakabad KGS 8,000 4,114,600 514

15-Sep-2014 France Patparganj KGS 3,000 1,885,511 629

15-Sep-2014 France Patparganj KGS 300 120,390 401

Source: Zauba Technologies & Data Services Pvt Ltd.: https://www.zauba.com/export-/hs-code-12119046-hs-

code.html

Figure 1 shows the average market price of Chinese grown costus root trading at 7.88 CNY per kg (=US$ 1.21774 /kg) at end of 2015 (on 28.12.2015) but started the year (on 01.01.2015) at 8.77 CNY per kg.

Figure 1. Chinese grown costus root average market price trend data 01 January 2015 through 28 December 2015. Source: Chengdu Tiandiwang Information Technology Co., Ltd:

http://sj.zyctd.com/exchange-prices-701-1-0.html

Quality Standards:

42

For quality control testing there are different applicable standards depending on the market where the costus root will be processed and used as a component of medicinal products. For the Indian systems of medicines there are monographs available for costus root in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol I 1989), Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol I 2008), and Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (Vol I 2007). For the Chinese system of medicine there are quality standards monographs for costus root available in the Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (English edition 2010), the Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards (English edition Volume 2 2008), and in the Taiwan Herbal Pharmacopoeia (Chinese version 2013).

There is also a new “Aucklandia Root” monograph, published in October 2015 in the 7th Supplement to the 8th Edition of the ‘European Pharmacopoeia’ (PhEur 8.7) which will become official by 01 April 2016 at the latest. Table 4 compares the quality standards established for costus root in the Siddha Pharmacopoeia of India (SPI Vol I 2008) and the Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards (HKCMM Vol 2 2008).

Table 4. Comparison of quality standards for Costus Root: SPI 2008 and HKCMM 2008

Standard Kottam (Root) SPI I 2008

Radix Aucklandiae HKCMM II 2008

Characters Odor: strong, characteristically aromatic Taste: slightly bitter

Odor: aromatic and characteristic Taste: slightly bitter

Content No specification

NLT 2.2% of the total content of costunolide (C15H20O2) and dehydrocostus lactone (C15H18O2), calculated with reference to the dried substance.

Alcohol-soluble extractives NLT 12 per cent NLT 15.0 per cent

Water-soluble extractives NLT 20 percent NLT 65.0 per cent

Identification tests Macroscopic evaluation; Microscopic examination; Thin layer chromatography.

Microscopic examination; Physiochemical identification; Thin layer chromatography; and High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Fingerprinting

Foreign matter NMT 2 per cent NMT 2.0 per cent

Water content No specification NMT 14.0 per cent

Total ash NMT 4 per cent NMT 4.5 per cent

Acid-insoluble ash NMT 1 per cent NMT 1.0 per cent

Heavy metals No specification

Arsenic: NMT 2.0 mg/kg Cadmium: NMT 1.0 mg/kg Lead: NMT 5.0 mg/kg Mercury: NMT 0.2 mg/kg

Mycotoxins No specification Aflatoxin B1: NMT 5 µg/kg Aflatoxins (sum of B1, B2, G1 and G2): NMT 10 µg/kg

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11. Company Profile: Phalada Agro Research Foundations Pvt. Ltd. Organisation name: Phalada Agro Research Foundations Pvt. Ltd.

Related organization: Globan Organics, U.S. sales and marketing representative in South Portland, Maine: http://www.globanorganics.com/

Addresses: Sy.No.92/5, Kannalli, Segehalli Cross, Magadi Rd, Bangaluru-560 091, INDIA

Telephone numbers: Tel : + 91 80 2853 6762/ 63 / 64

Fax : +91 80 2853 6760

Email: info@phaladaagro.com

Twitter: https://twitter.com/phaladaagro

Website: http://www.phaladaagro.com/

Profile: Founded in 1999, Phalada Agro Research Foundations Pvt. Ltd. is a producer, trader and exporter of certified organic and fairtrade medicinal herbs, culinary herbs, and spices.

SELECTED ORGANIC & FAIR TRADE MAPs EXPORTED BY Phalada Agro

Bacopa leaf (Bacopa monnieri) Black pepper fruit (Piper nigrum) Capsicum fruit (Capsicum annuum) Cardamom seed (Elettaria cardamomum) Cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum verum) Clove flower bud (Syzygium aromaticum) East Indian sarsaparilla root (Hemidesmus indicus) Ginger rhizome (Zingiber officinale) Gotu kola herb (Centella asiatica) Greater galangal rhizome (Alpinia galanga) Holy basil leaf (Ocimum tenuiflorum) Lemongrass leaf (Cymbopogon citratus and C. flexuosus) Long pepper fruit (Piper longum) Nutmeg kernel (Myristica fragrans) Turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) Vanilla fruit (Vanilla planifolia)

CERTIFICATIONS

FAIR TRADE

Fair for Life (FFL) Social & Fair Trade Certification Agent: Institute for Market Ecology (IMO)

Fairtrade International (FLO) Certification Agent: FLO-CERT GmbH

ORGANIC Organic Certification Agent: FGP Inspection & Certification Pvt. Ltd.

KOSHER Kosher Supervision: Star-K Kosher Certification

44

12. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations

Name of Organization Website

Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP)

http://www.asnapp.org.za/

Agricultural Export Council (AEC) Egypt, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Committee

http://www.aecegypt.com/

Albanian Essence Producers and Cultivators Association (EPCA)

epca_mp@yahoo.com

American Botanical Council (ABC) http://abc.herbalgram.org/

American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP)

http://www.acmap.org/

American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) http://www.ahpa.org

Arab Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (FAPAM)

http://fapam.um5s.ac.ma/

Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB)

http://www.ansab.org/

Association of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Greece (ΑMΑPs of Greece)

http://eng.eaffe.org/

Association for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries (AMAPSEEC)

http://www.amapseec.org/

Association Française des professionnels de la Cueillette de plantes sauvages (AFC)

http://www.cueillettes-pro.org/

Association pour les Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques de Guadeloupe (APLAMEDOM-Guadeloupe)

http://aplamedarom.fr/

Association pour les Plantes Aromatiques et Medicinales de la Réunion (APLAMEDOM- Réunion)

http://www.aplamedom.org/

Association Tunisienne des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (ATPM)

http://atpm.wifeo.com/

Associazione Italiana fra Coltivatori, Raccoglitori, Trasformatori, Importatori, Esportatori, Grossisti e Rappresentanti di Case Estere di Piante Medicinali, Aromatiche, Spezie, Estratti Vegetali, Oli Essenziali e loro derivati (ASSOERBE)

http://www.assoerbe.eu/

British Herb Trade Association (BHTA) http://www.bhta.org.uk/

Canadian Herb, Spice and Natural Health Products Coalition (CHSNC)

http://www.saskherbspice.org/CHSNC/

Central Herbal Agro Marketing Federation of India (CHAMF)

http://www.chamf.org/

Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (EMAP) http://www.emap-eg.org/

European Herb Growers Association (EUROPAM)

http://www.europam.net/

European Herbal Infusions Association (EHIA) http://www.ehia-online.org/

Federation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Stakeholders (FEDMAPS)

http://www.fedmaps.org/

Federazione Italiana dei Produttori di Piante Officinali (FIPPO)

http://www.fippo.org/

Instituto Peruano de Productos Naturales (IPPN)

http://www.ippn.org.pe/

International Council for Medicinal and http://www.icmap.org/

45

Name of Organization Website

Aromatic Plants (ICMAP)

International Trade Union of Genuine Regional Materia Medica (TUGRMM)

www.tugrmm.com/en/

Jadi Buti Association of Nepal (JABAN) http://www.jaban.com.np/

Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Association of India (MAPAI)

http://www.dmapr.org.in/MAPAI/

National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) http://nmpb.nic.in/

Nepal Herbs and Herbal Products Association (NEHHPA)

http://www.nepalherb.org/

Nigeria Natural Medicine Development Agency (NNMDA)

http://www.nnmda.gov.ng/

PELERO CZ o.s. (Association of the Producers and Processors of Medicinals and Aromatic Plant and Spices)

http://www.pelero.cz/

Phytotrade Africa http://phytotrade.com/

Polski Komitet Zielarski (Polish Herbal Committee)

http://www.pkz.pl/

Regional Network for Medicinal and Aromatic plants in the Near East and North Africa (AARENINA)

http://www.aarinena.org/MHPWeb/

Singapore Chinese Medicines and Health Products Merchant Association

http://www.tcm.org.sg/

Société Marocaine des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (SOMAPAM)

http://somapam.voila.net/

Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen (SALUPLANTA e.V.)

http://www.saluplanta.de/