New Media Services & Regulations

Hasan Ali ErdemExpert

Radio and Television Supreme Council

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digitalization

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what is new media?

refers to all those means of communication, representation and knowledge, in which we find the digitalization of the signal and its content that, possess dimensions of multimediality and interactivity

- digital- interactive- mutimedial

Source: Digital Media, Jan van Dijk, The Sage Handbook of Media Studies, 2004

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digital migrations

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new born-digital media

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various appications & services

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media

- periodic creation & dissemination of information and content

- editorial responsibility

- irrespective of the means and technology used for delivery, which are intended for reception

- a clear impact on a significant proportion of the general public

Source: Recommendation CM/Rec(2007)15 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on measures concerning media coverage of election campaigns

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functions of media in a democratic society

- the most important tool for freedom of expression in the public sphere

- enabling people to exercise their right to seek and receive information

- animate and provide a space for public debate

- offer comment and opinion as part of political dialogue

- increasing transparency and accountability

- provide education, entertainment, cultural and artistic expression

Source: Recommendation CM/Rec(2011)7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on a new notion of media

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types of communication

Source: New ICTs and the Problem of ‘Publicness’, Maria Heller, European Journal of Communication, 2006

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overcoming distance

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overcoming distance & time

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overcoming distance & time & location

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levels of social communication

Source: A New Notıon Of Medıa? Medıa and Medıa-lıke Content and Actıvıtıes on New Communıcatıon Servıces,Karol Jakubowicz, 1st Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for Media and New Communication Services, 2009

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interactivity / overcoming distance & time & location for two-way

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multimediality

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changing modes and patterns of social communication due to new technologies

Source: McQuail’s Mass Communication Theory, Denis McQuail, Sage Publications, 2005

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transforming traditional media

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on-line newspapers & news channels

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brand-new media services social media

social media for communication - blogs: the huffington post- microblogs: twitter - social networking: facebook

social media for collaboration & sharing information & crowdsourcing- wikis: wikipedia- social bookmarking: del.icio.us

social media for multimedia content- photo: flickr - video & music: youtube - livecasting: justin.tv- presentation: slide share - virtual reality: second life

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merger of social media & broadcasting

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public interest objectives of regulations

- protecting individual rights (freedom of expression and information, privacy, etc.)

- ensuring a high level of protection of minors and human dignity

- maximizing individual choice and access to information

- ensuring diversity of content - ensuring plurality of ownership

- ensuring fair and effective competition

- protecting intellectual property rights

Source: Marcelino Oreja, Seminar on ‘Self-regulation in the media'. Jointly organized by the German Presidency of the European Union and the European Commission, 1999

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media criteria and indicators

– intent to act as media – purpose and underlying

objectives of media – editorial control – professional standards – outreach and dissemination – public expectation

Source: Recommendation CM/Rec(2011)7 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on a new notion of media

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regulatory context

analogue model

- scarcity and few players (duopoly)- one-to-many- linear programming- mediated consumption environment- national boundaries

Source: Stefaan Verhulst, About Scarcities and Intermediaries:the Regulatory Paradigm Shift of Digital Content Reviewed, The Handbook of New Media, Sage Publications, 2002

digital model

- abundant players (branding)- many-to-many- convergence of sectors- non-linear programming (on demand)- disintermediation and individual consumption environment- transnational and global

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self & co-regulation

advantages of self-regulation over governmental regulation

- increased efficiency- increased flexibility - increased incentives for compliance- transnational scope- increased expertise - reduced cost - minimized government intrusion in the speech field

Source: Stefaan Verhulst, About Scarcities and Intermediaries: the Regulatory Paradigm Shift of Digital Content Reviewed, The Handbook of New Media, Sage Publications, 2002

considerations and challenges for self-regulation

- it is almost always a misnomer and government involvement usually continues- the paradigm is different from deregulation or non-regulation- it involves significant regulatory costs- self-regulation requires active consumer and citizen consultation (corporatist)- strong and committed support or social responsibility from all parties is necessary; free-riders should be considered- a balance between the carrot and the stick may improve effectiveness

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broadcasting in Turkey

terrestrial broadcasting-22 national, 14 regional, 184 local, 220 tv stations in total;-38 national, 98 regional, 922 local, 1.058 radio stations in total.

cable casting81 tv stations.

satellite broadcasting265 tv stations, 49 radio stations.

IPTV 53 tv stations.

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Information and Communication Technologies Authority (ICTA) Annual statistics - Turkey

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Population 70.586.256 71.517.100 72.561.312 73.722.988 74.724.269 75.627.384

Mobile Telephony Subscriptions

61.975.807 65.287.049 62.779.556 61.769.635 65.321.745 67.680.547

Broadband Subscriptions

4.609.085 5.986.101 6.782.657 8.561.632 14.004.459 20.005.204

Mobile Broadband Subscriptions

396.363 1.448.020 6.454.801 12.161.900

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facebook users

Rank Country Population

(2012)Internet Users

(2012)

Facebook Users (2012)

% Internet

Users

% Facebook Users

% Facebook Users of

Internet Users

1  United States 313,847,465 245,203,319 166,029,240 78.13% 52.9% 67.71%

2  India 1,205,073,612 137,000,000 62,713,680 11.37% 5.2% 45.78%

3  Brazil 193,946,886 88,494,756 58,565,700 45.63% 30.2% 66.18%

4  Indonesia 248,645,008 55,000,000 51,096,860 22.12% 20.55% 92.9%

5  Mexico 114,975,406 42,000,000 38,463,860 36.53% 33.45% 91.58%

6  United Kingdom 63,047,162 52,731,209 32,950,400 83.64% 52.26% 62.49%

7  Turkey 75,749,461 36,455,000 32,131,260 45.71% 40.29% 88.14%

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twitter users

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thank you very much…

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media emergence and evolution

Source: What Media Evolution Is: A Theoretical Approach to the History of New Media, Rudolf Stöber, European Journal of Communication 2004

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Underpinning technological changes

Source: Impacts of New Technologies on Regulatory Regimes,Jérôme BEZZINA & Mostafa TERRAB, InfoDev and CITPO, The World bank, Global ICT Department, 2005