new kingdom - case.edu · 10 tons of copper, 1 ton of tin (ratio for making bronze 10:1) 149...
TRANSCRIPT
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New KingdomLand of the Living
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Chronology
3100 – 2686 BC Early Dynastic (Dynasty 0 – 2)2686 – 2181 BC Old Kingdom (Dynasty 3 – 6)2181 – 2025 BC First Intermediate Period (Dyn. 7 – 10)2025 – 1700 BC Middle Kingdom (Dyn. 11 – 13)1700 – 1550 BC Second Intermediate Period (Dyn. 14 – 17) 1550 – 1069 BC New Kingdom (Dyn. 18 – 20) 1069 – 664 BC Third Intermediate Period (Dyn. 21 – 25)664 – 332 BC Late Period (Dyn. 26 – 31) 332 – 30 BC Ptolemaic Period
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Second Intermediate Period
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(Selected)
New Kingdom Rulers18th Dynasty (ca. 1550 – 1300 BC)• Ahmose I• Hatshepsut • Thutmose III• Amenhotep III• Amenhotep IV/Akhenaten• Tutankhamun
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(Selected)
New Kingdom Rulers19th Dynasty ( ca. 1300 – 1190 BC)Ramesses ISeti IRamesses IIMereneptahTauseret
20th Dynasty (ca. 1190 – 1077 BC)Ramesses III - XI
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Uluburun wreck discovered by a sponge diver in 1982 off the coast of Uluburun, near Kas in Turkey
Located at 44-61 m depth, which prevented looting
Excavated between 1984-1994 over the course of 22,400 dives by the Institute of Nautical Archaeology at Texas A&M
George F. Bass and Cemal Pulak
Lab analysis and conservation based at Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Turkey
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15 m long and 5 m wide
Built of Lebanese cedar
Capable of carrying 20 tons of cargo, about 17 tons of artifacts brought up from sea floor
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10 tons of copper, 1 ton of tin (ratio for making bronze 10:1)
149 Canaanite amphorae mostly filled with pistachia resin
9 Cypriot pithoi filled with olive oil, grapes, pomegranates and Cypriot ceramics
175 glass ingots
African hardwood
70,000+ glass and amber beads
1 elephant tusk and more than a dozen hippo teeth
Gold, silver and bronze jewelry and vessels
Swords and other metal tools
Spices, herbs, food stuffs, murex shells and orpiment
A stowaway mouse
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Tomb of Rekhmire, ca. 1400 BC
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Amarna Letters
Discovered around 1887, date from ca. 1360 – 1332 BC
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Gift Exchange
• Diplomatic exchange of raw materials and gifts between the great kings of the time – Egypt, Babylon, Assyria, Mitanni, Hatti
• Copper• Semi-precious stones• Luxury goods: oils, perfumes, fine vessels, etc.• Jewelry• Chariots and horses• Spouses
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Rise of (the priesthood of) Amun-Ra
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Akhetaten (ca. 1348 – 1335 BC)
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Monotheism?
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Like father (Amenhotep III) like son
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John Reinhard Weguelin –The Obsequies of an Egyptian Cat (1886)
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Types of Temples
Temples of GodsEast Bank of Nile
Mortuary TemplesWest Bank of Nile
“Houses of Millions of Years”
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Upper Egypt Lower Egypt Beginning of Egypt
Hapy/Nile
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Edward John Poynter –Feeding the sacred ibis in the halls of Karnac
Gods could take many forms:
• Animal-headed humans (form which facilitated interaction with the king)
• One god can be many different animals
• Physical examples of these animals could be kept in temples
• Gods could be worshipped in particular regions of Egypt (Thoth in Hermopolis, Amun in Thebes, Osiris in Abydos, etc.)
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Ibis coffin; Ptolemaic Period; Brooklyn Museum, 49.48
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King as chief priest
Frederick Arthur Bridgman, Procession of the bull Apis; Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington D.C.
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Houses of the gods
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Karnak Temple precinct, Luxor
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Cult statue of Amun (EA60006); Late Period; British Museum
Cult statue of Bastest, aka Gayer-Anderson cat (EA64391); Ptolemaic Period; British Museum
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The Priesthood
• Hem-Netcher (“servant of the god”) priests main body of priests who served the gods
• Wab (“purification”) priests performed physical duties and rituals within the temples
• Sem & Ka (“mortuary”) priests served mainly at tombs and memorial temples, performing the elaborate rituals of burial, and offering
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Scenes of daily ritual from the temple of Seti I at Abydos
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Exclusivity
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Religion in the home
Figurine of Bes (EA20865); British MuseumEar stela (OIM 10758); Oriental Institute of Chicago
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Ancestor bust from Deir el-Medina (66.9945); Metropolitan Museum of Art
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Party time!
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Festivals
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Party Time!
• Food• Music• Dancing • Drinking
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Frederick Arthur Bridgman, Procession of the bull Apis; Corcoran Art Gallery, Washington D.C.
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Sacred Barques
• Used for carrying the god or goddess’ cult statue
• Used for oracles and answering prayers
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Opet Festival
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Moulid of Abu el-Haggag