new government polytechnic,patna-13 · 2020. 4. 24. · environmentalpollution environmental...
TRANSCRIPT
NEW GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,PATNA-13
CIVIL ENGINEERING
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
OVERVIEW
Definition of Pollution.
Types of Pollution.
AirPollution.
WaterPollution.
NoisePollution.
Land Pollution.
Radio ActivePollution.
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
Environmental Pollution can be defined as anyundesirable change in physical, chemical, orbiological characteristics of any component ofthe environment i.e. air, water, soil which cancause harmful effects on various forms of life orproperty.
Pollution: The term pollution can be definedas influence of any substance causingnuisance, harmful effects, and uneasiness tothe organisms
Pollutant:- Any substance causing Nuisance orharmful effects or uneasiness to the organisms,then that particular substance may be called asthe pollutant.
TYPES OF POLLUTION
There are Fivetypes of Pollution:
AirPollutionWaterPollutionNoise PollutionLand PollutionRadio ActivePollution
What isAtmosphere?
Atmosphere is the life blanket ofEarth.
It is therefore essential that we know more about the
atmosphere and the ways in which it is Polluted.
Air is considered safe when it contains no harmful dust
and gases.
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals,
particulate matter, or biological materials that
cause harm or discomfort to humans or other
living organisms, or cause damage to the
natural environment.
A substance in the air that can cause harm to
humans and the environment is known as an air
pollutant.
AIR POLLUTION
CAUSES OF AIR POLLUTION
Carbon dioxide- This happens because of deforestation and fossil fuel burning.
Sulfur dioxide –Due to the burning of sulfur containing compounds of fossil fuels.
Sulfur oxides- Very dangerous to humans at ahigh concentration. Sulfur in the atmosphereis responsible for acid rain.
Consequences of Air Pollution
CO2 is a good transmitter of sunlight, but it also
partially restricts infrared radiation going back
from the earth into space, which produces the so-
called greenhouse effect that prevents a drastic
cooling of the Earth during the night.
CO2 in atmosphere > GLOBAL WARMING
Causes of AirPollution
Major sources of AirPollution:
Industries.
Automobiles and Domestic fuels.
High Proportion of undesirable gases, such as
sulphur dioxide and carbonmonoxide.
dust, foundry dust andDust (e.g. cement
windblown solid dust)
Mist.
Smoke.
Carbon black.
Aerosols.
Effects of AirPollution
Air Pollutionaffects???
Human health.Animals.Plants.Theatmosphereasawhole.Global warming.Ozone depletion(Ozonehole).Acid Rain.Various respiratoryillnesses.
How to Avoid AirPollution
Yes,wecan avoid pollutionAs Follows:
Use natural Gases,Do not BurstCrackers.Use less Amount of Fuel forVehicles.Using biogasstoves.
WATER POLLUTION
Any physical (temperature, oxygen), chemical
(mercury), or biological (disease, sewage) change to
water that adversely affects its use by alive beings.
Water Pollution can be defined as
physical, chemical, or biological characteristics
alteration in
of
water through natural or human activities and
making it unsuitable for its designated use.
Fresh Water present on the earth surface is put to
many uses. It is used for drinking, domestic and
municipal uses, agricultural, irrigation, industries,
navigation, recreation. The used water becomes
contaminated and is called waste water.
SOURCES OF WATERPOLLUTION
Most of Water Pollution is man made. It may also occurnaturally by addition of soil particles through erosion animalwastes and leaching of minerals from rocks
The sources of water pollution can be classified as
Municipal Waste Water
Industrial Waste
Inorganic Pollutants
Organic Pollutants
Agricultural Wastes
Marine Pollution
Thermal pollution
Causes of WaterPollution
About 40% of Deaths
worldwide are caused by Water
Pollution.
Water Pollution is Caused by
organic and inorganic industrial
wastes and effluents discharged
into rivers.
Water Pollution Pictures
Effects of Water Pollution
1. Diseases like Cholera.
2. Malaria.
during
gets
3. Typhoid (spread
the rainyseason).
4. Aquatic life
destroyed.
How to Avoid WaterPollution
clothes or Rivers should not be used forwashing bathing animals in.
Harvesting of Rainwater to meetwaterrequirements.
Dams & embankments mustbecreated.
Theriversmust not becontaminated.
In riversthedead bodiesshouldn’tthrown.
NOISE POLLUTION
Noise pollution is excessive, displeasing human, animal, or
machine-created environmental noise that disrupts the
activity or balance of human or animal life.
Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the
normal activities such as working, sleeping, and during
conversations.
World Health Organization stated that “Noise must be
recognized as a major threat to human well- being”
Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger.
Noise Levels: Decibels (dB)
SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION
Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in
urban areas.
Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of
noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders,
dump trucks, and pavement breakers.
Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of
noise pollution.
Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners,
fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.
EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION
According to the USEPA, there are direct links between noise
and health. Also, noise pollution adversely affects the lives of
millions of people.
Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological
health.
High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption,
hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to
noise pollution.
It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic
attacks.
Solutions For Noise Pollution
Planting bushes and trees in and around soundgenerating sources is an effective solution for noisepollution.
Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce the noise pollution
Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution.
Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.
Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery
and servicing should be done to minimize noise
generation.
Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to
block unwanted noise from outside.
Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage
of play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public
places.
Factories and industries should be located far from
the residential areas.
Causes of Noise Pollution
TrafficNoise.
AircraftNoise.
Noise fromconstructionand civil engineeringworks.
Noise from theIndustries.
Noise fromothersources.
Effects of Noise Pollution
Hearing Loss.
High Blood Pressure.
Stress.
SleepDisturbance.
ColourBlindness.
How to Avoid NoisePollution
The Government should ensure the new machines thatShould be noise proof.
Airports must be away from residentialarea.
The Sound horn symbol is to be in SchoolRoads.
Control noise at source by proper choice of equipment, design modification, mounting and proper layout.
Isolation or use ofbaffles.
Use of ear protection devices.
LAND POLLUTION
Land pollution is the demolition of Earth's
surfaces often caused by human activities and
land
their
misuse of land resources. It occurs when waste is not
disposed properly.
Urbanization and industrialization are major
causes of land pollution.
Causes of Land Pollution
followingclassify major sources in theWe can
Categories:
1. Mining, Erosion and quarrying.
2. Household Garbage.
3. Urbanization and Concentration of Population.
4. Municipal Solid Waste.
5. Industrial Waste and HazardousWaste.
6. Uncontrolled Land Treatment.
7. Burning open dumps and forestfires.
8. Deforestation.
Effects of Land Pollution
The Land Cannot use tobuildhouses.
Man cannotbefarming.
Ground water willgetsAffected.
Deathof theanimals that inhabitthe land.
Prevention of Land Pollution
•Moreand more land should be brought underfarming.
•Trees should be plantedeverywhere.
•Waste mattershould be disposed immediately.
•Avoiddrilling the Land for more undergroundwater.
•Avoid using more fertilizers and Pesticides.
•Integrated Solid WasteManagement.
•Good agricultural practices.
•Remediation of polluted soils.
•Preventionof erosion andsilting.
•Containment of hazardous waste and waste water treatment using land treatment techniques.
3R Principle:
ReduceReuseRecycle
RADIO ACTIVE POLLUTION
Despite the Advantage of nuclear as a clean energy, the
big concern is the resulted from nuclear reaction, which
is a form of pollution called Radio activity.
Radiation (Laser-Rays) will from Radioactive Pollution.
Causes of RadioactivePollution
Nuclearpowerplants(Ex: Neyveli, Kalpakkam).
Nuclear Weapons(Ex:Missiles).
Disposal of NuclearWaste.
Uranium Mining.
Effects of RadioactivePollution
The Diseases include blood incough.
Ulcer.
Swelling of bone joints.
Cancer.
Lung Cancer.
Skin Cancer.
Bone Cancer.
Eye Problems.
How to Prevent of RadioactivePollution
Avoid Constructing NuclearPowerPlants.
Avoid Using NuclearWeapon.
HaveProperTreatmentfor NuclearWaste.
Avoid mining for Uranium toaminimal.
Global Warming And The GreenhouseEffect
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GLOBAL WARMING AND THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT0
Global warming refers to a rise in the temperature
of the surface of the earth.
The Greenhouse
thermal radiation
Effect
from
is a process by which
a planetary surface is
absorbed by atmospheric greenhouse gases, and is
re-radiated in all directions.
SOME PROOF OF GLOBAL WARMING
PORTAGE GLACIER ALASKA
THEN….
PORTAGE GLACIER ALASKA NOW….
COLORADO RIVER, AS OF
JUNE 2002
COLORADO RIVER, AS OF
DECEMBER 2003
THANKS
Public Water Supply
NEW GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,PATNA-13CIVIL ENGINEERING
Why Treat Water?
• Society realized long ago that human health and the welfare of the general population are improved if public water supplies are treated prior to use.
• Nearly all structures require a water supply.
• Appropriate flow rate, pressure, and water quality are necessary for effective use.
Uses of Water
• Bathing
• Toilets
• Cleaning
• Food preparation
• Cooling
• Fire protection
• Industrial purposes
• Drinking water = Potable water
©iStockphoto.com
Water Supply System
II. Water Sources and Treatment
• Water Cycle
• Groundwater
• Surface water
• Treatment
• How do these vary in different countries?
Water Cycle
Sources of Water
Aquifers (Groundwater)• Primary source of drinking water
• Porous consolidated rock or
unconsolidated soil
• Groundwater fills spaces
• Wells and pumps used to remove
water
Aquifer
This image was reproduced from groundwater.org with the permission of The Groundwater Foundation. © 2010 The Groundwater Foundation. All Rights Reserved
Courtesy USGS at http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/circ1139/htdocs/boxa.htm
Sources of Water
Surface Water• Lakes, reservoirs, rivers
• Rivers dammed to create reservoirs
• Reservoirs store water during heavy
rain/snow
Courtesy NASA http://www.ghcc.msfc.nasa.gov/surface_hydrology/water_manag ement.html
Courtesy USDA http://www.ks.nrcs.usda.gov/news/highlights/2006_april.html
Lake Tuscaloosa Dam
©iStockphoto.com
Origins of “Contamination”
• Contaminant: Any physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter that has an adverse effect on air, water, or soil.
• Naturally occurring
• Point-source (end-of-pipe)
• Non-point source (agricultural, land use)
Major Water Quality Indicators
• Microorganisms, Disinfectants & Disinfection Byproducts, Inorganic Chemicals, Organic Chemicals, & Radionuclides
Water Treatment
• Amount of treatment
depends on quality of the
source
• Ground water requires less
treatment than surface
water
The city of Salem water treatment facility withdraws water from the North Santiam River.
Courtesty USGS http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2004/3069/
Water Treatment Methods
• Flocculation/Sedimentation Flocculation refers to water treatment processes that combine small particles into larger particles, which settle out of the water as sediment.
• Filtration
• Ion Exchange Ion exchange can be used to treat hard water. It can also be used toremove arsenic, chromium, excess fluoride, nitrates, radium, and uranium.
• Adsorption Organic contaminants, color, and taste- and odor-causing compounds can stick to the surface of granular or powdered activated carbon (GAC or PAC). GAC is generally more effective than PAC in removing these contaminants. Adsorption is not commonly used in public water supplies.
• Disinfection (chlorination, ozonation) Water is often disinfected before it enters the distribution system to ensure that dangerous microbes are killed. Chlorine, chloramines, chlorine dioxide, ozone
Approaches to mitigating contamination & managing supply
• Monitoring & Planning
• Source water protection
• Education
• Treatment & Remediation
NEW GOVERNMENT PLYTECHNIC,PATNA-
13
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Domestic sewage
2. flushing cistern.
• Installation of flushing cistern is necessory for flushing the water closet
Traps And Pipes and other components
of house Drainage System
• Following are the main components of House drainage system.
• Traps: Good Traps should have following Qualities:
• Should provide enough water seal ( around 50 mm) with large surface area.
• Interiors surface should be smooth so that the flow is not obstructed which enables self cleansing.
• An assess door should be provided for cleaning the trap.
• It should be made of non- adsorbent material.
Classification of Traps
• Depending upon the shapes the traps are classified as:
• P-Trap
• Q-Trap
• S-Trap
• Above three types of traps are shown in thefollowing figures.
• The depth of a Trap Seal would depend upon theusage of a pipe. The trap seal varies from 25 to 75mm deep.
20
1. Faulty joints
2. Crack in the bottom of seal
3. Creation of partial vacuum in the sewer fittings
4. Increase in the pressure of sewer gases
5. Non-use for a prolonged period
1.
2.
Prevention:-
Connecting the portion between the soil pipe and trap
by a vent pipe .
Use of anti- siphonage pipe in the building
21
Causes of failure of water seal :-
Requirement of a good trap :-
1. It should possess a adequate water seal at all times .
2. It should be not absorbent material .
3. The internal and external surface should have smooth
finish so that dirt , etc. Does not stick to it .
4. It should be free from any inside projection , angles ,
contractions, so that flow is not obstructed.
5. It should be self cleansing .
6. It should be simple in construction , cheap and readily
available .
7. It should be provided with suitable access for cleaning.
Classification of traps :-
A. Classification according to shape :
1. P – trap :Below wash basin
2. Q – trap: in water closet
3. S – trap : in water closet
B. Classification based on use :
1. Floor trap or nahni trap:
A floor trap a commonly known as a nahni trap is used to
collect wash water from floor, kitchen and bathrooms . It forms the starting
point of waste water flow. It is generally made of cast iron .
Location: In the bathroom
2. Gully trap :
These are special type of traps which disconnect sullage drain
from the main drainage system . A well designed gully trap serve two or three
connections from the nahni trap .
Location: at the junction of house drain & public sewer line placed at external
face of wall.
3. Intercepting trap :
The intercepting trap is also known as disconnecting trap or
interceptor . It is provided at the junction of the house drain with the public sewer
or septic tank . It is thus provided in the last man hole of the house drainage
system.
Location: at the junction of house drain & public sewer line.
P, Q and S Traps
Q Trap S TrapPTrap
P, Q and S Traps
Nahni Trap
Gully Trap
Intercepting Traps
Advantage of Intercepting Traps
• Foul Gases of larger municipal sewers are
prevented from entering house drainage
system.
• Harmful pathogens are not entered in house
drains.
• Well designed and contructed interceptors can
quickly remove foul matter of house drain to
muncipal sewers.
BUILDING SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
• TWO-PIPE SYSTEM - INDPENDENT STACKS FOR SOIL AND WASTE WATER WITH ASP.
• ONE-PIPE SYSTEM- COMBINED STACK FOR SOIL AND WASTE WATER WITH ANTI SIPHONAGE PIPE.
• SINGLE STACK SYSTEM- COMBINED STACK FOR SOIL AND WASTE WATER WITH OUT ANTI SIPHONAGE PIPE.
• SINGLE STACK(PARTIALLY VENTILATED) SYSTEM- VIAMEDIA BETWEEN ONE PIPE AND SINGLE STACK. ONLYSOIL TRAPS ARE VENTILATED.
Two pipe system
TWO PIPE SYSTEMADVANTAGES
• ENSURE SEGREGATION OF FOUL SEWAGE FROM WASTE WATER.• NO DANAGER OF BACKFLOW OF SEWAGE IN WASTE FITTINGS INCASEOF
BLOCKAGE OF SOIL PIPE.• ENABLES USE OF WASTE WATER DIRECTLY FOR IRRIGATION/GARDENING.• SEPARATE WASTE WATER STACK PERMITS ARREST OF SOLIDS FROM KITCHEN IN
THE GULLY TRAP THUS PREVENTING THE FROM ENTERING SEWER. GULLY TRAPS NEEDS TO BE CLEANED PERIODICALLY.
DISADVANTAGES
• DIFFICULT TO INSTALL IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS WHERE STACKS TERMINATE IN SERVICE FLOOR OR IN THE CEILING OF THE BASEMENT.
• LONG HORIZONTAL RUNS TO REACH EXTERNAL WALLS /EXTERNAL SEWERS.• PROVISION OF GULLY TRAP DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT IN ABOVE SITUATION.• REQUIRE MORE SHAFT/DUCT SPACE.• CONGESTED SHAFT RESULTS IN DIFFICULT TO MAINTAIN SYSTEM.• USED IN INDIA AS MATTER OF CONVENTION AND CONSERVATIVE APPROACH RATHER
THAN AS A PRAGMATIC APPROACH.
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
ONE PIPE SYSTEM
ADVANTAGES.• LARGELY REPLACED TWO PIPE SYSTEM IN MOST DEVELOPED
COUNTRIES.• FAST BECOMING PREFERRED SYETEM IN OTHER PARTS OF THE
WORLD.• HIGH QUALITY PIPES,FITTINGS AND INSTALLATION
TECHNIQUES AVAILABLE THESE DAYS.• CONSTANT FLOW OFWATER ENSURES REDUCTION IN
BLOCKAGE PROBLEM.• ELIMINATED GULLY TRAPS. THUS PRECLUDES THE NEED TO
CLEAN THEM.• REQUIRE LESSER SHAFT/DUCT SPACE.• HIGHLY ECONOMICAL IN TERMS OF COST.• QUICK TO CONSTRUCT AND COMMISION.DISADVANTAGES.• DANGER OF BACK FLOW OF SEWAGE IN WASTE FITTINGS.
SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
CHOICE OF PLUMBING SYSTEM AS PER SP:35 (S&T)-1987
• TWO PIPE SYSTEM IS AGE OLD AND SAFE SYSTEM. ADVANTAGEOUS WHERE WASTE WATER IS RECYCLED FOR USE IN GARDENING ETC. NOT RELEVANT IN THE CASE OF JAYPEE GREENS.
• REASONING BEHIND THE SEGREGATION OF THE SOIL AND WASTE STACKS HAS BEEN TO PUT SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE IN THE FORM OF TRAPPED GULLY AGAINST PASSAGE OF SEWER AIR INTO THE BUILDING VIA WASTE FIXTURES.
• THIS WAS CONSIDERED A SERIOUS DEFECT SINCE THE FOUL AIR FROM WASTE PIPE INTO A BUILDING MAY BE AS OBJECTIONABLE AS FOUL AIR FROM SOIL PIPE. IT WAS CONSIDERED THAT THERE IS NO SECOND LINE OF DEFENCE AND SEPARATE PIPE FOR WASTE WATER IS NOT REQUIRED.
• ONE PIPE SYSTEM IS TO BE PREFERRED WHERE BUILING PROVIDES FOR SUITABLE GROUPING OF ALL SOIL AND WASTE APPLIANCES AND WHERE ALL TYPES OF WATERS ARE TAKEN TO A COMMON SEWER TO THE PLACE OF DISPOSAL OR TREATMENT.
• TRAP SEAL OF 40MM AND 50 MM FOR WASTE AND SOIL WATER RESPECTIVELYCONSIDERED SUFFICIENT SAFEGUARD.
CHOICE OF PLUMBING SYSTEM AS PER SP:35 (S&T)-1987
CONTD…. IN ADDITION FOLLOWING SAFEGUARDS ARE TO BE TAKEN:-
EACH WASTE PIPE CONNECTED ABOVE SOIL BRANCH TO COMMON STACK. ALL TRAPS SHALL BE VENTILATED BY LOOP VENTS BY A PIPE NOT LESS THAN 50MM
DIA.
MODERN TREND IS TO GO IN FOR PARTIALLY VENTILATED ONE PIPE OR SINGLE STACK SYSTEM.
IN HIGH RISE BUILDINGS, PARTIALLY VENTILATED ONE PIPE OR SINGLE STACK SYSTEM IS BEING USED WHERE VENT STACK IS CONNECTED TO THE DRAINAGE STACK OR THE SOIL APPLIANCES AT EACH OR ALTERNATE FLOOR. FOLLOWING SAFEGUARDS TO BE TAKEN IS SUCH A SYSTEM: VERTICAL DISTANCE BETWEEN WASTE BRANCH AND SOIL BRANCH SHALL NOT BE LESS
THAN 20 CM.
IF WB/SINK DIRECTLY CONNECTED TO MAIN STACK THEY SHALL HAVE 75MM MINWATER SEAL TRAP FOR BRANCH CONNECTION OF LESS THAN 75MM DIA OR 50 MMFOR BRANCH CONNECTION MORE THAN 75MM DIA.
Sewer and its types
• Sewer is a pipe or conduit carrying sewage. Sewers are usually not flow full (Gravity Flow). The full flowing sewers are called force main as the flow is under pressure.
Classification based on material used
1. Asbestos Cement (AC) Sewer
2. Brick Sewer
3. Cement Sewer
4. Cast iron (CT) Sewer
5. Steel Sewers
6. Plastic Sewers
1. Asbestos Cement (AC) Sewer
• Types of sewer like Asbestos Cement (AC) Sewers are manufactured from a mixture of cement and asbestos fiber.
Suitability
• Asbestos Cement (AC) Sewers are suitable for carrying domestic sanitary sewage.
• Asbestos cement sewer is best as vertical pipe for carrying sullage from upper floors of multistory buildings (in two pipe system of plumbing).
2. Brick Sewers
• These types of sewer (Brick Sewers) are made at site and usedfor construction large size sewer.
• Nowadays brick sewers are replaced by concrete sewer. Bricksewers my get deformed and leakage may take place. A lot oflabour work is required.
Suitability
Brick Sewers are very useful for construction of storm sewer or combined sewer.
3. Cement Concrete
• They may be cast in situ or precast, resistant to heavy loads, corrosion and high pressure. These are very heavy and difficult to transport.
• Suitability
Suitable for small storm drains. Not durable
4. Cast Iron sewers
• These types of sewer are High strength and durability water tight.
• Cast Iron sewers can withstand high internal pressure and can bear external load.
Suitability
• When the sewage is conveyed under high pressure
• When the sewer line is subject to heavy external load e.g. under railway line, foundation wall etc, below highways
• When there is considerable difference in temperature
5. steel sewers
• These types of sewer (steel sewers) are Impervious, light, resistant to high pressure, flexible.
suitable :
• When;The sewage is carried under pressure
• The sewage has to be carried across a river under water
• The sewer has to cross under a railway track
• They are generally used for outfall and trunk sewers
6.Plastic Sewer
• Nowadays PVC sewers are used for carrying sewage. Plastic sewers are resistant to corrosion.
• Such types of sewer are light in weight, smooth and can be bent easily. But these types of sewer (Plastic sewers) are having high co-efficient of thermal expansion and cannot be used in very hot areas.
System of sewarage
• Combined system
• Separate System
• Partially separate system
1.Combined systemDefinition : In combined system along with domestic sewage, the run-off resulting
from storms is carried through the same conduit of sewerage system.
Advantages
1. In an area where rainfall is spread throughout a year, there is no need of flushing ofsewers, as self cleansing velocity will be developed due to more quantity becauseof addition of storm water.
2. Only one set of pipe will be required for house plumbing.
3. In congested areas it is easy to lay only one pipe rather than two pipes as required in other systems.
Disadvantages
1.Not suitable for the area with small period of rainfall in a year, because dry weather,flow will be small due to which self cleansing velocity may not develop in sewers, resulting in silting.
2.Large flow is required to be treated at sewage treatment plant before disposal, hence resulting in higher capital and operating cost of the treatment plant.
3. When pumping is required this system is uneconomical.
4. During rains overflowing of sewers will spoil public hygiene.
2.Separate SystemDefinition : In separate system, separate conduits are used; one carrying sewage and
other carrying storm water run-off.
Advantages
1. As sewage flows in separate pipe, hence the quantity to be treated at sewage treatment plant is small, resulting in economy of treatment.
2. This system may be less costly as only sanitary sewage is transported in closed conduit and storm water can be collected and conveyed through open drains.
3. When pumping is required during disposal, this system is economical due to less flow.
Disadvantages
1.Self cleansing velocity may not developed at certain locations in sewers and hence
flushing of sewers may be required.
2.This system requires laying two sets of pipe, which may be difficult in congested area.
3.This system will require maintenance of two sets of pipelines and hencemaintenance cost is more.
3. Partially separate system
Definition : In this system part of the storm water especially collected from roofs and paved courtyards of the buildings is admitted in the same drain along with sewage from residences and institutions, etc. The storm ater from the other places is collected separately using separate storm water conduits.
Advantages
1.Economical and reasonable size sewers are required.
2. Work of house plumbing is reduced as rain water from roofs, sullage from bathrooms and kitchen, etc. are combined with discharge from water closets.
3. Flushing of sewers may not be required as small portion of storm water is allowedto enter in sanitary sewage.
Disadvantages
1.Increased cost of pumping as compared to separate system at treatment plants and
intermediate pumping station wherever required.
2. In dry weather self-cleansing velocity may not develop in the sewers.
Thank you
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
MANAGEMENT
NEW GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,PATNA-13
CIVIL ENGINEERING
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Industrial waste refers to the solid, liquid and
gaseous emissions, residual and unwanted wastes from
an industrial operation. Industrial wastes are
hazardous since they are corrosive, reactive, genitive
and toxic hence leading to extensive pollution.
Industrial waste can be reduced through recycling,
treatment before release and utilizing bio-friendly
methods of manufacturing.
WASTE MANAGEMENT
Waste Management is the collection, transport,processing or disposal, managing and monitoring of wastematerials. The term usually relates to materials producedby human activity, and the process is generally undertakento reduce their effect on health, the environment oraesthetics. Waste management is a distinct practice fromresource recovery which focuses on delaying the rate ofconsumption of natural resources. All waste materials,whether they are solid, liquid, gaseous or radioactive fallwithin the remit of waste management.
LANDFILL
Disposal of waste in a landfill involves burying the waste,and this remains a common practice in most countries. Landfillswere often established in abandoned or unused quarries, miningvoids or borrow pits. A properly designed and well-managedlandfill can be a hygienic and relatively inexpensive method ofdisposing of waste materials. Older, poorly designed or poorlymanaged landfills can create a number of adverse environmentalimpacts such as wind-blown litter, attraction of vermin, andgeneration of liquid leach ate. Another common product oflandfills is gas (mostly composed of methane and carbondioxide), which is produced as organic waste breaks down anaerobically. This gas can create odor problems, kill surfacevegetation, and is a greenhouse gas.
INCINERATION
Incineration is a disposal method in which solidorganic wastes are subjected to combustion so as toconvert them into residue and gaseous products. Thismethod is useful for disposal of residue of both solidwaste management and solid residue from waste watermanagement. This process reduces the volumes of solidwaste to 20 to 30 percent of the original volume.Incineration and other high temperature waste treatmentsystems are sometimes described as "thermal treatment".Incinerators convert waste materials into heat, gas, steamand ash.
RECYCLING
Recycling is a resource recovery practice that refersto the collection and reuse of waste materials such asempty beverage containers. The materials from which theitems are made can be reprocessed into new products.Material for recycling may be collected separately fromgeneral waste using dedicated bins and collectionvehicles are sorted directly from mixed waste streams andare known as kerb-side recycling, it requires the owner ofthe waste to separate it into various different bins(typically wheelie bins) prior to its collection.
SUSTAINABILITY
The management of waste is a key component in a business'
ability to maintaining ISO14001 accreditation. Companies are
encouraged to improve their environmental efficiencies each year by
eliminating waste through resource recovery practices, which are
sustainability-related activities. One way to do this is by shifting away
from waste management to resource recovery practices like recycling
materials such as glass, food scraps, paper and cardboard, plastic bottles
and metal.
BIOLOGICAL REPROCESSING
Recoverable materials that are organic in nature,such as plant material, food scraps, and paper products,can be recovered through composting and digestionprocesses to decompose the organic matter. The resultingorganic material is then recycled as mulch or compost foragricultural or landscaping purposes. In addition, wastegas from the process (such as methane) can be capturedand used for generating electricity and heat(CHP/cogeneration) maximizing efficiencies. Theintention of biological processing in waste management isto control and accelerate the natural process ofdecomposition of organic matter. (See resource recovery).
RESOURCE RECOVERY
Resource recovery (as opposed to waste
management) uses LCA (life cycle analysis) attempts
to offer alternatives to waste management. For mixed
MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) a number of broad
studies have indicated that administration, source
separation and collection followed by reuse and
recycling of the non-organic fraction and energy and
compost/fertilizer production of the organic material
via anaerobic digestion to be the favored path.
AVOIDANCE AND REDUCTION
METHOD
An important method of waste management is theprevention of waste material being created, also known aswaste reduction. Methods of avoidance include reuse ofsecond-hand products, repairing broken items instead ofbuying new, designing products to be refillable orreusable (such as cotton instead of plastic shopping bags),encouraging consumers to avoid using disposableproducts (such as disposable cutlery), removing anyfood/liquid remains from cans, packaging, ... anddesigning products that use less material to achieve thesame purpose (for example, light weighting of beveragecans)
THANK YOU
NEW GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,PATNA-13
CIVIL ENGINEERING
Environmental pollution
Content Definition of pollution
Types of pollution
Air pollution
Water pollution
Land pollution
Noise pollution
Radio activepollution
Conclusion
Definition of pollution Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a
natural environment that causesinstability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem .
Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy such as noise, heat or light.
Air pollution : Definition
Air pollution is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter, or biological materials that cause harm or discomfort to humans or other living organisms, or damages the natural environment into the atmosphere.
- Industries.
-Automobiles and Domestic fuels
-Fire
-High Proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide and carbon monoxide
Air pollution : Causes
Human health
Animals
Plants
The atmosphere as a whole
Acid rain
Air pollution : Effects
How to prevent air pollution ?
Carpool
Walk or ride a bicycle
Connect your outdoor lights to a timer or use solar lighting.
Wash clothes with warmor cold water instead ofhot.
Plant trees etc…….
Water pollution is thecontamination of water bodies(e.g.lakes, rivers, oceans, aquifersand groundwater).
pollutants are directlyWater pollution occurs when
orindirectly discharged intowater bodies without adequatetreatment to remove harmfulcompounds
Water pollution : Definition
Marine Dumping
Industrial Waste
Sewage, mainly from households
Nuclear waste
Oil pollution
Underground storage leaks
Water pollution : Causes
Diseases like Cholera
Malaria
Typhoid (spread during the rainy season )
Aquatic life gets destroyed
Water pollution : Effects
Turn off running water
Fertilize correctly
Organize or participate in a clean up
Join a special society devoted to the prevention of water pollution
Water pollution : Solutions
Noise pollution isdispleasing human, animal ormachine-created soundthat disrupts theactivity or balance of human or animal life.
Noise pollution : Definition
Traffic Noise
Air craft Noise
Noise from construction and civil engineering works.
Noise from the Industries.
Noise from other sources.
Noise pollution : Causes
Hearing Loss
High Blood Pressure
Stress
Sleep Disturbance
Colour Blindness
Noise pollution : Effects
How to prevent noise pollution The government should
ensure the newmachines are noise proof.
Airports should beaway from residential areas.
‘No horn’ boardsshould be put on/near school areas.
We should talk lessand work more.
LAND POLLUTIONLand pollution is the
destruction of Earth's land surfaces through misuse of land resources by human activities. Polluted land has deposits of liquid and solid waste such asrubbish, garbage, paper, glas s and plastic objects.
Accidental Spills
Industrial Accidents
Landfill and illegal dumping
Agricultural practices
Mining and other industries
Oil and fuel dumping
Buried wastes
Drainage of contaminated surface water into the soil
Electronic waste
Land pollution : Causes
Land pollution : EffectsContaminated lands and environmentscan:
Cause problems in the human respiratorysystem.
Cause problems on theskin.
Cause various kinds ofcancers.
The toxic materials that pollute the soil can get into the human body directlyby:
into contact with theskin.
washed into water sources like reservoirs and rivers.
Eating fruits and vegetables that have been grown in polluted soil.
Breathing in polluted dust orparticles.
How to prevent land pollution
More and more land should be brought under farming.
Trees should be planted everywhere.
Waste matter should be disposed immediately
Avoid drilling lands for underground water.
Avoid using fertilizer and pesticides for farming.
Radio Active Pollution : Definition
Despite the Advantage of nuclear as a clean energy, the big concern is the resulted from nuclear reaction, which isa form of pollution called Radioactivity.
Radiation (Laser-Rays) will from Radio Active Pollution.
Radio Active Pollution : Causes
Nuclear power plants(Ex:Neyveli,Kalpakkam)
Nuclear Weapon(Ex:Missiles)
Disposal of NuclearWaste
Uranium Mining
Radio Active Pollution : EffectsThe Diseases includeblood
in cough
Ulcer
Swelling of bone joints
Cancer
Lung Cancer
Skin Cancer
Bone Cancer
Eye Problems
How to Prevent of Radio Active
Pollution
Avoid Constructing Nuclear Power Plants
Avoid Using Nuclear Weapon
Have Proper Treatment for Nuclear Waste
Avoid mining for Uranium to a minimal
NEW GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,PATNA-13CIVIL ENGINEERING
Solid waste management
3
The term ‘waste’ has a different meaning for different
people. In general, Waste is any form of liquid, semi-liquid,
solid, or gaseous material which no longer serves the
purpose for which it was originally intended.
Solid wastes are all the wastes arising from human and
animal activities that are normally solid and are discarded
as useless or unwanted.
However, ‘unwanted’ is subjective, as it could be of value
for another person under different circumstances or even
in a different culture.
From the days of primitive society, humans and animals
have used the resources of the earth to support life anddispose of wastes.
Disposal is any operation which may lead to resourcerecovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternativeuses.
In early times, the disposal of human and other wastes did
not pose a significant problem, because the population was
small and the amount of land available for the assimilation
of wastes was large.
Problems with the disposal of wastes can be traced from
the time when humans first began to congregate in tribes,
villages, and communities and the accumulation of wastes
became a consequence of life.
3
Factors That Contribute To the Solid Waste Problem
4
Rapid UrbanizationoUrban development
oNew township development
oDevelopment of housing estate
oIndustrial
Changing Lifestyle oStandard of living
oBuying power
Consumption Patterns
o Eating habits
o Buying power
Factors That Contribute To the Solid Waste Problem…
Inadequate Government Policy
• oLeak of enforcement
• oDifferent methodologyused oNo comprehensive lawsand regulations
• oLeak of Disposal area
Spiraling Population Growth Rate
• oPopulation Growth rate oInternal migration of population oExternal migration of population
Public Indifference
• People don’t care
• People believe that it’s government
sole responsibility
• Propensity of the people to generate
waste and just throw it anywhere
• Lack of appreciation of the
importance of waste
avoidance/reduction, segregation
and composting
• Inefficient collection of garbage
• Non-operation of a good disposal
facility
5
7
Solid waste today contains many materials such as
plastics that are not readily degradable and toxic
materials, primarily various types of chemical waste
produced by industry.
Similarly, the amount of hazardous waste generated has
been undergoing dramatic change. In addition, industries
increase their annual discharges of toxic chemicals
directly into the environment.
The problem became larger with more people generating
more and a variety of waste (chemical, liquid, solid,
nuclear, and hazardous).
Thus, a variety of methods must be used to manage thewaste.
8
Consumption
increasing in
is greatly
developing
nations- Rising standard of
living, more packaging,
poor-quality goods.
Wealthy consumers often
discard items that can still
be used.
Poor people support
themselves by selling items
they scavenge from dumps.
When solid wastes are disposed off on land in open dumps
or in improperly designed landfills (e.g. in low lying areas),
it causes the following impact on the environment.
Ground water contamination by the leachate generated by the waste dump
Surface water contamination by the run-off from the waste dump.
They produce a good breeding place for flies, hence create a favorable
conditions for food contamination by flies and other fly-borne diseases.
Provide food and shelter for rats and mice, which are destroyers and
contaminants of food and other goods.
8
Under certain conditions, may create suitable breeding place for
mosquitoes. Subsequently bring in the problem of mosquito-borne
diseases, (e.g. malaria, filariasis, etc)
May cause nuisances- which create aesthetic problem, (e.g. looks
unpleasant and has bad smell, etc.)
May attract dogs, cats and other scavengers.
May cause fire hazards by instantaneous combustion
In low-income countries, most of the
collected municipal solid waste is
dumped on land in a more or less
uncontrolled manner.
Such inadequate waste disposalpractices create serious environmental
problems affecting not only the health
of humans and animals, but also giving
rise to serious economic and other
welfare losses.
In cities of developing countries, the
urban poor suffer most from the life-
threatening conditions of deficientSolid Waste Management.
Polluted open sewer
9
Open street site dump
11
Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline
associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer
and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner
that is in accordance with the best principles of public health,
economics, engineering, conservations , and that is also responsive
to public attitudes.
Integrated solid waste management (ISWM) is the term applied to
all of the activities associated with the management of the
community’s waste.
It is the selection and application of suitable techniques,
technologies and management programs to achieve specific
waste management objective and goals
The basic goal of ISWM is to manage community waste in a
manner that meets public health and environmental concerns andthe public’s desire to reuse and recycle waste material.
Integrated Solid Waste Management (ISWM)11
The identification of waste management as integral to
sustainable urban development is increasingly recognized by
the international aid and development community.
The United Nations Conference on Environment and
Development stressed that ‘...solid waste production should be
minimized, reuse and recycling, maximized, environmentally
sound waste disposal and treatment promoted and waste
service coverage extended .’
Environmentally sound and resource efficient approaches to
the problem of growing solid waste quantities, and considers
waste management as a crucial component of human policies
and programs.
12
In Ethiopia, particularly in Addis Ababa, an agency is responsible
for the collection and disposal of solid wastes for the city of Addis
Ababa.
The estimated solid waste generation of an Addis Ababa resident
was about 0.24 kilogram per capita per day and a total of 163,200
tons per annum.
The existing collection capacity covered less than 50 percent of
the total wastes generated. The remaining wastes were dumped
along the streets, on vacant plots, along streams, in ditches,
bridges, etc.
Solid waste management services in other urban centers of
Ethiopia is the responsibilities of municipalities and urban
centers.
Most of them have no institutional set up and resources for
discharging their duties effectively. This is aggravated by the low
priority usually accorded to sanitation activities.13
What is sustainability in relation to waste management?
14
Sustainability
management
implies
system,
looking at the whole waste
including waste prevention and
resource recovery and searching for a system that best suits
the society, economy and environment in question.
Institutional issues
• Need for policy changes (e.g. legislation) in order to improve
effective and efficient solid waste management.
• Need to set up functional structures at the grassroots level to
work with communities and institutions
• Need to try to link the formal and informal solid waste
management sector through waste collection schemes.
What is sustainability …..?
15
Technical issues• Need to focus more on recycling and resource recovery as a
common practice
• Need to focus on environmental impacts (e.g. surface and ground
water) of solid waste around dump sites
• Need for proper management of hospital and hazardous waste
• Need for relevant training and equipment for hospital waste
handlers
Social issues
• Need to work with informal waste actors such as scavengersat
dump sites
• Need for health education so as to create awareness regarding
solid waste management
What is sustainability …..?
16
It is necessary to establish
integrated
systems
and sustainable
of solid waste
management that meet the
needs of the entire urban
population, including the poor.
The essential condition of
sustainability implies that waste
management systems must beabsorbed
society
and carried by
and its
communities.
the
local National and local factors influencing the
core concepts of the waste management in
which solid waste elements diminish in
priority from top to bottom.
In its scope, solid
17
waste management includes all
administrative, financial, legal, planning, and engineering
functions involved in solution to all problems of solid wastes.
Many people feel that solid waste management is a simple
affair - simply putting waste into a vehicle and unloading it at
a dump.
If this were true, then why do so many towns suffer from
uncollected refuse blocking streets and drains, harboring flies
and rats, and degrading urban environments?
The preparation and management of a good solid waste
management system needs inputs from a range of
disciplines, and careful consideration of local conditions.
20
The main goal of solid waste management are:
1. To protect the health of the urban population, particularly
that of low-income groups who suffer most from poor
waste management.2. To promote environmental conditions by controlling
pollution (including water, air, soil, and cross-media
pollution) and to ensure the sustainability of ecosystems
in the urban region.
3. To support urban economic development by providing the
required waste management services and guaranteeing
the efficient use and conservation of valuable materials
and resources.
4. To generate employment and income.
Key to integrated solid waste management is the
development of a waste management hierarchy, integrating
widespread elements of national and regional policy.
The hierarchy classifies waste management operations
according to their environmental or energy benefits:
1.Prevent the production of waste or reduce the amount generated.
2.Reduce toxicity or negative impacts of the waste generated.
3.Reuse the materials recovered from the waste stream in their current
forms.
4.Recycle, compost or recover materials for use as direct or indirect inputs
for new products.
5.Recover energy by incineration, anaerobic digestion or similar processes.
6.Reduce the volume of waste prior to disposal.
7.Dispose of residual solid waste in an environmentally sound manner,
generally in landfills.
19
The sources of solid wastes are dependent on
1. The socio- economic and
2. Technological levels of a society
A small rural community may have known types of
solid wastes from known sources (i.e. the wastes are
more homogenous).
Wastes from industrial and mining areas are also
more homogenous.
Urban communities (metropolitan cities) have many
sources (The wastes are more heterogeneous).
20
Five main categories of solid waste :
1. Municipal Solid Waste :waste from the household, commercial wasteand institutional waste.
2. Agriculture waste : Wastes and residues resulting from diverseagricultural activities include plant residue and animal waste. Foodprocessing waste is consider as agriculture waste.
21
that pose a
3. Industrial waste :comprises waste from industrial processes
4. Hazardous waste: Wastes or combination of wastes substantial presence or potential hazard to human.
5. Medical waste: includes hazardous (clinical waste) and non-hazardous waste.
• Clinical wastes are any waste consist human tissue, blood or other body fluids, excretion include infectious waste.
24
Sources of solid wastes in a community are:
1.Residential: generated from livinghouseholds/ domestic, generallycontain non-hazardous solid wastes;kitchen waste, and ash
2. Agricultural: solid wastes due toagricultural activities such as foodresidues, animal dung, cropresidues, etc. Such wastes areusually non-hazardous.
business establishments Such3.Commercial: wastes generated from
foodestablishments, shops, etc, that generategenerally non-hazardous waste such aspaper, cardboard, wood, metals andplastic.
4. Industrial wastes: from various types ofindustrial processes. The nature of thewaste depends on the type of industry andkind of raw material involved. There maybe toxic and hazardous wastes that haveadverse effects to the environment.
5. Institutional solid waste: generating from public and governmentinstitutions: offices, religious institutes, schools, universities, etc.generally not hazardous.
6. Hospital solid wastes: discarded, unwanted solid wastes from hospitals.It consists of both non-hazardous and hazardous waste.
7. Construction and Demolition Wastes
8. Municipal Services waste
9. Treatment Plant Sites waste23
Source locations where wastes are
generated
Types of solid wastes
Residential Single and multifamily dwellings Food wastes, paper, cardboard,
plastics, textiles, leather, yard
wastes, wood, glass, metals, ashes,
special wastes (e.g., bulky items,
consumer electronics, goods,
batteries, oil, tires), and household
hazardous wastes
Industrial Light and heavy
manufacturing, fabrication,
construction sites, power and
chemical plants
Industrial process waste, scrap
materials, etc. Non - industrial
waste including food wastes,
construction and demolition
wastes, rubbish, ashes , hazardous
wastes, ashes, special wastes
Sources and Types of Solid Wastes within a Community
24
Source locations where wastes are
generated
Types of solid wastes
Commercial Stores, hotels, restaurants,
markets, office buildings, etc.
Paper, cardboard, plastics,
wood, food wastes, glass,
metals, special wastes,
hazardous wastes
Institutional Schools, hospitals, prisons,
government centers
Same as commercial
Construction and
Demolition
New construction sites, road
repair, renovation sites,
demolition of buildings,
broken pavement
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt,
etc.
Sources and Types of Solid Wastes within a Community
(Cont’d)
25
Sources and Types of Solid Wastes within a Community
(Cont’d)
26
Source Typical facilities, activities, locations where wastes are generated
Types of solid wastes
Municipal Services (including treatment facilities)
Street cleaning, landscaping, parks, beaches, other recreational areas, water and wastewater treatment plants
Street sweepings; landscape and tree trimmings; general wastes from parks, beaches, and other recreational areas; sludge
Agricultural Field and row crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farms, etc.
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish, hazardous waste. (e.g. pesticides, herbicides)
Definition of some types of solid wastes
RefIt is a general name given to all wastes except liquid waste. It includes:
a. Putrescible / Bio-degradable: can be decomposed rapidly by bacteria. Example: paper, wood, fruits and others.
b.Non- putrescible / Non-biodegradable: cannot be decomposed wastes. Example: plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, Styrofoam containers and others.
Garbage: designates putrescible wastes resulting from the growing, handling, preparation, cooking, and serving of food. It attracts insects, rats and rapidly decomposes with production of unpleasant odor. Example: Vegetables, fruits, bones, bread, injera etc.
29
Definition of some types of solid wastes…
Special wastes: are wastes from residential and commercialsources that includes.
- Bulky items (large worn out or broken household, commercial,and industrial items like, Furniture, lamps, bookcases, filingcabinets, etc.)
- Consumer electronics (includes worn-out, broken, and otherno- longer wanted items such as radios, stereos, TV sets.
- White goods (large worn – out a broken household,commercial, and industrial appliances such as stoves,refrigerators, dishwashers, clothes washers and dryers)
Organic waste: Food waste, paper, cardboard, plastics, textiles, rubber, leather, wood, yard wastes.
Inorganic waste: Glass, crockery (cups, plates, etc) tin cans, aluminum, and other metals.
Dead bodies: dead animals like dogs ,cows, donkey etc.31
32
Composition is the term used to describe the individual
components that make up a solid waste stream and their relative
distribution , usually by percent by weight.
Information on the composition of solid wastes is important in
evaluating
1. equipment needs,
2. systems required and
3. manage program and plans.
The residential and commercial portion makes up about 50 to
75 percent of total Solid waste generated in a community. The
actual percentage distribution will depends on:
1. The extent of construction and demolition activities
2. The extent of the municipal services provided
3. The types of water and wastewater treatment process that
are used
33
ComponentPercent by Weight Moisture percent
Range Typical Range Typical
Organic
Food wastes 6 – 26 15 50 – 80 70
Paper 25 – 45 40 4 – 10 6
Cardboard 3 – 15 4 4 – 8 5
Plastics 2 – 8 3 1 – 4 2
Textiles 0 – 4 2 6 – 15 10
Rubber 0 – 2 0.5 1 – 4 2
Leather 0 – 2 0.5 8 – 12 10
Yard wastes 0 – 20 12 30 – 80 60
Wood 1 – 4 2 15 – 40 20
Misc. organics
In-organics
Glass 4 – 16 8 1 – 4 2
Tin cans 2 – 8 6 2 – 4 3
Aluminum 0 – 1 1 2 – 4 2
Other metal 1 – 4 2 2 – 6 3
Dirt, ash etc 0 – 10 4 6 – 12 8
The percentage distribution values for the components in Solid waste vary with
1. Location
2. Season
3. economic conditions
4. population
5. Social behavior
6. Climate
7. Market for waste materials
8. Other factor
31
A. Physical composition of solid wastes
Knowing the characteristics the physical component of a community solid waste is important for the following purposes:
- for the selection and operation of equipment and facilities
- to assess the possibility for resource of energy recovery
- to design and analyze disposal facilities
Ways for physical composition Analysis
Individual component study
- Analyze the components of municipal solid waste by type
- Sorting and separation of each and every component is necessary
- Samples each of the heterogeneous refuse of municipal solid waste
- Should be representative (at all seasons of the year)
- Statistical produces (representativeness and randomization)
32
The individual component study involves to achieve the present composition of solid waste by volume and by weight.
Moisture content
Moisture content is determined as follows:
The sample is weighed as received (“wet weight”) and then allowed tostand until it is air-dried, i. e. until its moisture content is equal tothat of the ambient air.
The moisture content is then obtained by the following formula:
Mc = Ww – Wd × 100
Ww
where: Mc = moisture content (in %)
Ww = wet weight of sample
Wd = dry weight of sample
33
B. Chemical composition
Information on the chemical composition of solid wastes isimportant in evaluating alternative processing and recoveryoptions. These studies include the assessment of moisturecontent, volatility, ash content, etc.
The moisture content of municipal solid wastes variesdepending on composition of the waste, the season of theyear, humidity and weather condition.
For example, the feasibility of combustion depends on thechemical composition of solid waste.
C. Biological properties
The most important biological characteristic of the organicfraction of municipal solid waste is that almost all of theorganic components can be converted biologically to gasesand relatively inert organic and inorganic solids.
34
Various estimates have been made on the quantity of solidwaste generated and collected per person per day. Theamount of municipal solid waste collected is estimated tobe2.7 kg/capita/day, of which about 0.6 kg is residential.
Averages are subject to adjustment depending on manyfactors: time of the year; habits, education, and economicstatus of the people; number and type of commercialindustrial operations; whether urban or rural area; andlocation.
Each community should be studied and actual weighingmade to obtain representative information for designpurposes. Community wastes are not expected to exceed1000 kg/capita/year.
35
With the emphasis being placed on source reduction suchas less packaging, waste recovery and recycling such asof paper, metals, cans, and glass, the amount of solidwaste requiring disposal is reduced.
36
The volume occupied by solid waste under certain conditions determines1. the number and size or type of refuse containers,
2. collection vehicles, and
3. transfer stations.
Transportation systems and land requirements fordisposal are also affected.
Determination of Solid Wastes in the Field
Because the heterogeneous nature of solid wastes, determination of thecomposition is not an easy task. More generalized field procedures basedon common sense and random sampling technique have evolvedfor determining composition
The procedure for residential Solid Wastes can be: The load is first quartered One part is then selected for additional quartering unit a sample size
of about 200 lb is obtained It is important to maintain the integrity of each selected quarter
regardless of the odor or physical decay make sure that all the components are measured
The field procedure for component identification for commercial andindustrial waste involves the analysis of representative waste samplestaken directly from the source, not from a mixed waste load in acollection vehicle. Due to the fact that these wastes are so variable.
1.4 Quantities and Volume of Solid Waste…
37
Some of material that can be recovered from solid wastes are:Aluminum, Paper, Plastics, Glass, Ferrous Metals (Iron and Steel),Nonferrous waste, Yard waste collected separately, Constructionand demolition wastes.
Recycling is the best way to solve solid waste managementproblem. This process exists in all cities . However, the recyclingsystem differs from developing countries and developedcountries.
Developed countries have well organized source separation andrecycling system while in the developing countries the system ofrecycling is not effective because it is still in the hands of informalsectors.
1.4 Quantities and Volume of Solid Waste…
38
Developing Countries Have Recycling System Starting FromCurbside Collection System. Separate Colored Collections Binsare Provided to Deposit Separate Waste Material
1.4 Quantities and Volume of Solid Waste…
39
These Sorting Facilities are Well Organized and Materials are Separated for Further Processing
1.4 Quantities and Volume of Solid Waste…
40
Separation of Recyclable and Placing Separately
1.4 Quantities and Volume of Solid Waste…
41
These Scavengers Collect the Recyclables and Separate in their Own Premises
1.4 Quantities and Volume of Solid Waste…
42
Recyclables Collected from Scavengers are Deposited in OnePlace
1.4 Quantities and Volume of Solid Waste…
43
In terms of solid waste management planning, knowledge offuture trends in the composition of solid waste and quantities areof great importance.
Food Waste The quantity of residential food waste collected has changed
significantly over the years as a result of technical advancesand change in public attitude.
Two technological advances that have had a significant effectare the development of the food processing and packagingindustry and the use of kitchen food waste grinders.
The percentage of food waste, by weight, has decreased fromabout 14 percent in the early 1960s to about 9 percent in 1992.
44
48
Paper andCardboard The percentage of paper and cardboard found in MSW has
increased greatly over the past half century , rising from about 20percent in the early 1940s to about 40 percent in 1992 .
It is expected that use of paper and cardboard will remain stable forthe next few year.
YardWastes The percentage of yard waste has also increased significantly, due
primarily to passage of laws that prohibit burning of yard wastes.
By weight, yard waste currently accounts for about 16 to 24 percentof the waste stream.
Environmental conditions such as droughts have also affected thequantities of yard wastes collected in certain locations
49
Plastics The percentage of plastics in solid waste has increased
significantly during the past 50 years
The use of plastics has increased from almost non-measurable quantities in the early 1940s to between 7 and8 percent, by weight, in 1992.
It is anticipated the use of plastic will continue to increase,but at a slower rate than during the past 25 years.
50
The proper storage at the point of generation, collection and
disposal of the solid waste is part of the environmental health
service program, which must be accomplished effectively in a
community.
The public health and ecological reasons for proper management of
solid wastes are:
an attractive media for the growth and multiplication of flies, and
hence, may involve all diseases which are transmitted by flies,
(e.g. typhoid fever, cholera, dysenteries. etc);
a suitable breeding place for mosquitoes, subsequently bringing
the problem of mosquito-born diseases;
a good harborage for rats, which can be an economic as well as
health problem;
from aesthetic point of view , such as bad odor , unsightly
conditions etc;
pollution and contamination of air , land and water;
possible fire hazards by instantaneous combustion
48
49
thank
NEW GOVT.POLYTECHNIC,PATNA-13
CIVIL DEPT.
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
CONTENTS
•INTRODUCTION
•COMPONENTS
•WATER SANITATION
•FOOD SANITATION
•AIR SANITATION
•GOVT. INITIATIVES
•CONCLUSION
ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION
It means the art and science of
applying sanitary, Biological,
Chemical and Physical science
principles and knowledge to
improve and control
environment and factor therein
for protection of the health and
welfare of the public.
COMPONENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL
SANITATION
• WATER SANITATION
• FOOD SANITATION
• AIR SANITATION
WATER SANITATION
• Water, Sanitation and Hygiene, or WASH, are issues that affect the health and wellbeing of every person in the world. Everyone needs clean water to drink. The quality of water, sanitation and hygiene in a person’s life is directly correlated to poverty, as it is usually joined by lack of education, lack of opportunity and gender inequality.
Problems-• The bacterial infection Trachoma
generally comes from contaminated water and is a leading cause of blindness in the world.
• Cholera, Typhoid and Dysentery.
FOOD SANITATIONFood Sanitation is protection from contamination.it includes all practice involved in protecting food from risk harmful bacteria and poisions and destroying any harmful bacteria in food by through cooking or processing. Because all bacteria exist in a vegetative stage.
AIR SANITATION
The system of removing the impurities present in air inside buildings to protect people from infections. Sanitation of air is essential in enclosed places like hospital wards, operation theatres and burns unit to prevent infection.
GOVT. INITIATIVES FOR SANITATION
• National Urban Sanitation Policy
• Central Rural Sanitation Program
• Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan and Total Sanitation Compaign
• Nirmal Gram Puraskar
NATIONAL URBAN SANITATION POLICY
“All Indian cities and towns become totally sanitized, healthy and livable and ensure and sustain good public
health and environmental outcomes for all their citizens with a special focus on
hygienic and affordable sanitation facilities for the urban poor and
women”.(2008)
CENTRAL RURAL SANITATION PROGRAM
• Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) was launched in 1986 primarily with the objective of improving the quality of life of the rural people and also to provide privacy and dignity to women.
NIRMAL BHARAT ABHIYAN
• The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was initiated in the year 1999 by the then government. The Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan was also known as the Total Sanitation Campaign. The prime focus of the scheme was to improve the sanitation conditions in the rural regions of the county.
CONCLUSION
Environmental sanitation strongly depends on soc environmental sanitation can act on reducing exposure to infectious agents by limiting contact to wastes or polluted media, and by changing hygiene and socio-cultural practices.ial and cultural practices and beliefs.
THANK YOU!
NEW GOVT. POLYTECHNIC,PATNA-13
PLUMBING
The word “plumbing” comes from the Latin word plumbum for lead, as
pipes were once made from lead.
Plumbing is the system of pipes, drains, fittings, valves, valve assemblies, and devices installed in a building for the distribution of water for drinking, heating and washing, and theremoval of waterborne wastes, and the skilled trade of working with pipes, tubing and plumbing fixtures in suchsystems.
"Plumbing" is often denotes the supply and wastesystem of an individual building, distinguishing itfrom water supply and sewage systems that serve agroup of buildings
COMPONENTS PIPES
- PEX
- Copper piping
- PVC
- Galvanized pipe
- Brass
- Cast Iron piping
- Cement pipe
PIPE FITTINGS
- Coupling
- Reducer
- Valves
- Elbow
- Unions
- Tee
- Cross
- Cap
- barb
PIPES
A hollow cylinder following certain dimension rules.
Various types of pipes are describedbelow:
PEX
Flexible plastic piping.
Popular selection in residential and smallbusiness applications.
Slightly higher initialcost.
Minimum maintenance and fast installation process.
Leak free product offering advantages overcopper piping.
Cannot be used in outdoorapplication as UV rays can damage its outdoor plasticlayer.
Diameters of the following pipes shown below:
COPPER PIPING
Copper piping is most often used for supply of hotand cold tap water, and as refrigerant line in HVACsystems(heating, ventilation, and airconditioning).
There are two basic types of copper tubing :
1. Soft copper
2. Rigid copper
Soft copper pipe
Soft (or ductile) copper tubing can be bent easily to travel around obstacles in the path of the tubing. While the work hardening of the drawing process used to size the tubing makes the copper hard/rigid, it is carefully annealed to make it soft again; it is
therefore more expensive to produce than non-annealed, rigid coppertubing.
Most popular choice for refrigerant lines in split-system air conditioners and heatpumps.
Rigid copper
Rigid copper is a popular choice for water lines.
It is joined using a sweat, roll grooved,compression or crimped/pressed connection.
Rigid copper, rigid due to the work hardening of the drawing process, cannot be bent and must use elbow fittings to goaround corners or around obstacles.
If heated and allowed to slowly cool in a processcalled annealing, rigid copper will become soft and can be bent/formed withoutcracking.
PVC
PVC full name is Poly Vinyl Chloride.
Used for hot and cold potable water as well with sewage application.
Vary on their thickness and configuration depending on the application where to be used.
Example : pressure water pipes are not the same as sewer pipes and not the same as the ones used on storm drainagesystems.
Pvc (hotwater) Pvc (cold water)
GALVANIZED PIPING Used several yearsago.
Less frequent used now as rust can build up inside small diameterpipes.
If pipe is old, water coming from the faucetwith rust traces can beseen.
Can be used to transport grey water or non-potable water.
Use for high temperatureor pressure manufacturing processes.
Use in the petroleum industries.
BRASS Brass is an alloy made of copper and zinc.
The proportions of zinc and coppercan be varied to create a range of brasses with varying properties.
Provide great rust resistancepiping.
Made of 67% to 85% of copper.
Excellent for hot-water and large distribution systems such as pump fittings, water tanks and wells.
Generally comes in 12 foot straightlengths.
PIPE FITTINGS
Fitting is used in pipe plumbing systems toconnect straight pipe or tubing sections, to adapt to different
sizes or shapes, and for other purposes, such as regulating or measuring fluid flow.
Various common fittings are described below:
PIPE FITTINGS ELEMENTS
COUPLING A coupling connects two pipes to each other. If the
size of the pipe is not the same, the fitting may be called a reducing couple or reducer, or an adapter.
REDUCER A reducer allows for a change in pipe size to meet
hydraulic flow requirements of the systems, or toadapt to existing piping of a different size.
Reducers are usually concentric but eccentric reducers are used when required to maintain the same top-or-bottom of pipe level.
ELBOW
Installed between two lengths of pipe or tubing toallow a change of direction, usually a 90 degree or45 degree.
When its two ends differ in size, the fitting iscalled reducing elbow.
Types of elbows :
Long Radius (LR) Elbows – Radius is 1.5 timesthe pipe diameter.
Short Radius (SR) Elbows – Radius is 1.0 timesthe pipe diameter.
90 degree Elbow – Where change indirection required is 90 degree.
45 degree Elbow – Where change indirection required is 45 degree.
90 degree Elbow
Also called “90 bend” or“quarter bend”.
Attaches readily to plastic,copper, cast iron, steel andlead.
Available in materials like silicone, rubbercompounds, galvanized steel, etc
It connects hoses to valves,water pressure pumps anddeck drains.
45 degree Elbow
Also called “45 bend”.
Commonly used in water supply facilities, food industrial pipeline networks, chemical industrial pipeline networks, electronic industrial pipeline networks, air conditioning facility pipeline, etc.
UNIONS A union is similar to a coupling, except it is designed
to allow quick and convenient disconnection of pipesfor maintenance or fixturereplacement.
Standard union pipe is made in three parts consistingof a nut, a female end, and a male end.
When the female and male ends are joined, the nuts then provide the necessary pressure to seal the joint
Since the mating ends of union are interchangeable, changing of a valve or other device can be achieved with a minimum loss of time
In addition to standard, simple unions, other types of unions exist:
Dielectric unions :
Unions with dielectric insulation, used to separate dissimilar metals (such as copper and galvanized steel) to avoid he damaging effects of galvanic corrosion.
Rotary unions :
Unions that allow for rotation of one of the united parts.
TEE Available with all female thread sockets, all solvents
weld sockets, or with opposed solvent weld sockets and a side outlet with female threads.
used to either combine or split a fluid flow.
T-shaped having two outlets at 90 degree to the connection to the mainline.
Used for connecting pipe of different diameters or for changing the direction of piperuns.
Extensively used in pipeline networks totransporttwo-phase fluid mixtures.
CROSS
Also called four wayfittings.
If a branch line passes completely through a tee, the fitting becomes across.
It has one inlet and three outlet or vice versa.
They often have solvent welded sockets end or female threaded ends.
Common in fire sprinkler system due to theirextra cost.
CAP
A cap is used like plug, except that the pipe cap screws or attaches on the male thread of a pipe.
They may have a solvent weld socketend or a female threaded end and the other end closed off.
In plumbing systems that use threads, the cap have female threads.
If a solvent weld cap is used to provide for a future connection point, several inches of pipe must be left before the cap because when the cap is cut off for the future connection, enough pipe must remain to allow a new fitting to beglued onto it.
BARB
Used to connect flexiblehoses to pipe.
It has a male threaded end used to mate with the female thread.
The other end of the fitting has either a single or multiple barbed tube having a tapered stub with ridges, which is inserted into the flexible hose to secure it.
It can be made of plastic orbrass.
Brass barb is used for hot water application whileplastic barb is used forcold.
The barb can be either elbow shaped or straight.
NIPPLE In plumbing and piping, a nipple is a fitting,
consisting of a short piece of pipe, usually provided with a male pipe thread at each end, for connecting two other fittings.
VALVES A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls
the flow of a fluid by opening, closing or partially obstructing various passageways.
The various types of valves are:
Check valve
Zone valve
Locking valve
Globe valve
Ball valve
Gate valve
Butterfly valve
Diaphragm valve
Pressure Balancedvalve
BALL VALVE
A ball valve is a form of quarter-turn valve which uses a hollow, perforated and pivoting ball to control flow through it.
In open position, hole in the sphere is in line with the pipe.
When closed, hole in the sphere is perpendicular to pipe.
Lever handle operates the valve and also serves as an indicator for whether the valve is open or closed.
Ball valves do not allow for precise flow control as theyusually have positive stops(0, 45, 90 degrees), but theydo provide a very good seal in the closed position.
GATE VALVE
A gate valve, also known as a sluicevalve, isa valve that opens by lifting a round or rectangular gate out of the path of the fluid.
Controls water flowby raising or lowering thegate, which is generally a piece ofmetal.
Wheel or knob at the top of the gate valve is present that controls the height of the gate – this, in turn, affects the flow ofwater.
But unfortunately, the wheel doesn’tprovide any indication of whether the valve is open or closed.
Not durable
Susceptible to corrosion, which will cause the valve to get stuck in the open or closed position
BUTTERFLY VALVE
A butterfly valve is a valve which can be used for isolating or regulating flow.
The closing mechanism takes the form of a disk. Operation is similar to that of a ball valve, which allows for quick shutoff.
It is attached to a lever handle that rotates the disc, which adjusts the flowof water
Main drawback : control disc is always present withinthe flow of water(even when fully open) so there willalways be a pressure drop when using them
Butterfly valves are generally favored because they are lower in cost to other valve designs as well as being lighter in weight, meaning less support is required
DIAPHRAGM VALVE
Diaphragm valves (or membrane valves) consists of a valve body with two or more ports, a diaphragm, and a "weir or saddle" or seat upon which the diaphragm closes thevalve.
Similar to gatevalve.
In a diaphragm valve, the element is a diaphragm that settles down overa saddle, thus stopping water flow.
The diaphragm below is a weir-type diaphragm valve, where water passes overa weir.
There is also a straight-type diaphragm valve, which doesn’t force waterovera weir
This valves are generally used as shutoff or stopvalves
GLOBE VALVE
A globevalve, different from ball valve, is a type of valve used for regulating flow in a pipeline, consisting of a movable disk-type element and a stationary ring seat in a generally spherical body.
Used to throttle or limit the flowof water.
Contains a stopper that is raised and lowered by awheel or knob on ashaft.
Stopper seals into a baffle to stop flow.
GLOBE VALVE
MECHANISM
CHECK VALVE
A check valve, clack valve, non-return valve or one-way valve is a valve that normally allows to flow through it in only onedirection.
Generally notoperational.
Back-flow preventer is a type of check valve.
A ball-check valve uses a ball to stop the flow of water in wrong direction.
A diaphragm-check valve has a rotating disc or rubber flap that is pushed to seal the opening in the event of flow in thewrong direction.
A stop-check valve is operational and allows a user to completely stop all flow – even flow in the correct direction. It will not allow backward flow when open.
PRESSURE BALANCED VALVE
A pressure-balanced valve provides water at nearly constant temperature to a shower or bathtub, despite pressure fluctuations in either the hot or cold supply lines.
Diaphragm within the valve allows the operator to set mixing of hot and cold water
Many jurisdictions require pressure balanced valves in domestic bathrooms and showers to prevent accidental scalding
If, forexample, someone flushes a toiletwhile the shower is inuse.
ZONE VALVE
A zone valve is a specific type of valve used to control the flow of water or steam in a hydronic heating or cooling system.
May be provided in different rooms, floors, or dwellingunits so that each place can have local control over theheating or cooling.
Electrically controlled and are connected to athermostat so that automatic control is achieved.
LOCKING VALVE
Almost any type of valve can be locked to avoid accidental or intentional opening orclosing
Valves with lever-type handles allow for more secure locking control
Provide aligning holes so that lock can be passed to stop rotation of thehandle
Locks preventing adjustment to non-lockingvalves are alsodesigned
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