GASTBOTHTLAX gQTEDABI K .SP.

191

GASTBQTHYLAX FOTEMRI n.sp.

( Pigs* 32 - 36, Phm. 19, Tab. 12 )

Host *. Capra indicus

Location . . Rumen

locality . . Srinagar

DESCRIPTION

The body is long (6,51 -15*35 mm) with a lot

of variation in breadth from anterior to posterior

end (Fig. 32) „ The breadth goes on increasing anter-

oposteriorly and reaches its maximum near the anterior

region of testes, being 0.29 to 0o92 mm. In the region

of caecal bifurcation the breadth varies from 1 .48 to

2*66 mm. In the testicular region the breadth

decreases posteriorly characteristically so that a

faint notch is formed in the pre-acetabular region

demarcating the acetabulum from the rest of the body.

192

The acetabular region is -usually wider than the

pre-acetabular region or may be equal to it* The

body is slightly convex dorsally.

Ventral pouch is large (4.07 - 11 .65 x 2.96 -

4 . 0 7 mm) and is roughly triangular or trapezoid in

outline in whole mounts extending from the anterior

end of oesophagus upto the anterior border of

acetabulum. Its opening is wide (measuring 0o64 - 0,78 x

0o22 - 0,43 mm), located midventrally, Just posterior

to pharynx (Pig, 36). The excretory vesicle is

transversely elongnated situated dorsal to acetabulum

the,and opens to?exterior by excretory pore situated on

dorsal side.

The tegument covers the whole body and is

smooth without any spines, paillae or outgrowths

(Fig. 33). The distal cytoplasm measures 0.02 mm in

thickness and basanent membrane measures 2 to 3 microns

in thickness.

Acetabulum is large (measuring 1 .59 - 3.25 x

2.14 - 3»81 ) and cup shaped, located usually terminally

or some times it may be sli^rfcly subterminal at the

posterior end towards the ventral side. It is very

wide covering the entire posterior body width (F ig .34).

193

°fThe ratio between the transverse diameter7acetabulum

and the length of body (=Acetabular index) is 1 : 2.1 -

4 .7 (Table 1 2)« The ratio between the breadth of

pharynx and breadth of acetabulum varies from 1 : 4 ,2 -

7*3o The acetabulum is of G-astrothylax type (described

already) and is completely sunken within the body

except for its lips which are slightly raised,, The

number of circular muscles on dorsal and ventral sides

are as under;

Dorsal exterior circular muscles

Dorsal interior circular muscles

Ventral exterior circular muscles

Ventral interior circular muscles

Alimentary canal consists of mouth, pharynx,

oesophagus and intestine. Mouth is small, situated

anterotemiinally. Pharynx is longer than broad measuring

0.4 to 0 e 7 mm in length and 0 .3 to 0.55 mm in breadth.

The ratio between the length of pharynx and length of

body is 1 : 14.4 - 21 .9 . The pharynx is ? aramnhistomum

type (described already) (Fig. 35). Oesophagus is

straight and moderately long, measuring 0.29 to 0.92 mm

in length and 0 .1 4 to 0. 25 mm in breadth. The ratio

between the length of oesophagus and length of intestinal

= 61 — 63

= 62 - 64

I0UDII 63

= 64 - 67

194

caeca is 1 : 9-1 5 o1 oral diverticula are absento

The oesophagus divides into two intestinal caeca at

about 0 , 7 4 - 1 , 5 9 mm from anterior end„ The two caeca

run along the sides of body and are slightly wavy,

measuring 4.40 - 9 . 2 5 mm in length and 0 . 2 2 to 0 08 1 mm

in breadth* The caeca extend upto the middle level of

testes. The ratio between the length of intestinal

caeca and length of body is 1 : 1 . 1 - 1 *8 .

The male reproductive system consists of testes,

vasa de^erentia, seminal vesicle, pars musculoss, pars

prostatica, hermaphroditic canal and gonopore. Testes

are two in number lying almost at the same level and

are present anterior to acetabulum. The testes are

lobed, the number of lobes varying from 6 - 1 0 , The

right testis measures 0 , 3 7 to 1*85 mm in length and

0 , 2 2 to 1 * 6 6 mm in breadth, the left testis measures

0*33 to .2 * 3 6 mm in length and 0,25 to 1 ,96 mm in breadth.

From each testis arises a vas deferens. The two vasa-

deferentia run anteriorly for a short distance and

at about the middle of the body the right vas deferens

moves towards the left side, crosses the uterus and

unites with the left vas deferens forming a common

sperm duct which is a coiled tube that dilates to fonn

.195

a seminal vesicle. It is followed by a muscular pars

musculosa and by pars prostatics covered by prostate

glandso It unites with the metraterm of the female

set to fom a short hermaphorditic canal that opens

into the common genital pore, situated anteriorly in

the ventral pouch just at the mid-level of oesophagus,

The cirrus pouch is absent.

The female reproductive organs consist of an

ovary, oviduct, cotype, uterus and metraterm. Ovary is

single situated in the posterior region of inter-

testicular part usually towards the left side and is

rounded in outline, measuring O.O3 to 0,33 mm in length

and 0 . 1 1 to 0 . 3 7 mm in breadth. From the ovary arises

an oviduct which is a coiled tube and after receiving

Laurer* s canal and common vitelline duct it dilates

on the right side of the ovary to fonn an ootype,

measuring 0.1 1 - 0.29 mm in length and O.O7 - 0,25 mm

in breadth. It is surrounded by a number of unicellular

glands forming Mehlis ,gLand complex (0 ,19 - 0,24 x

0.19 - 0 ,26 mm). The Laurer’ s canal opens externally

on the dorsal side anterior to excretory pore. From the

ootype arises the uterus which is slightly coiled and

crosses over the vas deferens near the middle of body

196

and extends forwards as metratemu The genital strium

is of Microbothrium type and does not foam any genital

sucker# The vitellaria are numerous extending from

the oesophageal "bifurcation upto the middle of body

and each follicle measures 0 . 0 5 - 0 o2l mm in length,,

197

Gaytrothylax f ot edari n.sp.

(Measurements in mm)

TABLE 1 2

S.No. A B C D B

1. Length of "body 6.51 7.95 10.91 11. 28 15.35

2. Breadth at anterior end 0.44 0.55 0.74 0.29 0.92

3. Distance from anterior end to the bifurca­tion of oesophagus. 0o74 1 .25 1.14 1.25 1.59

4. Breadth at the level of oesophageal bifurcation. 1 o48 2.66 2.22 1 .65 2.40

5. length of ventral pouch 4.07 7.17 8.14 8,1 2 11.6?

6. Breadth of ventral pouch 2o96 3.84 3.84 3.77 4.07

7. Length of acetabulum 1,59 2 . 0 3 2.59 1 .77 3.25

8. Breadth of acetabulum 2.14 3.73 3.03 2.36 3.81

9. Ratio between the breadth of acetabulum and total length of body. 1:3 1:2.1 1:3o6 1:4 .7 1:4

10. Breadth of mouth 0.18 0.29 0.18 0.25 0.29

198

SoNo. A B C D E

11* Length of pharynx 0.40 O . 5 5 0.59 O . 5 5 0.70

1 2 * Breadth of pharynx 0.37 0.51 O . 5 5 O . 4 4 0 . 5 5

1 3 » Ratio "between breadthof pharynx andbreadth of acetabulum. 1:5*7 1:7*3 1 :5 .5 1:4o2 1.60

14. Ratio between length of pharynx andlength of bodyo 1 : 1 6 . 2 1 : U . 4 1 : 1 8 . 4 1 : 2 0 . 5 1 : 2 1 , 9

15. Length of oesophagus 0o29 0 o85 0.51 0.74 0.92

16. Breadth of oesophagus 0 . 25 0*14 0.18 0.18 0 . 22

1 7« Length of intestinalcaeca. 4.40 l o l l 5.92 6 . 6 6 9*25

18. Breadth of intestinalcaeca. O . 3 3 0.22 0.44 0.25 0.81

19. Ratio between the length of oesophagus and length ofintestinal caeca* 1:15*1 1:9*1 1:11*6 1:9 1 s 1 0

20o Ratio between thelength of intestinal caeca and length of body.

1:1*4 1:1 1:1*8 1.1*6 1:1*6

21* Length of rigfrt testis 0.37 0*66 1*85 1*85 1*85

22* Breadth of right testis 0.22 0.77 1 *62 1*36 1 * 6 6

199

*•

O03

Jaq A B C D E

23o length of left testis. 0.33 0.59 1.77 1 .88 2.36

24. Breadth of left testis. 0.25 0.55 1 .14 1.18 1 .96

25. length of ovary 0.03 0.11 0.33 0.33 0.25

26. Breadth of ovary 0.11 0.11 0.25 0.37 0.33

27. Batio "between the transverse breadth of ovary and total transverse breadth of two testes. 1: 4 .2 1:1 2 1.11 1 . 6.8 1:1

28. length of vitelline follicle. 0 . 0 3 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.07

29o Breadth of vitelline follicle. 0 . 0 3 0.03 0.03 0.14 0.07

2 0 0

DISCUSSION

The specimens described, here possess a well

developed ventral pouch wl;ich is a diagnostic feature

of the family Gfastrothylacidae to vihich the present

specimens have been assigned. These specimens have

genital pore opening into the ventral pouch which is

characteristic of the subfamily Gastrothylacinae,

according the present specimens are assigned to the

said subfamily. The only other subfamily under the

family Gfastrothylacidae is Johnsonitrematinae, wherein

the genital pore does not open into the ventral pouch.

The subfamily Gastrothylacinae, according to Yamaguti

(19 71 ) includes three genera viz. Gastroth.vlax.

Carmyerius and Pischoederius. These three genera

are differentiated from each other on the basis of the*

2 0 1

topography of uterus and the testes. The genus

G-astrothylax is differentiated from the other two

said genera by the presence of uterus which crosses

from one side of the body to the other near the

middle whereas, in Fischaederius and Carmyerius the

uterus is in the dorsal median field throughout its

body. In the present specimens the uterus crosses in

the middle foam one side of the body to the other.

Besides this important feature the present specimans

agree completely with the generic diagnosis of

Gast:ro thylax as given by Yamaguti (1971). Bambroo

( 1 9 7 0 ) while giving the diagnostic features of the

genus Gastro thylax mentions cira^is pouch to be present,

which seems to be a clear cut error because the genus

according to Yamaguti (1958, 1971) possesses the

following features -

’’Body slightly constari.cted near

post extremity ventral pouch

present, Acetabulum somewhat <*

sunken, cirrus pouch absent."

After the inception of the genus Gastro thylax .

Poi:rier, 1883, a large number of species were described

by various authors und®r the said genus. Innes ( 1 9 1 2)

while giving notes on the said genus recognizes

following eleven species of Gastrothylax: -

1. Go crumenifer Oret>lin. 1847

20 a- compressus Branches. 1898

3. G;° gregarius Loos s. 189 6

4o wenyoni Leiuer. 1908

5. Go synethes Fischoeder. 1901

6„ Go mancupatus Fischoeder. 19 01

7. Go cobboldi Poirier, 1882

8. G. elongatus Poirier. 1882

9. Go minutus Fischoeder, 19 01

10. spatiosus Brandes, 1898

11. G*_ bubalis Innes, 19‘12.

Yamaguti (1939) described one more species,

namely, Gastrothylax glandifermis and Bambroo (1970)

has also described Gastrothylax orientalis. Recently,

Wang (1979) has describedone more species viz.

Gastrothylax zhonghuaensis.

Of these fourteen species a few species have

been wrongly assigned to the genus G-astrothylax. Six

species from the above list, namely, G. gregarius.

29 3

G* wgnyoni, G. s.ynethes. G. mancupatus. G* miimtus.

stnd G. spatiosus have been transferred to the genus

Carmyarius by Stiles and Goldberger (1910), Sprehn

(1 932), Mapl£stone (1923), Yamaguti (1 971 ), because

th£ uterus in these species is in the dorsal median

field throughout its length and tests are symmetrical

one on each side of the median line. Two more species,

namely, G. cobboldi^ H . elongatus. due to their having

tandem testes in the median line and uterus being in

dorsal median field throughout its length have been

transferred to the genus Fischoederius by Stiles and

Goldberger, 191 0* Of the remaining six species

Gastrothylax cempressus Brandes, 1898 has been

synonymised with Gastrothylax crumenifer by Swellengrebel

and Ihle (1922) Maplestone (19 23) and Sprehn (1932).

Yamaguti 0971 ) has also treated Gastrothylax

compressus as a synonym of Gastrothylax crumenifer.

The main features on which the species of«

Gastrothylax have been differentiated by Yamaguti

(1939, 1958 & 1971), Gupta and Dutta (1967) and

Bambroo (1970) are, shape and size of the body; length

and form of intestinal caeca ; acetabular index;

204

shape, size and location of testes; muscle units of

acetabulum etc*

Yamaguti (1939) differentiates Gastrothylax

glaadifermis. his new species due to its different

shape and size of the body being "acorn shaped

occasionally prismatic, the more pronounced

tortuousness and more dorsal position of the caeca

and the size of the eggs". Besides these features

Gastrothylax glandiformis has been reported to

possess conical papillae around mouth and opening of

ventral pouch by Yamaguti (1939). Muscle units of

acetabulum in this species have neither been reported

by Yamaguti (1939) nor have they been described by

Bambroo (197Q), who has also reported Gastrothylax

glandiformis from sheep. Originally this species has

been reported from Bubalus buballs in Foimosa by

Yamaguti (1 939). The acetabulum is also comparatively

smaller than the body diameter in Gastrothylax

glandiformiso

Yamaguti (1971) has retained only two species as

valid namely, Gastrothylax crumenifer and Gastrothylax

glandiformis. Bambroo (1970) differentiates

295

Gastrothylax orientalis on the basis of body size

"straight or slightly wavy caeca which are never

coiled” and number of dorsal exterior circular muscles

being 4 0 - 45; dorsal interior circular muscles 20-25,

ventral exterior circular muscles 2 5 - 3 0 and ventral

exterior circular muscles 15 - 50. Yamaguti (1971)

and Wang (1979) have not mentioned G* orientalis at all*

In the present study it has been noted that various

ratios (mentioned already) are important in

differentiating the different species of Gastrothylax*

in addition to the length and shape of caeca and

other characters. Taking these characters into

consideration it has been noted that Gastrothylax

orientalis resembles Gastrothylax crumenifer in most

of the important features* The acetabular index,

the ratio between length of intestinal caeca and

length of body, position and shape of testes are

similar in the two fonns* According to Bambroo (1970)

intestinal caeca in Gastrothylax orientalis are

"straight or sli^itly,wavyM whereas according to her

in Gastrothylax crumenifer the intestinal caeca are

"perfectly coiled"* This is not, however, true with

respect to Gastrothylax crumenifer* Yamaguti (19J58,

1971) and Gupta and Dutta (1967) have shown that in

206

Gastrothylax crumenifer the intestinal caeca are

slightly wavy* This has been confirmed in the present

study also on G-astrothylax crumenifer. Bambroo (1970)

further differentiates G-astrothylax orientalis by

saying that, " in G-astrothylax crumenifer. the testes

are deeply lobed’* but in G. orientalis "they are

slightly so” . Whether testes are deeply lobed or

slightly lobed, it does not make much difference

taxonomically. The testes in Gastrothylax have either

been described as entire (Gastrothylax zhonghuaensis)

or lobed ( Gastrothylax crumenifer. Gastrothylax

glandiformis). lastly the number of muscle units in

the acetabulum according to Bambroo (19 70) is less

in comparison to Gastrothylax crumenifer (According

to Nasmark, 1937 the muscle units in G. crumenifer

are D .E .C .= 119; D .I .C . ±=84, V .E .C . = 1 24; V .I .C . = 97).

On the contrary Gupta and Dutta 0 9 67) have reported

number of muscle units in Gastrothylax crumenifer as

follows: D.E.C. = 46 - 50; D .I .C . = 42 - 44; V .E.C . =

4 4 - 46, V .I .C . = 41 - 43, which is similar to the

number observed by the present author (D .E .C . =34 - 36,

D .I.C . = 21 - 25, V .E .C . = 35 - 38, V .I .C . = 34 - 37)

in Gastrothylax crumenifer. Thus in this feature also

207

Gastrothylax orientalls resembles Gastrothylax

crumenifer. Besides, the two species resemble in

the ratio between the diameter of acetabulum and body

width. The present author has, therefore, treated

Gastrothylax orientalis as a synonym of Gastrothylax

crumenifer.

Gastrothylax crumenifer has been described by

Creplin (1847), Otto (1896), Fischoeder (1903),

Uasmark (1937), Davdova (1939), Gupta and Dutta (19 67)

and is being reported from Kashmir in the present

investigation also* The present specimens of

G. crumenifer resemble the known description- for

the said species in body shape, location of testes

and in measurements (Table 9 ).

Both G. fotedari n.sp. and G, ottoseyi n. sp®

differ from G. zhonghuaersis in having lobed testes

whereas, in G. zhonghuensis the testes are entire.

&• fot edari differs from G. crumenifer in the shape

and size of ventral sucker. In G. fotedari the

acetabulum is comparatively very large, the ratio

between breadth of ventral sucker and maximum body

width is 1 : 1 . 5 whereas in G. crumenifer the said

20 8

ratio is 1s 2-2,9, The acetabular index of G, fotedari

is also different form other species, S. ottoseyi

n,sp. shows some relationship with G, crumenifer and

S.* fotedari. particularly in having lobed testes. But

one of the most striking features of G, ottoseyi is

that the intestinal caeca are very short fe£ing 1 / 3 rd

of body length or even less and are straight and club

shaped. Besides this the testes in this species are

tandem or slightly oblique whereas, in all other

species of Gastrothylax the testes are parallel

(located side by side). Gastrothylax ottoeeyi also

differs from other species in various size ratios

including acetabular index.

Thus a total of five species of Gasthrothylax

are recognized by the present author which includes

three known species (G. crumenifer ; G. glandifomis

and G. zhonghuensis) and two new species (G. fotedari

and G. ottoseyi) .

KEY TO THE SPECIES OP GASTROTHYLAX

1, a) Intestinal caeca very short, 1 /3rd of the

body length or less ......... . . . G . ottoseyi n,sp.

20 9

b) Intestinal caeca long, always more than

1 / 2 of the body length ------- 2

\ it -2, a) Testes entire . . . . . . . . . . . G. zhonghu^ensis

Wang, 1979.

b) Testes slightly lobed or deeply lobed_____

3* a) Intestinal caeca spirally coiled, body

acorn shaped or prismatic, mouth and ventral

pouch opening surrounded by papillae « . . .

....................... . . G. glandiformis Yamaguti, 1939•

b) Intestinal caeca sinuous or straight body

conical, mouth and ventral pouch openings

without papillae ----------- 4

4. a) Acetabulum large. Ratio between diameter

of acetabulum and maximum body width

1:1.1 to 1 . 5 . ..................... G. fotedari n. s p .

b) Acetabulum comparatively smaller, ratio

between diameter of acetabulum and maximum

body width 1 : 2 - 3 ..............G. crumenifer Creplin,1 847.

2 1 0

QAEMYERIUS Stiles and Goldberger,l9l 0

Supercfamily Paramphistomoidea ( Stiles & Goldberger,

1910) Yamaguti,l97l .

Family Paramphistomidae Fischoeder, 1901

Subcfamily Gaistrothylacinae Stiles & Goldberger,1910,

Genus Carmyerius Stiles and Goldberger, 1910.

Diagnosis:

"Body more or less conical or subelliptical,

straight or curved, circular in cross section.

Ventral pouch extending to near acetabulum,

triangular, occasionally circular, in cross

section, -with apex directed dorsal or ventral.

' Acetabulum teiminal, Oral sucker without

diverticles; oeso’phagas without bulb; caeca

in lateral field, long or short, sinuous or

not, testes lobed, symmetrical, preacetabular.

Vas deferens, seminal vesicle, pars musculosa,

2 1 1

pars prostatica and ejaculatory duct in median

dorsal field* Genital papilla may be prominant.

No genital sucker. Ovary intertesticular*

Uterus confined to dorsal field throughout its

length. Vitellaria extending in lateral fields.11