new fratricide
TRANSCRIPT
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Mr. Nicola Calipari, 03/04/05
Italian Servizio per le Informazioni e la Siciurezza Militare
Lcpl Matty Hull3/28/03, D Squadron, Household Cav Reg
SPC Donald Samuel Oaks, Jr.
04/04/03, C Battery, 3d BN, 13th FA
Fratricide
Pvt Nolan Ryan Hutchings3/23/03, 1st BN 2d Marine Reg
Cpl Stephen John Albutt, 3/25/03Royal Fusiliers, Queens Royal Lancers
Lcpl Jose Antonio Gutierrez
3/21/03, 2d BN, 1st Marine Reg
Trooper David Jeffrey Clarke, 3/25/03Royal Fusiliers, Queens Royal Lancers
SSG Jason A. Fegler11/04/05, 1st BN, 502d Inf Reg, 101st ABN
Cpt Edward Jason Korn
04/03/03, 64th Armor, 3d Inf Div
Overcorporal 1st Class Preben Pedersen
Jutland Dragoon Reg
Cpl Jason David Mileo
04/14/03, 3d BN, 4th Marine Reg
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Fratricide
Victims of Fratricide
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Terminal Learning Objective
Action: Identify the elements an mitigation measures ofFratricide
Condition: Given a classroom envionment, laptopcomputer, DVD with presentations, Field manual (FM)5-19 Composite Risk Management, FM 7-1 BattleFocused Training, Army Regulation (AR) 385-10 ArmySafety Program Center Army Lessons Learned (CALL)
92-4 Fratricide: Reducing Self Inflicted losses, CALL92-3 Fratricide Risk Assessment and student handouts
Standard: Apply mitigation measures to reduce Fratricide
in accordance with Field Manual 5-19
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Administrative Data
Safety Consideration: None
Risk Assessment: Low
Environmental Considerations: None
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Agenda
Definition of Fratricide
Historical Perspectives
Contributing Factors
Causes
Effects
Risk Management and Reduction Measures
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References
AR 385-10
CALL 92-3
CALL 92-4
FM 5-19
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Definition
CALL 92-4 Chpt. 1
The employment of friendly weapons andmunitions with the intent to kill the enemy ordestroy his equipment or facilities, which results
in unforeseen and unintentional death or injuryto friendly personnelTRADOC FratricideAction Plan
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Historical Perspective
Most likely to occur in the early stages ofcombat, during reduced visibility or alongshared unit boundaries.
In previous 20th century conflicts supportingfires (air and artillery) accounted for 75% offratricide incidents.
Recent operations show risk may be dependanton the specific theater and enemy encountered.
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Statistical Data
CALL 92-4 Chapter 1
Fratricide assumed less than 2% of allcasualties prior to proper reporting anddefinition
Downplayed the severity of the situation
The first defined reporting system waspublished in 1985
The TRADOC definition was published in 1991
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Statistical Data
World War I 10% Wounded in Action
World War II
14% of Casualties
Korea
7% of Casualties
Vietnam
11-14% of Casualties Just Cause
5-13% of Casualties
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Statistical Data
CALL 92-4 Appendix D
Desert Storm
15% Wounded in Action
24% Killed in Action
77% of the US Armored vehicles damaged in battlewere due to Fratricides
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Causes of Fratricide
CALL 92-4 CH. II
Primary Causes
Lack of Situational Awareness
Lack of Positive ID
Other (weapon errors)
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Student Checks
Question: What are the three primary causes of
fratricide?
Answer: Lack of Situational Awareness, NoPositive Identification, and Other.
Question: What is the definition of fratricide?Answer: The employment of friendly weaponsand munitions with the intent to kill the enemy ordestroy his equipment or facilities, which resultsin unforeseen and unintentional death or injury tofriendly personnel
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Causes of Fratricide
CALL 92-4 CH. II
Lack of situational awareness:
Real-time accurate knowledge of one's ownlocation (and orientation)
Locations of friendly, enemy, neutral, andnoncombatants
Awareness of the METT-T conditions that affect
the operation.
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Causes of Fratricide
CALL 92-3 Section 1
Lack of situational awareness:
Inadequate Fire and Maneuver Control
Direct Fire Control Failure
Land Navigation Failures
Reporting, Crosstalk and Battle TrackingFailures
Known Battlefield Hazards
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Causes of Fratricide
CALL 92-3 Section 1
Lack of situational awareness
Inadequate Fire and Maneuver Control:
Fail to disseminate minimum maneuver and fire supportcontrol measures to coordinate activities on the ground
Fail to tie control measures to recognizable terrain andevents
Improper use or understanding of control measures
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Causes of Fratricide
CALL 92-3 Section 1
Lack of situational awareness
Direct Fire Control Failure:
Defensive / Offensive fire control plans not developedor fail in execution
No designated target reference points, engagementareas, and priorities or failure to adhere to them
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Causes of Fratricide
CALL 92-3, 92-4
Lack of situational awareness
Land Navigation Failures:
Complicated by difficult terrain, weather and visibility
Can cause units to stray out of sector, report wronglocations, become disoriented
Employment of weapons from wrong location
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Causes of Fratricide
CALL 92-3, 92-4
Lack of situational awareness
Reporting, Crosstalk and Battle Tracking Failures:
Leaders at all levels may fail to generate timely andaccurate reports or track subordinates as locations andtactical situation changes
Erroneous clearance of fire support and violations of
danger close fire
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Causes of Fratricide
CALL 92-3, 92-4
Lack of situational awareness
Known Battlefield hazards:
Unexploded ordinance
Flying debris
Booby traps
Failure to mark, record, remove, or otherwise anticipatethese threats
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Causes of Fratricide
CALL 92-3, 92-4
Lack of Positive ID
The immediate, accurate, and dependable ability to
discriminate through-sight between friends and foe.Other
Lapses in unit and individual discipline
violations of the Rules of Engagement
out-of-sector engagements, unauthorized discharges,mistakes with explosives and hand grenades, chargeerrors, incorrect gun data and similar incidents.
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Contributing Factors
CALL 92-3, 92-4
There are many contributing factors to fratricide
Can be favorable or unfavorable
Primary Contributing factors may beidentified using METT-T:
Mission
Enemy
Terrain and weather
Troops and equipment
Time
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Mission
CALL 92-4 Chapter II
Mission
Contributing factors
High vehicle or weapons density
Commanders intent is unclear or complex
Poor coordination
Crosstalk lacking
No habitual relationships
Incomplete control measures
UAS reduction measures
Provide coordination between ground units
Identify other units in the area
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Enemy
CALL 92-4 Chapter II
Enemy
Contributing Factors
Weak intelligence
Intermingled with friendly
Intermingled with civilian populace
UAS Reduction measures
Identify targets and friendly units
Provide visual near real time intelligence
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Terrain
CALL 92-4 Chapter II
Terrain
Contributing factors
Obscuration or poor visibility
Extreme engagement ranges
Navigational difficulties
Absence of recognizable features
UAS Reduction measures
Area and Zone reconnaissance
Target Identification
Route reconnaissance
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Troops and Equipment
CALL 92-4
Troops and equipment
Contributing factors
High Weapons Lethality
Unseasoned Leaders and Troops
Poor fire control SOPs
Incomplete ROE
Anxiety and confusion
Failure to adhere to SOPs
UAS reduction measures Near real time video to commanders
Positive identification
Conducting in-direct fire support
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Time
CALL 92-4
Time considerations
Contributing factors
Soldier and leader fatigue
Inadequate rehearsals
Short planning time
UAS reduction measures
Can change crews with AV continuing mission
Near real time video
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Effects of Fratricide
CALL 92-3
Hesitation to conduct limited visibility operations
Loss of confidence in the unit's leadership
Increase of leader self-doubt
Hesitation to use supporting combat systems Over-supervision of units
Loss of initiative
Loss of aggressiveness during fire and maneuver
Disrupted operations Needless loss of combat power
General degradation of cohesion and morale
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Student Checks
Question: Name 7 of the 10 effects of fratricide?
Answer:
Hesitation to conduct limited visibility operationsLoss of confidence in the units leadership Hesitation to use supporting combat systems Increase of leader self doubt Over-supervision of units Loss of initiative Loss of aggressiveness during fire and maneuver Disrupted operations Needless loss of combat power
General degradation of cohesion and morale
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Control Measures
CALL 92-4
Tactical Plan
Training
Technical Solutions
Risk Management Process
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Tactical Plan
CALL 92-4
Direct fire weapons control measures Rules of Engagement (ROE)
Clearance of indirect fires
Establish and practice routine positive controls Establish simplified procedures for external clearance of fires
Incorporate fire support members in liaison teams for detailedflank coordination at each level
Establish procedures for manning rear CP FSEs and positive
control in rear areas Anticipate special controls needed for mixed voice-digital
environments
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Tactical Plan
CALL 92-4
Reconnaissance Priorities
Identifying hazards and confirming fire controlmeasures
feasibility of the routes, navigation and maneuverplan
Rehearsals
understanding the concept of operation, verifyingspecific responsibilities, timing, and backupprocedures to help synchronize unit operations
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Training
CALL 92-4
Combat Vehicle Identification (CVI) Training
Battle Rostering
Crew Drill or Battle drill
Fratricide Training
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Technical Solutions
CALL 92-4
UAS
mIRC
Blue force tracker
Imaging devices (FLIR)
BUDD Lights and DARPA Lights
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Risk Management Process
CALL 92-3
The Fratricide Risk Assessment Matrix allowsyou as a leader to address fratricide using thefollowing steps:
Identify the fratricide risks using the matrix during your analysisof METT-T factors
Using each sub-matrix, assess possible fratricide loss andprobability
Make decisions and develop ways and means to reduce risks
Implement measures by integrating them into plans, orders,SOPS, training performance standards and rehearsals
Supervise and enforce safety measures and standards
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Fraticide Risk Matrix
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Fraticide Risk Matrix
How to fill out the Fratricide Risk Matrix usingthe following scenario:
A UAS has observed an insurgent mortar teamfiring rounds into a FOB (Forward OperatingBase) and has called a fire mission.
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Risk Management Process
CALL 92-3
Sub-matrix 1: Fire and Maneuver Control
There is a large friendly ground force converging on thearea with multiple enemy targets in the area.
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Risk Assessment Process
CALL 92-3
Sub-matrix 2
The friendly ground forces are moderately trained and theentire force has trained for the mission
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Risk Assessment Process
CALL 92-3
Sub-matrix 3
An extensive recon of the area has been conducted andthe sky condition limited by blowing dust
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Risk Assessment Process
CALL 92-3
Sub-matrix 4
Positive communication between the ground forces andair forces has been established and maintained
Ri k A P
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Risk Assessment Process
CALL 92-3
Sub-matrix 5
The ground forces have a partial knowledge of existinghazards in the area and UXO from the enemy andincoming rounds could constitute a major hazard
Ri k A P
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Risk Assessment Process
CALL 92-3
Sub-matrix 6
Friendly recognition is limited by the blowing dust;however, engagement ranges are very good
Ri k A P
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Risk Assessment Process
CALL 92-3
Sub-matrix 7
ROE are complete and leadership is attached tothe ground and air components
Ri k A P
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Risk Assessment Process
CALL 92-3
Sub-matrix 8
Forces have just come off of R&R and are relativelyexperienced
Ri k A t P
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Risk Assessment Process
CALL 92-3
Sub-matrix 9
Total all of the Sub-matrix = 25 and makes this operation
a CAUTION range for fratricide.
E d R lt
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End Result
S
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Summary
Definition of Fratricide
Historical Perspectives
Contributing Factors
Causes
Effects
Risk Management and Reduction Measures
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Questions?