new final review life 102

8/12/2019 New Final Review Life 102

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Life 102 Final Study guide

Terms:

1.ontological argument - is one in any category of arguments for the existence of God in

Christian theology. St. Anselm and Aquinas illustrate faith in seeking understanding that God

exists. Anselm defines God as a being that which none greater can be conceived. The fool

understands this definition therefore, God exists in the fools understanding. If God exists only in

the understanding, then we can conceive of a greater being. One must also exist in reality. God

must exist in both the reality and the understanding. God MUST EXIST in the reality if we cannot

conceive of a greater being than the being which nothing greater can be conceived. The

relationship between faith and reason. Aquinas proves Gods existence through proofs. 1st

proof- God puts everything into motion. 2nd- God needs to be the first cause. 4th- highest degree

of goodness is God, everything works towards reaching Gods level of goodness. 5th- the

arrangement in which God uses shows he has a plan for everything.

2.Gaunilo - Replies to Anselms argument for why God exists. He says I can imagine an unicorn,

but that does not mean that an unicorn can exist in reality just because I imagine one and it

exists in my understanding. Uses the Lost Island approach, I can imagine a lost island, but how

do we know that it exists in reality if in-order for it to exist we must not see it in reality. Anselm

replies that a lost island is very different from God. A lost island is not comparable with God. God

exists because we can conceive him to exist.

3.Cosmological Argument - An approach that Aquinas takes when attempting to prove the

existence of God. Argues that the existence of the world and the universe are due to God. God isthe origin of everything. Justification of God and why people look for different definitions of God.

This is a definition of what God is.

4.Thomas Aquinas - Reasons in proof for the existence of God in 1270. Reasons can help

inform what we know to be true by faith. 1st proof- God puts everything into motion. The

unmoved mover is God. 2nd proof- God needs to be the cause. God allows for a chain of

reactions. 4th- diff degrees of goodness more/less. The most is God and we all strive to achieve

Gods level of goodness. 5th- order and arrangement. God has a plan for everything.

5.Alienation (feuerbach) - People alienate themselves or their essential being by attributing theirown attributes or human qualities to a God whom is then worshipped on account of these human

qualities. If people worship a God in which they have attributed their own qualities they are

essentially beginning to worship themselves. Humanity makes God in their own image to help

themselves cope. The development of religion has shown the progressive deviation of human

culture.

6.Origin of Religion - Feuerbach writes that the essence of religion has to be the understanding,


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moral law, and as love. Humans have created religion to help them cope with the world, and they

give God human qualities because that is what they understand. God corresponds to the needs

of human nature.God is the origin of human religion. He mentions species in his Essence of

Christianity to illustrate the idea of worshipping what you understand. God is the longing of the

human soul personified. God arises from Human experience.

7.Wish fulfillment (Feuerbach) - God is only a projection of positive attributes of human nature

because that is what the human wants. God is nothing but the fulfillment of our deepest and

innermost desires. All people want God to exist because it helps them cope with the troubles of

the world.

8.Elizabeth Schussler-Fiorenza - Two choices work in the existing structure of the church or

leave because of the church. Criticized traditional theologies for the lack of attention to womens

experience. Diverse in perspective when she questions male dominance. Early ideals in

Christianity have always depicted female subordination- as if it were normal or expected. A

woman is supposedly only allowed to be a Mother or a Virgin. These are unacceptabledistortions of the gospel message.

9. Sexism (Schussler-Fiorenza) -Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza in her piece called Feminist

Spirituality discusses the topic sexism. In this article she uses strong Christian women as the

main focus of her article such as Mary Magdalene to show the hatred towards women. In

Fiorenzas work she states that, women are not only different from men but also inferior to

them. Elisabeth sees that people treat women like they are evil and a calamity. Also when she

mentions childbearing mothers she claims that in that type of Christian tradition nature and body

have to be subordinated to mind and spirit, so woman because of their nature have to be

subordinate to man. According to the Roman Catholic Church women are not allowed to usebirth control to integrate their reproductive capabilities into a life plan of discipleship. If they do get

pregnant they have to subject themselves to the natural reproductive processes.

10. Martin Luther King Jr. - born january 15, 1929. Attended Morehouse college at 15 then

attended Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania in 1948. (During his last year in

seminary, Martin Luther King Jr. came under the influence of theologian Reinhold Niebbuhr - who

wrote the 5 models of Christ and Culture we are allowed to use to frame the esay question pt. 1).

He married Coretta Scott. Lead the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference) and King

was elected to lead the bus boycott which came about because of Rosa Parks. Later takes

control of student group - continues to lead protests and is eventually arrested where he writes

Letter from a Birmingham Jail. Will continue to work toward racial equality until his murder in

Memphis, TN in the spring of 1968 the day after his Promised Land speech. He was shot by a

man named james earl ray.

11. Time (King) - The progression of time "wait"- he talks about the problems with the

professions that all an oppressed people needs to do is wait for things to get better. This "Wait"

has almost always meant 'Never". "justice too long delayed is justice denied." MLK also looks at


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the history of his race and declares for more than 340 years for our constitutional and God-given

rights". He also compares "jetlike speed" of other nations in the struggle for equality to America's

"horse-and-buggy-pace. And the belief that time will cure all things. But MLK knows thattime is

neutral- it is just there and people must act on it for good or bad things to happen to anyone - it

must be used either constructively or destructively. And Martin Luther is attempting to force the

white moderate and his criticisers to see (p6) "that the time is always ripe to do right."

12. Authority of Conscience There are cases in which a persons conscience will permit or

require the nonacceptance of some law an individual who breaks a law that a conscience tells

him is unjust and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the

conscience of the community over its injustice is in reality expressing the highest respect for the

law. Injustice must be exposed in order for it to be cured. Conscience is the most subjective

form of all human action.In Martin Luther King Jrs letter. In response to being categorized as an

extremist, he draws analogies between himself and important religious and political figures in the

Western tradition: King may be an extremist, but one like

a. Jesus as an extremist for loveb. the prophet Amos as an extremist for justice

c. Abraham Lincoln as an extremist against slavery

d. Martin Luther as an extremist for individual freedom of conscience over an

institutional authority

Then, having demonstrated that segregation laws are unjust, he justifies disobedience by

saying, ...an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who

willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the

community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for the law.

-Also could refer to Martin Luthers works during the Reformation: He shows in his

discussions of the conscience being bound that there is always an authority bindingthe conscience, determining how it functions. We can see also in his discussion of

the mind and the conscience that the conscience is not a tool of dictation (one of

authority) but of translation (one who responds to authority). The conscience is in need of

some authority and therefore an unbound conscience is always seeking an authority to

which it can be bound.

13. David Hume David Hume wrote On Miracles. He applies a scientific method to a study of

the belief in miracles. A miracle is a violation of the laws of nature according to David Hume. A

violation of what we know through custom and experience. He believed that miracles are veryhard to prove unless you view/experience it firsthand. He placed a large emphasis on testimony

and the strength/reliability of it and the numbers the testimony came in/if it matched. But none of

these can truly prove a miracle according to Hume, miracles (if they are believed in) are to be

taken on faith alone.

14. Faith -Definition of FAITH


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1 a : allegiance to duty or a person : loyalty

b (1) : fidelityto one's promises (2) : sincerity of intentions

2 a (1) : belief and trust in and loyalty to God (2) : belief in the traditional doctrinesof a

religion

b (1) : firm belief in something for which there is no proof (2) : completetrust

3 : something that is believed especially with strong conviction especially : a system ofreligious beliefs

on faith: without question

Faith is also trust in Gods graces

Martin Luther believes that faith is key to salvation not good works. Although good works

are important faith is most important.

15. Marsilio Ficino - (1433-1499) Set up the Platonic Academy at Florence in 1462 with the help

of Cosimo Medici. Finished the first complete translation of Platos writing into Latin. His major

work was Theologia Platonica(1482). In Theologia PlatonicaFicino described a universe that is

presided over by a gracious and loving God who sought to bring humankind to him throughbeauty, one of his attributes.

16. Renaissance humanism - Characterizes 16C Europe as an age of individualism and self

creativity. This was the result of a secularization of European Society. This time was also

marked by increased learning and revival in the study of ancient languages and literature

opposed authoritarian tradition. Some saw this period of secularization as negatively affecting

the church.

17. Reason (dePizan) One of the three apparitions of women that dePizan supposedly sees in

The Book of the City of Ladies. (the other two are rectitude and justice). They are sent to her notonly to comfort her but to help her unearth these misogynist views and replace them with the

truth about women and womens place. Reasons purpose is to set men and women who have

gone astray on the correct path.

18. Antiphrasis (dePizan) - which means, as you know, that if you call something bad, in fact, it

is good, and also vice versa. dePizan notes that many poets and philosophers write things, and

they mean the contrary of what they say. dePizan advises her readers to interpret these

philosophers statements in the manner in which they were intended in passages where they

attack women. In other words, she doesnt want people to take what the poets and philosophers

are saying about women (which are evil and sinful things about women) literallywhen those

poets and are not meaning for people to take them literally.

19. Reformation - the Protestant Reformation was a movement against the Catholic Church led

by Martin Luther along with John Calvin and other early protestant leaders. In 1517 Martin

Luthers 95 Theses called for reform in the Catholic church and spoke out against the current

doctrines and ritual. Also, there was corruption in the leadership of the Catholic Church at that

time. Out of the protestant reformation came the development of several churches including the
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Lutheran denomination. Led by 1st generation reformers: Peter Waldo (died in 1217. led puritan

sect in France), John Wiclif/wycliffe (died in 1384. reformer in England, translated Bible from latin

to english), Martin Luther (1483-1546. in Germany), and Ulrich Zwingli (1484-1531. in

Switzerland) 2nd generation reformers led the catholic counter- reformation: calvin (1509-64)

and Anabaptists (1527-confession of schleitheim).

a. Martin Luther: Parents wanted him to become a lawyer. One day he was caughtin a storm and prayed he will become a monk if his life was spared. He was very

pious and feared that he would not reach salvation--> concluded that salvation

cannot be achieved by any human effort. Believed that christians remained sinful

even after salvation. Created treatise on christian liberty: gave definition of faith.

said that a good person does good works BUT doing good works does not make

you a good person. argues against the ability your works to save you.

20. Faith/Works - (According to Martin Luther) Essentially, works were not to be viewed, in any

way, shape, or form, as the means to justification and grace. The only way one can achieverighteousness, according to Luther, is through faith. Good works, however, are not totally

discounted in value by Martin Luther. Quite the contrary, they have a positive and important role

to play in both the revelation of an individual's sinful nature, and in the proper Christian response

to God's grace. A good person does good works, but good works do not mean that youre a good

person (extension: love). Within the Catholic doctrine, the belief is that one does good works in

order to help oneself become a good person. When sin is renounced in the act of faith

in/acceptance of God a persons striving to do good works at all times was/is the attempt to

renounce sin and to live only in a manner pleasing to God the Holy Father

21. Inward/Outward man - The 'inner man'--the human being's heart or spirit--is only motivatedand justified by faith, and never by works. The 'outer man", on the other hand, is that part of the

human in which works can, indeed, be manifest. These works, however, have no bearing on

salvation. Their nature as good or bad is entirely linked to the nature of the inner 'man' as either

just or un-just. Since the character of the 'inner man' is based, not on works, but on faith, the

'inner man' requires "neither laws nor good works but, on the contrary, is injured by them if he

believes that he is justified by them.' In other words, while no outer work can justify the 'inner

man,' no outer work can make the 'inner man' un-just. Quite the contrary, it is the nature of the

"inner man' which determines the nature of the outer work. This is based on Martin Luthers A

Treatise on Christian Liberty.

22. Alphonse deValdes Was a chancellor to Charles V. He accompanied Charles V to the Diet

of Worms. Wrote to a Spanish historian (Pietro). Wrote about the series of events that led to

Luthers excommunication. He wrote the letter The Lutheran Revolt.

23. Indulgence - Martin Luther had a huge problem with the sale of indulgences in the Roman

Catholic Church. An indulgence is a full or partial remission of temporal punishment that results

from sins. In Martin Luthers time, people were buying indulgences with the promise from the


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Catholic Church that their time in purgatory or their relatives time in purgatory would be

shortened or taken away completely if they purchased the indulgences. These indulgences were

used to collect alms for specific projects.

24. Sola Scriptura Latin meaning: Only Scripture. An emphasis on word. Martin Luther drew an

emphasis on word. Sola scriptura is the doctrine that the Bible contains all knowledge necessaryfor salvation and holiness. Consequently, sola scripturademands only those doctrines are to be

admitted or confessed that are found directly within or indirectly by using valid logical deduction

or valid deductive reasoning from scripture. However, sola scriptura is not a denial of other

authorities governing Christian life and devotion. Rather, it simply demands that all other

authorities are subordinate to, and are to be corrected by, the written word of God. Sola scriptura

was a foundational doctrinal principle of the Protestant Reformation held by the Reformers and is

a formal principle of Protestantism today. He had also challenged the authority of the Church by

maintaining that all doctrines and dogmata of the Church not found in Scripture should be

discarded (sola scriptura). For this class, sola scriptura relates to Martin Luthers A Treatise on

Christian Liberty.

25. Priesthood of all believers - Martin Luther put forward the doctrine that all baptized Christians

are "priests" and "spiritual" in the sight of God. The priesthood of all believers generally entails a

doctrinal responsibility or right to preach and expound the Christian faith, and this is appointed to

every member of the church. Martin Luther he adduces a general priesthood in Christendom in

order to dismiss the medieval view that Christians in the present life were to be divided into two

classes: "spiritual" and "temporal."

26. Anselm of Canterbury - (1033-1109) The originator of one of the most intriguing arguments

ever devised by the human mind, the ontological argument for the existence of a supremelyperfect being. Anselm writes proof of Gods existence from the concept of God. Anselms writing

is an example of scholasticism. Scholasticism is a way of thinking and an approach to

understanding the relationship between faith and reason. It is also an example of ontology.

Ontology is the study of being or the study of Gods existence. An ontological argument is going

to prove existence through the argument. The operating principle for Anselm is faith seeking

understanding

27. Scholasticism - It is a method of inquiries that seeks to to understand what is known to be

true by faith through the use of reason. It caused a rise in the number of universities and in the

number of arguments for the existence of God, which starts with Anselm and ends with Aquinas.

28. Proofs for the Existence of God -

(Anselm)

1. God is a being than which none greater can be conceived

2. The fool understands this (definition) and so God exists in the fools understanding.

3. Suppose God exists ONLY in the understanding

4. Then we can conceive of a greater being: one that ALSO exists in reality.


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5. This means that we can conceive of a greater being than the being than which none greater

can be conceived.

6. God must exist in reality.

(Aquinas)

1. Everything in motion must have an original mover, or nothing at all would move. God is this mover.

2. Nature is a chain of causes. It is impossible for anything to be the efficient cause of itself,

since it would have to exist before itself. If the chain were to go back infinitely, there would be

no first cause, and thus no ultimate effect, nor middle causes, which is admittedly false.

Hence we must presuppose some first efficient cause---which all call God.

3. The third proof is taken from the natures of the merely possible and necessary. What does not

exist does not take its beginning except through something that does exist. If then nothing

existed, it would be impossible for anything to begin, and there would now be nothing existing,

which is admittedly false. There must be one necessarily existing being. Hence there must be

presupposed something necessarily existing through its own nature, not having a cause elsewhere but being itself the cause of the necessary existence of other things---which all call

God.

4. The fourth proof arises from the degrees that are found in things. What is the greatest in its

way, in another way is the cause of all things of its own kind thus fire, which is the greatest

heat, is the cause of all heat. Therefore there exists something that is the cause of the

existence of all things and of the goodness and of every perfection whatsoever---and this we

call God.

5. The fifth proof arises from the ordering of things for we see that some things which lack

reason, such as natural bodies, are operated in accordance with some plan. The things that

do not have intelligence do not tend toward a result unless directed by someone knowing and intelligent just as an arrow is sent by an archer. Therefore there is something intelligent by

which all natural things are arranged in accordance with a plan---and this we call God.

29. Ludwig Feuerbach - Ludwig Feuerbach was a German philosopher and anthropologist. He is

most well known for his book called, The Essence of Christianity. One of the main points

Feuerbach talks of in is book is how man is equally a conscious being, more so than God

because man has placed upon God the ability of understanding.In addition to that point,

Feuerbach also says that God is given th divine power because God is a being that acts through

all types of human forms. Feuerbach quotes, God is the principle of a mans salvation, of a

mans good dispositions and actions, consequently mans own good principle and nature. Man

is worshipping his idealized self.

30. Definition of Religion -the solemn unveiling of mans hidden treasures the avowal of his

innermost thoughts the open confession of the secrets of his love the first, but indirect,

self-consciousness of man peculiar nature of religion

31. Projection (Feuerbach) - God is an outward projection of mans inward nature. He called it


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chimera. There are 2 aspects of God: the metaphysical and the personal. We use our reason to

project Gods omniscience and we use our hearts to project the personal aspects of God.

Humanity makes God in its own image. We project our greatest attributes to something we

already know. The self come to the consciousness.

32. Christianity in Japan (Endo) -In the book Silence by Shusaku Endo the subject of Christianitycomes up often. One of the main characters Ferreira decides to venture to Japan to incorporate

Christianity as a religion there. Later on in the novel Ferreiras students, Rodriguez and Garrpe

travel to Japan to find a local underground Christian population. In Japan whomever was a

believer of Christianity was disrespected and treated negatively. If a security official found out

that you believed in Christianity you were forced to trample what they call the Fumie. A fumie is

an object that has images of important Christian leaders on them, by trampling on them it

showed that you had no care for that religion, and that in sense Christianity meant nothing to that

person. However, if you are considered Christian and refuse to step on the Fumie you were

automatically sentenced to death, usually a long and painful experience.

33. Feminist theology - Feminist Theology is a movement found in several religions to reconsider

the traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies of those religious from a feminist perspective.

Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing the role of women among the clergy

and religious authorities, reinterpreting male-dominated imagery and language about God.

Another goal was to study images of women in the religions sacred texts and matriarchal

religion.Christian dePizan and Elisabeth Schussler Fiorenza are prime examples of women

wholeheartedly believed in fighting for womens rights , and being leaders for women who were

too timid to speak their minds.

34. Liberation theology - This theology is contextual and reflects on the gender, class, and race

identities of the theologian. It also is a theology that is very political, activist oriented, and affected

by culture. Martin Luther King Jr. and Fiorenza have similar ideals under liberation theology. One

is that sin is structural, for each of them critiques the institutional framework of society

(Christianity, politics, etc.). - Feminist theology is a type of/relates to liberation theology in that

feminism dictates that women must be equals within christian structure and the church - sexism

needs to be eliminated within feminist theological doctrine just as

segregation/discrimination/oppression needs to be eliminated in Kings teaching of Liberation

theology.

35. Authority of Law-there are two types of laws: just and unjust one has not only a legal but also

a moral responsibility to obey just laws and to disobey unjust laws a just law is a man-made

code that squares with the moral law or the law of God any law that degrades human person is

unjust and therefore one is morally obligated to disobey it. Human morality/consciousness is the

ultimate judge of what laws are to be obeyed. King believed in rebelling against unjust laws by

way of Non-violent direct action or civil disobedience.


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36. Non-violent direct action -seeks to create such a crisis and foster such a tension that a

community which has constantly refused to negotiate is forced to confront the issue there are

four basic steps: collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist, negotiation,

self-purification, and direct action presented their very bodies as a means of laying their case

before the conscience of the local and the national community must be able to accept blowswithout retaliating

37. Just Laws - According to King, an unjust law is a code that a numerical or power majority

group compels a minority group to obey but does not make binding on itself. This is difference

made legal. By the same token, a just law is a code that a majority compels a minority to follow

and that it is willing to follow itself. This is sameness made legal. ? A just law is a man-made

code that squares with the moral law or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of

harmony with the moral law. To put it in the terms of St. Thomas Aquinas: An unjust law is a

human law that is not rooted in eternal law and natural law. Any law that uplifts human

personality is just. Any law that degrades human personality is unjust. Page 4 King believes thatone is both legally and morally obligated to abide by just laws, but that people are similarly

obligated to disobey laws that are unjust and go against the word/law of God.

38. Miracle (Hume) - A miracle is a violation of the laws of nature according to David Hume. A

violation of what we know through custom and experience. The credibility changes over time

because witnesses change the story a little bit over time.Because this miracle is improbable but

possible, David Hume would not categorize Claypools experience as a miracle because to him,

miracles are things that are impossible. Just because theres a certain effect doesnt mean that

its connected to a certain cause it could be attributed to a different cause that youre not thinking

of. Testimony could easily expand over time. To David Hume, miracles are very rare and all butimpossible to prove. They are to be believed in by faith alone.

39. Christine DePizan -Christine de Pizan was born in Venice in approximately 1364.Her father

was in the royal court of Charles V. Her father was responsible for education. She was very well

educated through his extensive library. In 1380, Charles V dies and therefore her father goes

through a period of unemployment. Her father dies in 1385. Then, Christine takes on primary

responsibility for making an income for her family primarily through the pen. Christines husband

dies when she is 25, and she decides not to remarry or to rely on other male family members to

support her. Christine is commissioned to write poems, biographies, songs, etc. This is how she

earns her income. As a result, she earns a fair degree of fame for her time. Debate about the

position of women now starts. dePizan writes The Book of the City of Ladies. She was a French

poet of Italian birth**

40. The Soul of Man - revival of the ideas of the Greek philosopher Plato applied Platos theory

on transmigration of the soul to Christian concepts of resurrection states that mans soul in all

its acts is trying with all its power to attain the first gift of God, the possession of all truth and of

all goodness our soul by means of the intellect and will flies toward God. Also Marsilio Ficino


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(1433-1499 CE: sets up the platonic academy at florence in 1462. creates the 2st complete

translation of Platos writings into Latin. Major work= Theologia Platonica [1482]. Says that

humans participate in governance, creation, and maintenance. He says the soul operates

independently and that the soul is progressive (can become more like God or a god because

man is like God).

41. Soul/God (Ficino) - Ficino described a universe presided over by a gracious and loving

God who sought to bring humankind to him through beauty, one of his attributes. The

contemplation of the beauty of nature, of beautiful things, of glorious art became a sort of

worship of this God

42. City of Ladies -In the City of Ladies, dePizan mentions the Matheolus book. The Matheolus

book is called Lamentations. It says that marriage is a trial to men to see if theyre worthy for

heaven because women are bad and make men unhappy. Christine lies on the viewpoint of

authority and she accepts what traditions and others have said was true. Therefore, she accepts

initially that women are full of vices. Christines work is an allegory. The three women are reason,

rectitude, and justice. There is an intended Trinitarian connotation because they are sent to her

by God. They are sent to her not only to comfort her but to help her unearth these misogynist

views and replace them with the truth about women and womens place. The three ladies

challenge Christine for her simple mindedness. 1.1: Christines dilemma. 1.2: The three women

challenge Christines view for its simple mindedness. 1.3: The process of reframing. Reasons

purpose is to set men and women who have gone astray on the right path. The remainder of the

book shows womens accomplishments and how they have helped in all spheres of life. It is

rewriting of history through the lens of women with the purpose of exalting their virtues. One of

the first things that gets rewritten or interpreted is the creation of Eve.

43. Martin Luther -Martin Luther was a German Monk and a professor of theology and a figure of

the reform movement in the 16thcentury movement. His refusal to retract his writings in demand

of the Pope resulted in excommunication, and considered an outlaw by the Emperor. He

challenged a lot of peoples authority by teaching the bible is the only source of divine

knowledge.His most well-known work was called Treatise on Christian Liberties. This piece of

literature focused on describing the positions of faith and works of in a Christians life and

salvation.His ideas about Christian life , combined with his criticism of many facets of the

Roman Catholic Church, and caused a schism between Protestants and Catholics.

44. Council of Trent -The council of Trent was Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic

Church. It is considered to be one of the Churchs most important councils. It was convened in

Trento, Italy the capital of the Holy Roman Empire in 25 sessions for three periods. The council

issued condemnations on what is defined as Protestant heresies at the time of the Reformation

and defined Church teachings in the areas of scripture and tradition.The Council of Trent delayed

and interrupted several times because of political and religious disagreements, it was an


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embodiment of the ideals of the Counter Reformation.

45. Commands/Promises - (from A Treatise on Christian Liberty) Here we must point out that

all the Scriptures of God are divided into two parts-commands and promises. The commands

indeed teach things that are good, but the things taught are not done as soon as taught for the

commands show us what we ought to do, but do not give us the power to do it they are intended

to teach a man to know himself, that through them he may recognize his inability to do good and

may despair of his powers. That is why they are called and are the Old Testament. For example:

Though shalt not covet is a command which convicts us all of being sinners, since no one is

able to avoid coveting, however much he may struggle against it....But when a man through the

commands has learned to know his weakness, then being truly humbled and reduced to nothing

in his own eyes, he finds in himself no means of justification and salvation. Here teh second part

of hte Scriptures stands ready - the promises of God, which declare the glory of God. For what is

impossible for you in all the works of the law, many as they are, but all useless, you will

accomplish in a short and easy way through faith. For God our FAther has made all things

depend on faith, so that whoever has faith, shall have all, and whoever has it not, shall have

nothing. Thus the promises of God give what the commands of God ask, and fulfill what the law

prescribes, that all things may be of God alone, both the commands and the fulfilling of the

commands. He alone commands, He alone fulfills, Therefore the promises of God belong to the

New Testament, nay, they are the New Testament. The soul which clings to the promises of

God is made drunken with them...This then is how through faith alone without works the soul is

justified by the Word of God, sanctified, made true and peaceful and free, filled with every

blessing and made truly a child of God.

46. Justification (Martin Luther) -Luther came to understand justification as being entirely the

work of God. Against the teaching of his day that the righteous acts of believers are done incooperationwith God, Luther asserted that Christians receive that righteousness entirely from

outside themselves that righteousness not only comes from Christ, it actually is the

righteousness of Christ, imputed to us (rather than infused into us) through faith. "That is why

faith alone makes someone just and fulfills the law," said Luther.

47. Stages of the Lutheran Revolt - Stage 1: Luther and Tetzel over the abuse of indulgences.

Stage 2: Duke of Saxony sides with Luther and is excommunicated posting of 95 Theses

(Disputations) against papal abuses and misuse of indulgences of Wittenberg church door on

the eve of All Saints Day on October 31, 1517. Stage 3: Luther appears at Augsburg to defend

his writings before an imperial parliament. the pope sends a legate (Cajetan) imperial authoritiesside with Luther. Stage 4: Papal bull against Luther threatens excommunication.

48. Diet of Worms An imperial assembly of the Holy Roman Empire held in Worms, Germany,

in 1521. It is most famous for the Edict of Worms which addressed Martin Luther and the effects

of the Protestant Reformation. Charles V presided. The edict declared: For this reason we forbid

anyone from this time forward to dare, either by words or by deeds, to receive, defend, sustain,


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or favour the said Martin Luther. On the contrary, we want him to be apprehended and punished

as a notorious heretic, as he deserves, to be brought personally before us, or to be securely

guarded until those who have captured him inform us, whereupon we will order the appropriate

manner of proceeding against the said Luther. Those who will help in his capture will be

rewarded generously for their good work. Despite the agreement that he could return home

safely, it was privately understood that Luther would soon be arrested and punished. To protecthim from this fate, Prince Frederick seized him on his way home and hid him in Wartburg

Castle.

49. Sola fide - by faith alone. Christian theological doctrine that differentiates Protestants from

Catholics. The forgiveness of sins is granted by God through faith alone. Martin Luther used this

term in his argument against the Catholic Church in his Protestant Reformation. Luther

maintained that salvation was by faith alone (sola fide) without reference to good works, alms,

penance, or the Churchs sacraments. However he also believed that with true faith - good

works would come because of the love of and from God serving as their inspiration. This

teaching arose through the thought that because humans are inherently sinful, their actions haveno influence over their standing as to Gods grace/salvation whereas Catholic doctrine

subscribes to the notion that people should actively try to do good for others to practice living

less sinfully in an attempt to please God and earn salvation.

50. Christian liberty - The topic of Christian Liberty comes up in Martin Luthers piece A Treatise

on Christian Liberty. Luther claims that people are free from the law along with freedom of

works, and freedom from all harm of all things. Luther says that people are free from works

because adherence to the law is not needed to save a person, the law itself is not what saves a

person since the law is not what saves, the law is not binding to a Christianod works to know

God or be saved. Additionally, people are free from the law because However the mostimportant thing that we are free from is sin. Luther claims that sin was not often forgiven from the

Church unless a monetary price was paid. Luther also says that sin is forgiven based of the fact

that everyone has a relationship with Jesus Christ. The people who chose to have a relationship

with Jesus are forgiven of their sins, those who do not however are not.

Textual Passages (Sample):

1. ...we believe that thou art a being than which nothing greater can be conceived.

Author St. Anselm of Canterbury, Text: The Ontological Argument

2. ...there is no testimony that is not opposed by an infinite number of witnesses so not only

does the miracle destroy the credit of testimony but the testimony destroys itself... -

Author: David Hume, Text: On Miracles

3. My vision of Christian lifestyle, responsibility, and community, brought me to reject the

culturally imposed role of women and vice versa.


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Author: Elizabeth Schussler-Fiorenza, Text: Feminist Spirituality

4. Sin, he reflected, is not what it is usually thought to be it is not to steal and tell lies. Sin is for

one man to walk brutally over the life of another and to be quite oblivious to the wounds he has

left behind.

Author: Shusaku Endo, Text: Silence

5. Thinking, deeply about these matters, I began to examine my character and conduct as a

natural woman and similarly, I considered other women whose company I frequently kept,

princesses, great ladies, women of the middle and lower classes, who had graciously told me of

their most private and intimate thoughts, hoping that I could judge impartially and in good

conscience whether the testimony of so many notable men could be true.

Author: Christine dePizan, Text: City of Ladies

6. Therefore, it is necessary to go back to some first mover, which itself moved by nothing - and

this all men know as GodAuthor: Thomas Aquinas, Text: Summa Theologica

7. We conclude, therefore, that a Christian man lives not in himself, but in Christ and in his

neighbor. Otherwise he is not a Christian.

Author: Martin Luther, Text: Concerning Christian Liberty

8. Religion, at least the Christian, is the relation of man to himself, or more correctly to his own

nature...

Author: Ludwig Feuerbach, Text: The Essence of Christianity

9. That which you would fain learn from me, as to the origin and process of the Lutheran sect,

which has recently sprung up among the Germans, I am not about t o write to you, if without

elegance, at least with accuracy, relating things conscientiously, as I have heard them from

person of worthy credit.

Author: Alfonso De Valds, Text: The Lutheran Revolt

10. So here we are moving toward the exit of the twentieth century with a religious community

largely adjusted to the status quo, standing as a tail light behind other community agencies

rather than a headlight leading men to higher levels of justice.

Author: Martin Luther King Jr, Text: Letter from a Birmingham jail

11. Man is really the vicar of God, since he inhabits and cultivates all elements and it present on

earth without being absent from the ether.

Author: Ficino, Text: The Soul of Man

12. The fact is not that a quality is divine because God has it, but that God has it because it is in

itself divine because without it God would be a defective being.


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Author: Ludwig Feuerbach, Text: The Essence of Christianity

Comprehensive Question: This question contains two parts

a. Create an argument for the relationship between religion and culture proposed by one

character (Rodrigues, Garrpe, Ferriera, Inoue, or Kichijiro) in Silence. You may use H. Richard

Neiburs (on handout) models of Christ and culture to frame your response but you are not

required to do so.

Things that could be useful to answering this question:

Overview of plot for Silence-

Overview H. Richard Neibuhrs models of Christ and Culture -

1. Christianity is located in opposition to culture. The roles of believers is tojudge the culture, condemning its evils. Christianity opposes culture. This

parallels a classicist understanding of culture.

2. Christianity collapses into culture. Christianity no longer offers any norms

to the culture it absorbs all its moral principles from the cultural situations in

which it finds itself. Often attributed to liberal christianity of the 19th century

prior to World War I. Christianity agrees with the prevailing cultural norms for

knowledge and action

3. Christianity is above culture, lifting towards God, but never able to achieveits goal, since God always exceeds cultural expression. Christians except

that all must live in a material world, but they always hope to rise above it.

Christianity must reign over cultures. Neibuhr attributes this position to

Thomas Aquinas, Roman Catholicism, and certain forms of Anglicanism.

4. Christianity and culture remain eternally in a paradoxical relationship. This

type permits room for dualists who believe that matter and spirit are

incompatible, however necessary. Here church and state, the sacred and

the profane, spirit and matter, are constantly vying for the allegiance of the

believer.

5. Christianity should be the transformer of culture. Culture is sinful, but

Gods creative power can heal the fallibility and malic because creation was

once good in itself. This model believes that culture is a good medium in

which it would be possible to embody Christian values in the culture. A

Christian culture could be developed with the grace of God.


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Character IDs

Rodrigues - Priest from Portugal(?) that goes to find Ferriera in Japan.

Gets arrested by Japanese officials and put in a jail cell. Technically

apostatised at the end, but didnt really give up his faith. Now he looks athis faith in a different way he knows God differently now (last couple

pages explain this further) WHY WAS HE EXCOMMUNICATED? He

should technically have had the opportunity to confess his sins and repent

for the action of trampling on the fumi before decisive action was made by

church officials... Plot hole***

Garrpe - Christian from Portugal(?) who goes with Rodrigues to find

Ferriera. Never apostatised. Ends up dying while trying to save Christians

in the water.

Ferriera -Apostatised Christian that now works for Japan. Rodrigues and

Garrpe go to find him. Rodrigues finds him. Learns that the people in the

pit was the final straw that made Ferriera apostatise so that he would save

the people that were hanging in it.

Inoue - the one persecuting Christians - started persecution. Emperor???

Met with Rodriguez?

Kichijiro - Struggles with his faith. Sells Rodrigues to Japanese officials for

money. Comes to Rodrigues several times throughout the book toconfess his sins, but then goes back to his old ways.

b. Respond to the argument. Is the argument convincing, and why? Your response must include

direct and explicit reference to one text, figure, theme, idea, or practice studied in the first half of

the course (up to the mid-term exam) but this reference need not be lengthy or central.

Things that could be useful to answering this question:

Review of works and people studied before the Midterm exam:

Augustine Confessions -

St. Benedict of Nursia The Rule of Benedict-

Abbot Suger On What was Done in His Administration -

St. Cyril of Jerusalem Lectures on the Christian Sacraments -


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St. Bernard of Clairvaux The three Kisses (sermon) -

new final review life 102

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