new energy technologies issue 06
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NEW ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES #6
1. Large-Scale Shakharov condition, David Noever and Christopher Bremner2. Matter as a resonance longitudinal wave process, Alexander V. Frolov3. Physical Principles of The Time Machine, Alexander V. Frolov4. Time Machine Project by Alexander V. Frolov5. Kozyrev-Dirak radiation, Ivan M. Shakhparonov6. The Electrical Vortex Non-Solenoidal Fields, S. Alemanov7. Physical Mechanism of Nuclear Reactions at Low Energies, V.Oleinik, Yu. Arepjev8. The Evolution of Lifter Technology, T. Ventura9. Reality and consciousness in education and activity, A.Smirnov10.Old new energy, Y. Andreev, A. Smirnov11.On the influence of time on matter, A. Belyaeva12.Life without diseases and ageing-preventive electrical bio-heater features, A. Belyaeva13.Technical report, on Belyaevas high efficient ceramic heater, Sh. Mavlyandekov14.
Fundamental properties of aether, A. Mishin15.Effect of Magnetic Blow Wave Field on Wine Systems, I. Shakhparanov and others
16.Nikola Tesla and Instantaneous Electric Communication, V. Korobeynikov17.The Unitied Gravitation theory, I. Kuldoshin18. New Sources of Energy from the Point of View of Unitary Quantum Theory, L.G. Sapogin, Yu.A.
Ryabov, V.V. Graboshnikov19.Antigravitation Force and antigravitation of matter. Methods of its creation, A. K. Gaponov20.The capacitor, which has energy of atomic bomb (Review of A. Gaponovs research)
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Large-ScaleSakharov Condition
David Noever and Christopher Bremner
NASA Marshall Space Flight Center,
Space Sciences Laboratory
Mail Code: ES76, Huntsville AL 35812
Editors note: This article was presented by the autors
for publication in New Energy Technologies. For the first
time it was published in 1999 by the American Institute
of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. All copyrights
belong to the authors.
Abstract
Recent far reaching theoretical results have used thequantum vacuum noise as a fundamental
electromagnetic radiation field to derive a frequency
( ) dependent version of Newtons gravitational
coupling term, ( )G . This paper reconciles the cut-offfrequency with the observed cosmologicalconstant, and
then briefly puts forward a realizable laboratory test
case in the 10 - 100 MHz frequency range. Oneanalogy
is drawn between the classical vacuum energy
experiments with attraction between two closely
spaced plates (Casimir cavity) and thearbitrarily dense
material boundaries possible in Bose condensates, suchas irradiation at MHz frequencies of superfluid helium
or superconductors.
Theoretical Background
Zeldovich [1] first suggested that gravitational
interactions could lead to a small disturbance in the
(non zero) quantum fluctuations of the vacuum and thus
give rise to a finite value of Einsteins cosmological
constant in agreement with astrophysical data. Usingdimensional analysis and the suggestion by Zeldovich,
Sakharov [2] derived a value for Newtons gravitational
constant, G , in only one free parameter, frequency,:
ddhcG 1~~5
where c is the speed of light and h is the Planck
constant. The free parameter in frequency when
integrated over all values from zero to high frequencies
must contain the usual integration cutoff value (Planck
frequency on observable electromagnetic phenomenon).
Puthoff [3] and others [4 5] have extended Sakharovs
condition in a relativistically consistent model to
determine constants of proportionality. His model
derives an acceleration term in first order expansion (in
flat space time), then equates inertial and gravitational
mass (by the equivalence principle) to make contact
with the gravitational constant, G , directly as:
( ) dhcG c = /1~/ 25
which is the Sakharov condition [2,3]. This paper revisits
the meaning of the cutoff frequency, c ,for radiation
interactions, of which the quantum vacuum [6-10] and
consequence of many commonly accepted concepts
and dogmas of the modern scientific perspective of
natural phenomena. This crisis situation in modern
physics is a direct consequence of many conservative
scientific viewpoints, unfortunately supported and
protected by modern official academic science. The
evolution of our consciousness has been influenced
by many undoubtedly well known experts and has
been evolving for a long time in the environment of
specific scientific vacuum and requires immediate
revival. Even methods used for dissemination of new
knowledge should be improved, if one actually wishes
to accelerate the progress of Humankind.
The perspective for practical applications of new
previously unknown scientific phenomena and effects
looks very attractive, and they may be achieved by
cooperative efforts of the human intellect. New
breakthrough technologies of the 21st Century will
require serious changes of many commonly accepted
concepts and dogmas in fundamental physics. This
process of progressive development cannot be
stopped.
REFERENCES
1. Richard P. Feynman, Robert B. Leighton, Matthew Sands.
The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Addison-Wesley, 1964,
Vol. 2, Ch. 1. Paragraph 6 Electromagnetism in Science and
Technology (the very end of paragraph)
2. J. Maxwell, Selected Works on the Electromagnetic Field
Theory, Gostekhizdat, Moscow (1954).
3. G . V. N i k ol aev, Non- cont ra di ct ory El ec trodynam ics.
Theories, Experiments, and Paradoxes, Publishing House of
the Tomsk State University, Tomsk (1997).
4. A. S. Kompaniets, in: Theoretical Physics, State Technical
and Theoretical Press, Moscow (1957), pp. 126-128.
5. R. T. Sigalov, T. I. Shapovalova, Kh. Kh. Karimov, and
N. I. Samsonov, New Research of Forces of the Magnetic
Field, FAN Press of the Uzbekskaia SSR, Tashkent (1975).
6. Ya. I. Frenkel, Electrodynamics. Vol. 1, United Scientific and
Technical Presses, Leningrad/Moscow (1934).
7. G. V. Nikolaev and B. V. Okulov, Inertial Properties of
Electrons, deposited at VINITI, No. 4399-77, Moscow (1978).
8. Observations of the Aharanov-Bohm Effect, Nature,
No. 7, 106 (1983).
9. G. V. Nikolaev, Scientific Vacuum. Crisis in Basic Physics.
Is There Any Way Out?! Publishing House Kursiv, Tomsk
(1999).
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Planck frequency are only the leading terms, and for
which linear combinations of forces can introduce other
plausible frequencies. One purpose of this
reexamination is whether the resulting gravitational
coupling constant, G , can be reconciled with the
anticipated energy density of the universe [11] without
resorting to extreme space time curvature and thus yield
enough critical density to contain the expansion of the
universe. Finally we particularize the case to the high-
density fluctuations possible in Bose condensates [12],a potential experimental test case for how the effects
of vacuum noise might manifest observably.
One far-reaching consequence of the vacuum energy
model is the attractive force of gravity becomes
reducible to the radiative interaction between
oscillating charges, e.g. the zero point field (ZPF)
applied to subatomic charges. Mass and inertia arise
from the fundamentally electromagnetic ZPF
oscillations.
This random background gives the usual quantum
mechanical energy spectrum from particle field effects:
( ) dd 3~
a very important dimensional relationship, since the
third power in frequency avoids anomalous Doppler
shifts from velocity boosts, or stated alternatively is the
correct spectra for a Lorentzian (non accelerated)
invariant radiation field [13].
More specifically, the energy spectrum [3] can be
written as:
( )
ddch
dhcd
3323
322
~2/
]2/][/[
=
==
which is an expression in the first parenthesis of the
density of the normal modes and in the second
parenthesis of the average energy per mode. When this
energy density is integrated over all frequencies, the
3 divergence produces well known infinities in theintegration limit of high frequencies, thus an assumed
cutoff frequency (appropriate to experimental
observation limits at the Planck frequency), is usually
introduced:
( ) 2/15/hG=
For mass, m , moving in an accelerated reference frameg = -a=Gm/r2, the resulting energy spectrum includes
a gravitational spectral shift [3],
( ) drdrGmchd 42252 /1~]/[2/' =
a kind of short range (1/r4) gravitationalenergy shift,
but electromagnetic in origin when zero point
fluctuations are included. (N.B. To account for equal
gravitational mass effects in neutrons and protons, the
ZPF oscillations must involve subatomic charges, or
parton effects. The assumption derives from high
frequency interactions of ZPF wherein these subatomic
particles are asymptotically free to oscillate as
independent or free particles as quantum noise).
A further far reaching consequence [3] is mass itself
becomes interpretable as a dependent quantity derived
from a damped (with decay constant ) oscillation
driven by random ZPF:
dchGcm == 323 /2/
with the only two free parameters, the damping factor
, and again the frequency, . The internal kineticenergy of the system contributes to the effective mass.
This leads to an overall average spectral density, written
in terms of mass as:
( ) 4452 2/ rhcm c =
for the electromagnetic field distribution near (1/r4) to
the mass,m, which in detail is half electric and half
magnetic.
One additionally attractive feature is the
correspondence between this derivation and the view
of gravity as a dynamical scaleinvariance breaking
model (e.g. symmetry breaking near the Planck mass
energy [14]). A final result includes the force calculation
between two ZPF radiation oscillators of the correct
form yielding Newtons average force law
22/rGmF >=A
cduring the measurement of A
cand A
d
of many capacitors with different dielectrics. Theoretical
grounds and results of measurements of this
phenomenon are given in the publications in 1984 [1],[2, page 73]. On the industrial standards NC (varicond),
ceramic condensers VK2-ZSH, 46,810-9F with anoptimal voltage about 95 V it was stated that
21,1~
c
d
A
A
with the power to about 9810-6 Wt and
generated extra power is equal to 2110-6 Wt.
1.2. In [1] and [2] the strict theoretical proofs of
realization of Ad>A
c(there are four of them) are given.
On 1m3
of dielectric
3
02
1
ccd
EaAA
=
(Ec is
an intensity of the field, V/m; 0
is a dielectric constant
of vacuum, a is a coefficient of nonlinearity of the
capacitor). Below we state one more proof more
connected with the parameters of circuit.
It is well known that with the charge of a linear capacity
from the source of constant voltage V0=const through
the resistor R=const it gets an energy2
2
0VC
Ac
=
exactly equal to the output energy in the time of
charging tc.
The output energy irradiated from the load
R is a Joule heat =ct
dtiR
0
2 [3, page 546]. If NC
(nonlinear condenser) is charged, then there are no
proofs of such equation. The NC are the variconds or
other capacitors, which have 0>V
Cin the interval
V=0Vk. For the variconds V
kis some voltage, which
corresponds to the maximum Cv..
If V>Vk, then 0