9/23/2010

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Energy Saving Strategies for Government Buildings

AIRAH PresentationAIRAH Presentation15 September 2010

Energy consumption

WA State Government energy use ffor 2007‐08:

• 2,866,304 GJ• $85.2 million

• 563,366 tonnes CO2‐e,

Breakdown of energy costs by agency for 2007‐08 year

The five highest users (Health, Education, Police and Corrective Services, Arts) use 76.2% of the total for the whole government!

From SEDO’s Energy Smart Government 2007‐08 Report

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Mandatory disclosure will apply from 1 November 2010 to all offices and tenancies greater than 2000m2, at point of sale or lease.  This will be extended to government buildings.

BCA part J – all changes to have demonstrated 2:1 benefit/cost ratio   

A Carbon Pollution Reduction Scheme could also impact building design and cost, if p g gpassed.

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Measure 4.1.1 requires government to significantly improve the environmental performance of the buildings they own or occupy.

Commercial Property are aligning sustainability office accommodation policies with those of the Government Property Group, a committee under the APCC, setting sustainability targets set for new and existing government offices and tenancies.

ALSO from the Office of Energy:

You may also already know that the NFEE, HVAC‐HESS strategy is focusing on improvements in HVAC energy efficiency in a number of key areas including: 

‐ A 'Code of best practice for maintenance and operation' of HVAC systems 

‐ Developing 'Measurement, monitoring and metering' strategies for HVAC systems as well as 

‐ A 'Building services logbook' which would focus on aspects such as (design, installation & commissioning of HVAC systems) as well as defining as capturing the activities in the code of best practice

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9/23/2010

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State Policy Initiatives

Sustainable Non-Residential Buildings Policy

BMW will promote best practice sustainability standards for its non-residential buildings.

This will be achieved by specifying appropriate: - standards,- tools, and

b h k- benchmarks to facilitate the design of sustainable non-residential buildings.

Required sustainability rating

For each project, sustainability rating and reporting requirements are determined by BMW and the client agency

9/23/2010

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Required sustainability rating

Integrated Design Process 

All consultants and the Project Control Group discuss the integration of sustainable initiatives to achieve the agreed rating, beforeconcept design is commenced. 

SUSTAINABILITY

^Is contract value more than $1 million

BMW Project Delivery Manager and Sustainability Officer confirm

Use standard BMW Sustainability clauses and

Yes

No

and Sustainability Officer confirm sustainability benchmark with client agency and representative

Is market based rating tool available?

Determine:‐Which tool to use

Determine alternative sustainability benchmark, eg:‐Targeted energy use‐Energy report with modelled outcomes‐Monitor monthly consumption between practical and final completionUse Sustainability Matrix to report

Sustainability clauses and checklist in tender shell

Yes

No

Which tool to use‐What rating to target

‐Use Sustainability Matrix to report

BMW Project Delivery Manager to incorporate targeted rating and reporting requirements into all consultancy contracts for project.

BMW Project Delivery Manager to forward copy of report and drawings to BMW Sustainability Officer at Schematic Design, Design Development and Contract Documentation Stages.

Sustainability Matrix

A matrix BMW has developed for use on large projects where there is no applicable market‐based rating tool to use as a benchmark.

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Imperative that as‐built drawings are produced to obtain certificate of occupancy.

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Schools Energy Audit report, undertaken by NDY on behalf of the Department of Education.

The biggest source of energy consumption in metropolitan and southwest high schools is lighting, followed by air conditioning and heating.

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The biggest source of energy consumption in northwest high schools is air conditioning.

This report estimated that consumption could be reduced by 25‐35%, and recommended the following retrofit initiatives:

‐ Small point controllers for central air conditioning systems

‐ Preventative maintenance regime for all air conditioners

‐ Installation of a Building Management System especially in senior schoolsInstallation of a Building Management System, especially in senior schools

‐Wiring a 'Power Saver' energy saving module to fluorescent lights – eventually replacing fluorescent lights with T5 lights

‐ Installing Radio Frequency ID card system for all cleaning and teaching staff in senior schools (lights and AC turn on only when card is swiped on entry to room)

‐Motion detectors to lighting and AC systems in infrequently occupied areas

Replacing carpark and external lights with LED lights‐ Replacing carpark and external lights with LED lights

‐ Replace electric space heaters with gas

‐ Install two‐hour push‐button timers to all heaters

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New clauses have been included in the department’s standard RFT documents.  

Lead consultant is to require mechanical services sub‐consultants to monitor energy use during defects liability period, and, if the actual consumption is in excess of the estimated or modelled consumption, suggest remedial actions that could reduce consumption.

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Green Star is the main rating tool that we use to set targeted ratings for new t b ildi Whil th t i lik l t t tifi d d i tigovernment buildings.  While the government is unlikely to get a certified design rating, 

we still expect consultants to design to Green Star standards, indicating which credit points they expect to achieve and what the weighted score is for the design on the Green Star matrix. Agencies may later decide to engage in certified ‘as built’ ratings as part of SAMPs (Strategic Asset Management Plans).

The Green Star environmental rating system for buildings was developed by the Green Building Council of Australia .Australia .  

Green Star is Australia’s first comprehensive rating system for evaluating the environmental design and performance of Australian buildings based on nine criteria, including energy and water efficiency, indoor environment quality and resource conservation.  

Green Star has built on existing tools in overseas markets, including the British BREEAM (Building Research Establishment Environmental Assessment Method) system and the North American LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) system, by establishing individual environmental measurement criteria relevant to the Australian marketplace and environmental context.  

The Green Star rating system was created to: 

•  define green building by establishing a common language and standard of measurement;  

•  promote integrated, whole‐building design;  

•  identify building life‐cycle impacts; 

•  raise awareness of green building benefits; 

•  recognise and reward environmental leadership; and  

•  transform the built environment to reduce the environmental impact of development.

The Green Star spreadsheets are freely available for download and use on all building projects, however if you wish to advertise a project as having a Green Star rating, it must be a GBCA certified rating.

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Green Star – Public Buildings Pilot tool scheduled for release later in 2010.

Green Star – Custom is also being developed.  This tool is intended to be adapted for use in the design of any building type not covered by another Green Star tool.

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This graph shows the weighted scores for a project using the Green Star – Education tool.  

You can see that the energy and IEQ categories are the most significant in schools.  

Water is also an important consideration, but while water remains so cheap, it just isn’t cost‐effective to target many water credits.g y

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We are targeting a ‘best practice’ standard, or 4‐star Green Star rating, for most new government buildings.  Our research indicates that this can generally be achieved from within existing budgets.

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These recommendations are from NDY’s report “AGBR Rating Procedure for Police Stations”. Suggested initiatives may not be all be suitable for all buildings.

Wind turbines from: http://www.treehugger.com/files/2008/11/five-home-wind-turbines-you-can-actually-buy.php

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Green star matrix – energy credits for a new high school

For example: 

‐ Lighting Zoning not >100sq m for 95% of the NLA  

‐ all individual or enclosed spaces switched 

‐ 90% of NLA having their own switches

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This HVAC system was designed to be maintained by Smurfs.

Other maintenance considerations are detailed in the recently revised “Design Guide for Maintenance Minimisation”

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Estimated maintenance costs for AK Reserve Rugby training facility.

This building has relatively durable finishes, and it will still cost an estimated $300,000/yr to maintain by the time it’s 10 years old.

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BIM is the process of creating a virtual model to capture all the information about a building. 

In terms of sustainability, BIM allows designers to analyse different options for the building more easily.  All of the information needed for the analysis – such as materials, building shape and scale and orientation – are embedded in the model, making it easier to experiment with “what if” analyses and alter the model based on those findings.  

BIM is currently mandated in the US, Finland, Norway, Denmark, Singapore for government projects. In Australia, Queensland is currently leading the adoption of BIM with several significant pilots completed by the Department of Public Works.

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Sydney Opera House Retrofit. Utzon Architects/Johnson Pilton Walker & ArupBIM can also be used on existing buildings

‐ internal building studies and scheme documentation, mapping existing structural 

constraints – to facilitate refurbishment and acoustical retrofit 

‐ used to assist in acoustic and fire simulation analysis, evacuation planning, and egress modelling. 

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BIM and sustainability

‐much of the data needed for supporting sustainable design is captured naturally as design on the project proceeds ‐ info can be obtained directly from the model to determine percentages of material reuse, recycling, or salvage/energy analyses, daylighting etc. 

‐ facilitates complex building performance analysis and evaluations that werefacilitates complex building performance analysis and evaluations that were previously too laborious or expensive to perform. 

‐ Various design options for sustainability can be studied and tracked in the model. 

‐ Advanced visualization techniques can convince clients that green design performs well and looks good.

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Energy saving initiatives for new buildings

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Facade Analysis

The eastern and northern facades of the new police complex have limited glazing, shaded by adjacent developments. The western façade, however, has been proposed to have a significant amount of glazing, and an analysis of this has been undertaken in order to best utilise this façade and to minimise plant energy consumption.

Natural Ventilation

The gym and staff room were modelled to determine the comfort levels providedThe gym and staff room were modelled to determine the comfort levels provided through natural ventilation.

Percentage of Year Spent Within Temperature, with openings 10%

Gymnasium: 87.4%

Lockers: 90.2%

Staff Amenity: 81.8%

For the purposes of this study, the design conditions for these rooms are as follows:

Gymnasium: 19 – 26°C

Lockers: 19 – 26°C

Staff Amenity: 20 – 25°C

Modelling of annual running costs to ventilate these spaces:Modelling of annual running costs to ventilate these spaces: 

full VRV mechanical solution = $8630/yr

with 10% natural ventilation opening = $1780/yr

The design allows mixed mode ventilation to occur for both the gym and staff amenity, and the required louvers have been incorporated into the architectural design. The mechanical design has VRV air conditioning units which engage when natural ventilation  30

• air‐to‐air heat exchanger between the exhaust air and outside air supply will serve to diti th t id i d d th l d th hill b ilpre‐condition the outside air and reduce the load on the chiller or boiler

• air handling units fitted with economy cycle

• greenhouse gas performance modelled and equivalent to a NABERS rating of 4.5 stars base building

• openable windows facilitate natural ventilation

• canal water used for heat rejection with manually operated mussel filter/baskets

• Submetering allow tenants on different floors to compare energy consumption levels• Submetering allow tenants on different floors to compare energy consumption levels

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Most of the services including the mechanical and the lifts are integrated with the Court R All ti d M t S t (CRAMS) hi h ll t l f iRoom Allocation and Management System (CRAMS), which allows control of air conditioning systems within courtrooms to be aligned with booked court sessions. This is all controlled by the computer‐based building management system, to suit the requirements of each area.

The mechanical systems are designed to minimise the need for any re‐heating of air. The fan‐coil air‐handling unit blows air through a coil filled with cold water, distributing cool air through the building via the variable air volume boxes The percentage of air drawnair through the building via the variable air volume boxes. The percentage of air drawn from outside the building is determined by the amount of carbon dioxide and contaminants in the return air, and by the temperature of the outside air.  In winter, when lights and body warmth raise heat in the enclosed court rooms, the system is designed to use an economy cycle, so that instead of using chilled water the system brings in 100% cold external air to cool the space.

ESD concepts incorporated by Wood & Grieve include the computer controlESD concepts incorporated by Wood & Grieve include the computer control interrogation and interrogation of the operation of air conditioning, as well as ventilation, so that plant operates only as needed, with all systems designed to give adequate access for future maintenance and upgrading.

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Window shading controls solar heat gain

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Openable windows provide natural ventilation.

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Cross ventilation

Night purging of stored heat

Natural day lighting

The mass of the building absorbs heat energy during the day, limiting temperature increase, and rejects heat at night. By ventilating the space with cool night air, 'coolth' can be stored within the building fabric, reducing the temperature for the following day.

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In Perth it’s possible to utilise natural ventilation to keep the majority of spaces at comfortable conditions for up to 70% of the year, without using air conditioning systems. Prevailing winds can also be used to improve thermal performance of the space.

Control Strategy:

•Evap Cooling Mode occurs when the space temp exceeds 26 degrees and ambient is greater than 26 degrees

N l V il i M d h h i h 26•Natural Ventilation Mode occurs when the space temperature is greater than 26 degrees and the ambient temperature is 15 to 25 degrees.

•When the rain sensor is activated the evaps will shut and both sets of louvres move to 5 % open to facilitate some airflow but stop water penetration – also use this strategy when ambient is less than 15 C to retain heat. Also wet bulb sensor to ambient to shut down evaps when wet bulb temp is over 24.5 deg.C

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AK Reserve – Rugby first floor plan

Group rooms with similar thermal properties and usage patterns to allow maximum system efficiencies. Heat Recovery VRV Systems can be used instead of single head split units.

Double volume team performance space automated to use natural ventilation and evaporative cooling (blue)

Enclosed offices and meeting rooms use VRV heat recovery ventilation (orange) The fan coil units that distribute air to these rooms are able to run independently, so unoccupied rooms are not heated or cooled. An economy mode circulates unconditioned outside air when ambient conditions are suitable.

Open plan office area (yellow) uses VRV with ERV (Energy Recovery Ventilator) system. Stale air from return ducts is used to pre-condition the incoming air.

The APACHE simulation software used for the analysis is an advanced dynamic thermal y ysimulation module that is capable of predicting building performance and annual energy consumption in a  Building. The program is based upon finite difference methods as recommended by CIBSE Part J for energy and environmental modelling to model the transmission and storage of heat in the building fabric. Bulk air movement through infiltration and internal airflow between zones is predicted dynamically as a function of buoyancy. The effects of airflow in and out of the building due to wind, temperature stratification and the opening of windows are also dynamically predicted. A vast range of 

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Six star Green Star convention centre.  

The Green Star – Convention tool was created especially for this project.  It has since been modified to create the Green Star – Public Buildings tool.

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Melbourne Convention Centre: Chilled Beams; Displacement air conditioning; 6 star green star 30% of floor area receives a daylight factor of not less than 2.5%; radiant slab heating and cooling; solar hot water; glass and diffused natural light with spectrally selective glass; treats waste water, stormwater and rainwater to grade A quality for reuse in building – reduces flow to sewer

CONVENTIONAL AIR CONDITIONING

Air is delivered:

l ll l l‐ at ceiling or wall level

‐ at high velocity (10m/s)

‐ conditions the entire space

DISPLACEMENT AIR CONDITIONING

Air is delivered:

‐ at floor levelat floor level

‐ at low velocity (0.25m/s)

‐ conditioned air comes from most efficient direction

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Displacement air conditioning vents in the floor of the main auditorium.

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The main auditorium in use for the Green Cities 2010 conference

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Three ward layout designs were modelled to find out which orientation consumed the least h d lheating and cooling energy.

The east‐west orientation (bottom left) required less heating energy in winter, but the north‐south orientation performed most efficiently over the whole year.

Building Form Optimisation AnalysisThe overall building form for Fiona Stanley Hospital will have a significant bearing on the energy usage and thermal performance for the wards.Rooms facing in different directions (North, South, East or West) will require heating and/or cooling at different times of the day and for different portions of the year. North facing rooms have an opportunity to harvest natural solar heating in the winter, whilst eastern and western rooms will need to have a high degree of shading to ensure that glare and radiant heat do not adversely affect occupant comfort.

Bassett Consulting Engineers & Hassell Architects have prepared facade optimisation energy analysis using APACHE simulation software

Thermal modelling of ward areas analysed:

•building form,

•glass selection,

•shading design and

•internal room layout

The report modelled 3 options in terms of:

•energy usage•energy usage

•CO2 production

•occupant comfort

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The results above show that option 1, primarily north and south facing wards, is the best option in terms of occupant comfort (PMV), energy usage and CO2 generation.

The modelling has shown that, whilst east and west facing wards do require less heating and are generally warmer than north and south facing wards, the high levels of direct solar radiation that these wards experience result in lower overall comfort and higher energy usage in the summer months, whilst the shading solution for the east and west cuts out the majority of views that patients may be able to utilise.

The number of east and west facing ward rooms were minimized in the final ward formThe number of east and west facing ward rooms were minimized in the final ward form and the facades oriented to allow adequate shading without compromising the views available for the patients.

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Single glazing and shading more energy effiicient than double glazing due to heat being able to escape, allowing building to cool down over night.

Three different shades of Low E glass

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Window screens reduce solar heat gain by 45%

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•window shading 

•gas‐boosted solar hot water

•BMS and IELVS, 

•When selecting materials, considered recyclable content, embodied energy and ability to be recycled.

Exploration of the client functional brief allowed the following opportunities:p g pp—grouping of multi‐purpose rooms utilising operable walls for greater flexibility; —rationalisation of number of cell offices through ‘hot seat’ working arrangements; and—elevation of the importance of integration of external areas and courtyards.

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Denmark Health facility ‐ interior

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9/23/2010

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Y2E2

Y2E2

9/23/2010

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Y2E2

Y2E2

‐ Christoph Ingenhoven

‐ 38 storeys, 146 metres high ‐ single skin of double glazing. 

‐motor‐operated circular window units can be individually opened to provide natural ventilation of the offices. 

‐ solar‐control facade glazing helps to prevent overheating. 

i l bli d i l d ll b f h ff l‐ internal blind protects against glare and allows members of the staff personal control of the entry of light. 

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Window vents openable by occupants

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‐5 star NABERS energy rating

‐Australia’s first 6‐star Green Star rating for a high rise

‐double glass skin that allows the sun in while also controlling its heat

‐concrete contains a much higher percentage of recyclable materials than usual 

‐site amenities are solar powered

‐90% of the rubble from demolition will be put back into the site

it bl k t t t t f 25 000L f‐on‐site black‐water treatment of 25,000L of sewage

‐tapping into the city sewer and treating another 75,000L a day ‐ used in cooling towers, green wall [in the ground floor plaza] and toilet flushing

‐trigeneration system uses gas and solar energy to generate cooling, heating and electricity 

‐hybrid cogeneration system is being developed that can use gas to generate energy or can use the 500 sq m of roof mounted solar panels; these panels provide energy tocan use the 500 sq m of roof mounted solar panels; these panels provide energy to directly power the absorption chiller.

‐open internal atrium, naturally ventilated via a series of automated glass louvres 

‐Free heating is provided by in‐slab pipework supplied with the heat that is normally rejected through the cooling towers

‐hybrid air conditioning system ‐ chilled beam cooling for the façade and low temperature variable air volume (VAV) system for the central zonestemperature variable air volume (VAV) system for the central zones

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Facade detail

Hot expelled at each floor, cool air drawn in.

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Double‐skin facade

Rendered concrete inner shell – similar to reverse brick veneer – uses thermal mass to modify internal conditions 

Louvres and windows operate according to local, direction‐specific conditions

Double‐skin facade regulates internal temperature, incorporates openable windows to provide natural ventilationp

Computer systems optimises use of elevators

Bicycle parking provided

Materials contain no formaldehyde, asbestos or lead

http://www.torreagbar.com/home.asp 

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The new headquarters of KfW Bankengruppe by Sauerbruch Hutton in Frankfurt, Germany has a double‐wall facade with a sawtooth‐shaped outer skin.

The double‐skin facade that takes advantage of the prevailing winds and should allow offices in the new KfW tower to rely on natural ventilation for several months of the year. 

The KfW envelope system consists of an encircling sawtooth‐shaped cavity, approx.700mm wide at its deepest point, that encloses automated blinds to block solar gain and control glare The cavity is pressurised to enhance internal ventilation (lowgain and control glare. The cavity is pressurised to enhance internal ventilation . (low pressure to core operates to create internal air movement)

The space is defined on the exterior by a skin made up of fixed, tempered‐glass panels and colourful ventilation flaps, and on the interior by alternating occupant‐controlled, operable windows, and fixed argon‐filled insulated glazing units (IGU) incorporating a low‐E coating.

Architectural Record, July 2010 http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article_print.php?L=5&C=685 

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Productivity increases

Three most effective measures:

‐Night purging (dependant on thermal mass)

‐Displacement air conditioning 

‐Natural ventilation

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• Water has 4000 times the heat carrying capacity of air

• Pumping water to the ACBs  more efficient than blowing air with large fans

• Still require the minimum ventilation air however riser ducts and plantrooms are much smaller

• This system enables the good floor by floor and thermal zoning required for NABERS without huge plantrooms

• Overall ~10% more efficient than VAV in this application

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Using consumption data for existing facilities to set benchmarks for new buildings.

Energy consumption (kW/m2) for four police stations and six primary schools.

Kiara (614m2) Kensington (1100m2) Cannington (2500m2) and Geraldton (2500m2) all have comparable consumption levels per square meter.  This type of analysis can assist in setting consumption targets for new facilities.

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This is what building commissioning involves, beyond conventional energy efficiency measures.

Commissioning standards (CIBSE, AIRAH) will include: 

‐ verifying that equipment was installed as specified, 

‐ testing ducts and valves for leaks, 

‐ reviewing pump and fan speedsreviewing pump and fan speeds, 

‐ testing damper functioning

Basically making sure all mechanical and electrical systems work as they were designed and specified.

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New library for Towns of Cottesloe and Mosman Park and Shire of Peppermint Grove.

Undertaken with funding from the Green Precincts Fund, an initiative of the federal Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.

Annual savings

•Water: 1.5ML 

•Energy: 193,000 kWh

•CO2 emissions: 167 tonnes•CO2 emissions: 167 tonnes

Key initiatives of the Grove Library Project include:

•climate‐sensitive building design including thermal maze, in‐ground heat exchange and double glazed windows

•installing renewable energy – a 20kW capacity photovoltaic system, a solar hot water system and a wind turbine system generating an estimated total of 47,000kWh a year

•installing energy and water efficient fixtures and fittings including sensor lighting•installing energy and water efficient fixtures and fittings, including sensor lighting control, 6‐star toilets and waterless urinals

•a rainwater harvesting system connected to 258,000L capacity storage tanks

•treating and reusing wastewater and stormwater onsite.

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The thermal mass of rocks are used in the walls of the ‘labyrinth’ to store coolth, and pre‐cool air coming in to the building.

Six star toilets capture water from hand washing to reuse in flushing.

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Fuel cells produce electricity by a chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen, with water as a byproduct. Fuel cells consist of an electolyte sandwiched between two electrodes: as the name suggests, the electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells is solid ‐ other fuel cells have liquid electrolytes.

The advantages of SOFCs are that (unlike other types of fuel cell) they don’t leak and do not require pure hydrogen as a fuel. They can run on different fuel sources, including natural gas and biogas and produce lower CO2 emissions than combustion enginesnatural gas and biogas, and produce lower CO2 emissions than combustion engines. Because they run at high temperatures, they can also used as part of cogeneration or hybrid systems. And they can be used as a UPS and/or in places off the grid.

SOFCs are currently very expensive: a new SOFC system by Bloom Energy (the Bloom Box) costs US800,000 per 100 kWh, but has been already been bought by companies like Google (400kWh) and eBay (500kWh), both of whom say the system is saving them g ( ) y ( ) y y gmoney.

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Windpods are modular wind turbines developed in Fremantle. Similar to solar panels they are a plug and play system requiring an invertersolar panels, they are a plug-and-play system requiring an inverter. Produce 1kW of power at a wind speed of 12.5 km/h: are more efficient than solar at wind speeds of 5km/h and above, and can be used in conjunction with solar systems as they a) have the same requirements re: inverters, and b) one is likely to run when the other isn’t.

Advantages of the system include:Low noise and vibration• Low noise and vibration

• Operate efficiently in gusty and turbulent winds such as typically found in urban environments.• Can be modularly mounted onto buildings at low cost in a location where wind is at highest concentration.• Do not need to be placed apart (as with current turbine systems), in fact work better when positioned in a wall configuration.• May not require complicated Council planning approvals (depends on individual Council policies).• Safe to birds. •Electronic brake for high winds• Life-span: moving parts have a 17-year lifespan and replacement after that is straightforward.

Currently installed on top of Fremantle Town Hall: can be installed along roof ridges, along walls, on roof corners...

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9/23/2010

1

Any questions?

Contact

Carolyn MarshallPh: 9440 2294Email: carolyn.marshall@bmw.wa.gov.au

Elizabeth BazenPh: 9440 2268Ph: 9440 2268Email: elizabeth.bazen@bmw.wa.gov.au